Risk of recurrent venous thrombosis in children with combined prothrombotic risk factors

After a first episode of spontaneous venous thromboembolism (VTE), the risk of recurrence persists for many years. However, comprehensive data about the risk of recurrence in pediatric patients have hitherto not been reported. Thus, this study evaluated the risk of recurrent VTE among children in relation to the presence of single or combined-inherited and/or acquired causes of thrombophilia. A total of 301 patients aged neonate to 18 years (median, 6 years) who were referred for an objectively confirmed first episode of spontaneous VTE were followed prospectively for a median time of 7 years (range, 6 months to 15 years) after withdrawal of anticoagulation. All patients were studied for established acquired and inherited causes of thromboembolism. With reference to all 301 patients, one single prothrombotic risk factor was found in 176 subjects (58.5%), whereas combined defects were found in 20.6% (n = 62). Recurrent VTE occurred in 64 patients (21.3%) within a median time of 3.5 years (range, 7 weeks to 15 years) after withdrawal of anticoagulation, with a significantly shorter cumulative thrombosis-free survival in children carrying combined defects (P <.0001; chi-square, 42.2). The factor V G1691A mutation was present in the majority of patients with recurrent VTE. Including genetic defects, gender, and acquired risk factors, multivariate analysis showed that only the presence of prothrombotic defects increases the risk of recurrent VTE (single defect: odds ratio [OR], 4.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3-9.0; P <.0001; combined defect: OR, 24.0; 95% CI: 5.3-108.7; P <.0001). As a consequence of the data presented here, it is suggested that screening for genetic risk factors be done among pediatric patients with VTE.     

High prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver in patients with idiopathic venous thromboembolism

AIM:To assess the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients with idiopathic venous thromboembolism (VTE). METHODS:In a case-control study,after excluding subjects with well-consolidated risk factors for VTE,idiopathic VTE was documented in 138 consecutive patients who were referred to our department. Two hundred and seventy-six healthy sex/age/body-massindex-matched subjects,without any clinical/instrumental evidence of VTE,served as controls. All underwent a clinical/laboratory/ultrasound assessment for the presence of metabolic syndrome and NAFLD. RESULTS:NAFLD was detected in 112/138 cases (81%) and in 84/276 controls (30%) [risk ratio:2.7,95% confidence interval (CI):2.2-3.2,P < 0.0001]. Metabolic syndrome and smoking habit were more prevalent in patients with idiopathic VTE. The high prevalence of NAFLD in VTE was also confirmed after adjustment for inherited thrombophilia. NAFLD was clearly predicted by VTE (odds ratio:1.8,95% CI:1.2-2.7,P < 0.0001).     

The prevalence of risk factors for venous thromboembolism among hospital patients.

BACKGROUND--This study provides an estimate of the prevalence of risk factors for venous thromboembolism among hospital patients. METHODS--The presence of risk factors for venous thromboembolism was determined from a retrospective review of the medical records of 1,000 randomly selected patients in 16 acute care hospitals in central Massachusetts. RESULTS--The most common risk factors for venous thromboembolism were age 40 years (59%) or more, obesity (28%), and major surgery (23%). The average number of risk factors increased with increasing age. One or more risk factors for venous thromboembolism were present in 78% of hospital patients, two or more in 48%, three or more in 19%, four or more in 6%, and five or more in 1%. CONCLUSION--Risk factors for venous thromboembolism are common among hospital patients, suggesting that prophylaxis should be widely employed. The cost-effectiveness and risk benefit of prophylaxis is well established in patients undergoing major surgery. Further studies are needed to confirm the benefit of prophylaxis in patients with nonsurgical risk factors for venous thromboembolism.     

Hyperlipidaemia and venous thromboembolism in patients lacking thrombophilic risk factors

To ascertain the potential contribution of serum lipids to the development of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a case-control study was conducted in 143 DVT patients lacking thrombophilic risk factors and in 194 age- and sex-matched controls. DVT patients showed significantly higher body mass indices (BMI), and triglyceride levels than did controls (P < 0.001 and P = 0.045 respectively). Using multivariate analysis, BMI was the only variable which remained statistically different, thus the risk of DVT was associated with obesity (odds ratio = 2.49). These results were confirmed when additional control for fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) was carried out in a subgroup of cases and controls. When idiopathic (n = 39) and secondary (n = 104) patients with DVT were compared, the former showed a higher mean age, a higher proportion of men, and higher cholesterol levels. Age, sex and total cholesterol were statistically different by multivariate analysis. After age was dichotomized as >or= 50 years and cholesterol >or= 5.69 mmol/l, all three variables constituted independent risk factors for idiopathic DVT, with odds ratios of 2.73 for ages >or= 50 years; 3.72 for men and 2.67 for cholesterolaemia >or= 5.69 mmol/l. Obesity thus constitutes an independent risk factor for DVT, possibly in part mediated through triglyceride, fibrinogen and PAI-1 effects on haemostasis. In addition, cholesterolaemia levels of >or= 5.69 mmol/l constitute an independent risk factor for idiopathic DVT.     

Renal venous thrombosis in neonates: prothrombotic risk factors and long-term follow-up

The present study was designed to evaluate prothrombotic risk profiles in 59 consecutively recruited white neonates with renal venous thrombosis (RVT). The rates of prothrombotic risk factors (PRs)-for example, the factor V (FV) 1691G> A mutation, the factor II (FII) 20210G> A variant, antithrombin (AT), protein C (PC), protein S (PS), elevated lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), total fasting plasma homocysteine (tHcy) levels, and anticardiolipin antibodies (ACAs)-were compared with those of 118 healthy control children. At onset, 32 (54.2%) of the 59 neonates showed underlying clinical conditions; 40 (67.8%) of them and 23 (85.2%) of the 27 infants with idiopathic RVT showed at least one PR. Univariate analysis revealed significantly elevated odds ratios/95% confidence intervals (ORs/95% CIs) for FV and Lp(a). Additionally, PC/AT deficiency and ACAs were found significantly more often in the patient group (P =.04). Multivariate analysis calculated significant ORs/95% CIs only for FV (OR, 9.4; 95% CI, 3.3-26.6) and elevated Lp(a) (OR, 7.6; 95% CI, 2.4-23.8). Of the 59 neonates investigated, 53 revealed renal atrophy, and 13 children additionally suffered from severe arterial hypertension. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates the significance of genetic PR-especially the FV mutation and elevated Lp(a)-for the etiology of neonatal RVT.     

Coronary artery calcification and risk factors for atherosclerosis in patients with venous thromboembolism

BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) and atherosclerosis may be associated and may share common risk factors. We conducted a retrospective case-control study to investigate the association between VTE and coronary atherosclerotic disease (CAD) by means of measuring coronary artery calcification and evaluating clinical risk factors. METHODS: From 385 consecutive patients suspected of VTE, we randomly selected 89 cases with idiopathic VTE and 89 controls without VTE, frequency matched on gender and age. Risk factors for atherosclerosis were noted for both groups. Coronary artery calcification was quantified on pulmonary computed tomography (CT) angiographic images. The coronary artery calcification and risk factors were compared between the case and control groups. The associations between VTE and the presence of coronary artery calcium and risk factors were assessed with logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A higher prevalence of coronary artery calcium was found in the case group (51.7%) than in the control group (28.1%) (p=0.001). The presence of coronary artery calcium was significantly associated with VTE with an odds ratio of 4.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.9-10.1) in a multivariable model. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension were also significantly associated with VTE. CONCLUSION: A significant association between VTE and CAD suggests that CAD is an independent risk factor for VTE. Diabetes and hypertension are also independent risk factors for VTE.     

High prevalence of inherited prothrombotic risk factors in 134 consecutive patients with von Willebrand disease

We screened 134 consecutive patients with von Willebrand disease (VWD) (106 type 1, 26 type 2, and 2 type 3 VWD) for the most important inherited prothrombotic risk factors. One hundred eight patients (80.6%) were positive for at least one of the prothrombotic risk factors screened for. A high prevalence of prothrombin G20210A (10.5%) and factor V Leiden (11.9%) mutations was found with allele frequencies of 5.2 and 6%, respectively. Three carriers of multiple prothrombotic gene mutations experienced a thrombotic event. Our study suggests that the recent evidence of an association between inherited thrombotic and hemorrhagic disorders also holds true in VWD patients.     

Genetic risk factors of venous thromboembolism

Up to date several hereditary disorders have been identified as prothrombic risk factors. The most common inherited thrombotic disorders include activated protein C resistance (factor V Leiden), prothrombin G20210A mutation, hyperhomocysteinemia, deficiencies of protein C, protein S, antithrombin III, and thrombomodulin. This article focuses on the clinical and the laboratory aspects of some of the inherited venous thrombotic disorders including the factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A mutation and protein S deficiency.     

Epidemiology and risk factors of venous thromboembolism

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common disorder that can affect apparently healthy as well as hospitalized patients. The actual incidence and prevalence of this disease are difficult to estimate because of its often silent nature. The clinical relevance of VTE is highlighted by the important rates of recurrence and mortality. The individual risk of VTE varies as a result of a complex interaction between congenital and transient or permanent acquired risk factors. Risk factors can be either intrinsic (e.g., age, obesity, history of VTE, or thrombophilia) or disease related (e.g., surgical procedures and medical disorders such as cancer, heart failure, or acute respiratory failure). The presence or absence of specific risk factors may play an important role in decisions about the type (and duration) of thromboprophylaxis/anticoagulation to be used.     

老年肺癌患者合并静脉血栓栓塞的相关因素分析

目的 探讨老年肺癌患者并发静脉血栓栓塞的相关因素,为临床预防和治疗提供理论基础. 方法 收集我院2010年3月至2014年3月收治并确诊为肺癌的869例老年患者的临床资料,分析肺癌患者静脉血栓栓塞的并发情况及其相关因素. 结果 35例并发静脉血栓栓塞,发生率为4.03％(35/869);多因素Logistic 回归分析结果表明,腺癌、并存基础疾病、D二聚体≥300μg/L为老年肺癌患者并发静脉血栓栓塞的独立危险冈索(OR=2.839、1.586、10.514,P=0.007、0.022、0.000). 结论 老年肺癌患者临床治疗过程中,应积极监测患者并发静脉血栓栓塞的危险因素,做好早期抗凝治疗,提高临床治疗效果,减少并发症的发生.     

肺癌合并静脉血栓栓塞症的临床特点及易患因素分析

目的探讨肺癌合并静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)的临床特点及易患因素。方法收集我院收治的33例肺癌合并VTE患者(VTE组)的临床资料,选择同期入院但未发生VTE的66例患者(非VTE组)病历资料作为对照,分析两组患者的一般情况、实验室检查、肺癌病理类型、分化程度、TNM分期、基因检测、治疗情况等临床信息。结果 VTE组中ZPS评分≥2分的患者显著多于非VTE组(24 vs 8例,P=0.000),血清总蛋白和白蛋白较非VTE组降低(分别为58.23±7.04 vs 61.43±6.03,P=0.021;30.72±5.90 vs 34.84±5.11,P=0.001),D-二聚体升高比例明显大于非VTE组(93.94%vs 60.61%,P=0.001)。两组患者肺癌病理类型均以腺癌为主,低分化多见,Ⅳ期占多数,VTE组腺癌所占比例高于非VTE组(75.76%vs 46.97%,P=0.034),接受EGFR-TKI治疗的患者多于非VTE组(39.39%vs 9.09%,P=0.000)。VTE组在肺癌确诊前、确诊时及确诊后3、6和12个月VTE累积发生率分别为6.06%、33.33%、48.48%、57.58%、69.70%,化疗前及化疗后3、6和12个月VTE累积发生率分别为31.82%、81.82%、86.36%、90.91%。结论 ZPS评分≥2分、血清总蛋白和白蛋白降低、D-二聚体升高以及病理类型为腺癌、接受EGFR-TKI治疗的肺癌患者,发生VTE的风险较高,且多发生在肺癌确诊后和化疗后的3~6个月内。     

Predicting risk of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized cancer patients: Utility of a risk assessment tool

Inpatient venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a priority preventable illness; risk in cancer varies and prophylaxis is inconsistently used. A previously validated tool (Khorana Score, [KS]) identifies VTE risk in cancer outpatients with 5 easily available variables but has not been studied in the inpatient setting. We evaluated the validity of KS in predicting VTE risk in hospitalized cancer patients. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of consecutive oncology inpatients at the Cleveland Clinic from 11/2012 to 12/2014 (n = 3531). Patients were excluded for VTE on admission (n = 304), incomplete KS data (n = 439) or other reasons (n = 8). Data collected included demographics, cancer type, length of stay (LOS), anticoagulant use, and laboratory values. Multivariate risk factors were identified with stepwise logistic regression, confirmed with bootstrap analysis. Of 2780 patients included, 106 (3.8%) developed VTE during hospitalization. Median age was 62 (range, 19‐98) years and 56% were male. Median LOS was 5 (range, 0‐152) days. High risk KS (≥ 3) was significantly associated with VTE in uni‐ and multivariate analyses (OR 2.5, 95% [confidence interval] CI 1.3‐4.9). Other significant variables included male gender (OR 1.67, 1.1‐2.53), older age (OR 0.86, 0.75‐0.99) and use of anticoagulants (OR 0.57, 0.39‐0.85). Recursive partitioning analysis suggested optimal cut point for KS is 2 (OR 1.82, 1.23‐2.69). This is the first report validating KS as a risk tool to predict VTE in hospitalized cancer patients. Using this tool could lead to more consistent and successful application of inpatient thromboprophylaxis.     

Inherited and acquired risk factors for venous thromboembolism

Venous thrombosis, or venous thromboembolism, comprises deep vein thrombosis with or without symptomatic pulmonary embolus. The development of symptomatic venous thrombosis is highly dependent on gene-environment interaction. In most instances this interaction results in hypercoagulability (the intermediate phenotype) sufficient to result in intraluminal clot formation (the disease phenotype). The genetic framework underlying venous thrombosis is complex, and there is a large material contribution from disease and interaction with environmental factors. For example, venous thrombosis is related to recent hospitalization in approximately half of all adult cases. After a first episode of venous thrombosis patients are 40 times more likely to suffer a further event compared with previously unaffected individuals. However, the risk differs between patients. Duration of anticoagulation (lifelong or not) should be made with reference to whether an episode of thrombosis was provoked and the presence of other risk factors. The results of testing for heritable thrombophilia rarely influence duration of treatment.     

老年晚期肺癌合并静脉血栓栓塞症现状及其危险因素

目的 探讨老年晚期肺癌合并静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)现状及其危险因素。方法 选择空军军医大学第二附属医院2019年1月至2022年1月收治的270例老年晚期肺癌患者为研究对象,统计其VTE发生率及临床特征。采用SPSS 20.0统计软件进行数据分析。根据数据类型,分别采用t检验或χ²检验进行组间比较。采用多因素logistic回归模型分析老年晚期肺癌患者VTE发生的影响因素。结果 270例患者中,78例患者发生VTE(28.89%),其中单纯DVT患者占比最多[62(79.49%)],其位置多集中于下肢[52(66.67%)],多数患者在肺癌确诊6个月内发现VTE[71(91.02%)],患者临床表现多样,多采用注射低分子量肝素治疗[54(69.23%)]。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,肺腺癌(OR=2.177,95%CI 1.515~3.129)、化疗(OR=11.531,95%CI 2.988~44.498)、中心静脉置管(OR=4.531,95%CI 1.524~13.474)、D-二聚体(OR=5.562,95%CI 2.796~11.067)及体能状况(PS)得分(OR=2.149,95%CI 1.301~3.549)是老年晚期肺癌患者发生VTE的危险因素,血清白蛋白(OR=0.430,95%CI 0.227~0.813)是其保护因素。结论 老年晚期肺癌患者VTE发生率高,且缺乏特异性表现,肺癌确诊后6个月内是VTE发生的高峰时期。此外,肺腺癌、化疗、中心静脉置管及PS评分高将增加VTE的发生风险,而积极检测血浆D-二聚体、血清白蛋白水平,对于尽早诊断VTE,改善患者预后具有一定意义。     

系统性红斑狼疮合并静脉血栓栓塞症临床相关危险因素分析

目的探讨系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）合并发生静脉血栓栓塞症（VTE）的临床相关危险因素。方法回顾性连续收集2008年1月至2012年2月期间在解放军总医院住院治疗的27例SLE并发VTE的患者入血栓组,并募集同期27例与血栓组性别、年龄、体质量指数（BMI）、生活方式等环境因素相匹配的不伴有VTE的SLE患者作为对照组,利用单因素统计学分析两组患者的静脉血栓形成相关临床危险因素（血小板计数、免疫功能、补体、合并低蛋白血症、狼疮肾炎、肾功能不全、肾病综合征、肾性高血压、蛋白尿、血尿等）及实验室诊断指标[C-反应蛋白（CRP）、D-二聚体,白细胞计数、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、血浆凝血酶原时间（PT）、血浆纤维蛋白原（FIB）1的差异。结果与对照组相比,血栓组合并低蛋白血症（70．37％）、狼疮肾炎（74．07％）、肾功能不全（70．37％）、肾病综合征（55．56％）、肾性高血压（66．67％）的发生率均显著升高（P值分别为0．003,0．000,0．000,0．027,O．029）。血栓组患者的实验室检测指标CRP（7．19±9．23）mg／L和D．二聚体（6．32±5．75）mg／L均显著高于对照组（P值分别为0．004,0．000）。结论低蛋白血症、狼疮肾炎、肾功能不全、肾病综合征及肾性高血压可能是SLE合并VTE的临床相关危险因素;CRP及D-二聚体可能成为SLE合并VTE的实验室诊断指标。