成人骨髓间充质干细胞的体外培养和定向神经分化

目的 探讨成人骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)的体外培养和定向神经诱导分化的条件.方法 从正常成人志愿者髂骨中分离获取MSCs,体外培养扩增纯化后传代于塑料培养皿中,以含有脑源性生长因子(BDNF)联合维A酸(RA)的培养液对传至3～5代的细胞进行体外诱导分化,采用免疫细胞化学法对诱导后的细胞鉴定.结果 诱导1h有部分细胞表达神经干细胞标志巢蛋白nestin,6h后大部分细胞具有典型神经元形态.表达神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)阳性细胞占细胞总数的(46.45±2.54)%.结论 MSCs可通过体外培养并纯化,应用BDNF联合RA可以在体外诱导MSCs成为神经元样细胞.     

兔骨髓间充质干细胞体外诱导分化为神经样细胞的实验研究

目的动态观察体外神经营养剂联合碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)定向诱导骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)分化为神经样细胞的效果.方法将BMSCs分离体外扩增培养后,分别加入神经营养剂金路捷、三磷酸腺苷(ATP)、神经节苷脂(GM1) bFGF诱导其分化.分别于6、24、48、72、96h后光镜下观察细胞形态变化并通过免疫组织化学测定特异性神经元稀醇化酶(NSE)、神经巢蛋白(Nestin)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的表达情况.结果神经营养剂联合bFGF诱导6 h后出现胞体收缩,Nestin表达阳性,24 h后伸出突起,有不同程度NSE、GFAP表达,3 d后达高峰.结论神经营养剂联合bFGF能提高诱导骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经样细胞的诱导率.     

神经干细胞原代培养及GABA能神经元的诱导分化

目的探讨神经干细胞的原代培养及γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)能神经元的诱导分化.方法取孕16 dWistar大鼠的胚鼠全脑,进行体外培养,并对培养的神经干细胞以及诱导分化的GABA能神经元进行鉴定.结果培养24h后,出现2～4个细胞的细胞球.分化2d后,神经球贴壁后伸出细长突起,并可和周边神经球伸出的突起连接.神经球周边可见大量散在贴壁的双极或多极细胞.免疫荧光染色可见神经球均有nestin、NF200、GFAP阳性细胞.取第3代神经球行GABA能神经元定向分化.分化24h后,实验组细胞球贴壁.3d后,实验组细胞球周边有大量散在分布细胞贴壁生长,胞体圆形较大,有1～2个细长突起.免疫荧光显示,实验组周边散在的贴壁细胞多为GAD65阳性细胞.GAD65阳性细胞分化率实验组(85.97±2.78)%、对照组(18.16±2.29)%,P<0.01.结论本实验利用寡核苷酸序列特异性阻断了bHLH基因家族的调控因子之一Hes1,解除了其对bHLH的抑制,促进了神经干细胞向神经元的分化.实验还发现,阻断Hes1后大大提高了神经干细胞向GABA神经元分化的比率.     

Prdx6对神经干细胞增殖和分化的影响研究

目的探讨过氧化物氧化还原酶6(Prdx6)对神经干细胞的增殖和分化的影响。方法 (1)采用悬浮培养法从新生SD大鼠脑分离培养神经干细胞,传至第三代后进行神经干细胞特异性标记蛋白巢蛋白(Nestin)的免疫荧光检测;(2)细胞实验分组:溶媒组、Prdx6 1 ng/m L、10 ng/m L、100 ng/m L、1μg/m L组;(3)采用台盼蓝细胞计数法计数各组细胞培养第1 d、第2 d、第3 d、第4 d和第5 d的细胞数,并绘制细胞生长曲线;(4)细胞增殖实验观测各组细胞形成神经球的直径,用Cell Counting kit-8(CCK-8)试剂盒检测各组细胞在450 nm处的吸光度值;(5)在细胞分化实验中,通过免疫荧光染色检测神经干细胞分化后神经元特异性烯醇化酶(neuron specific enolase,NSE)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)阳性细胞数。结果 (1)体外培养得到悬浮生长的神经干细胞,免疫荧光染色Nestin呈阳性;(2) Prdx6 100 ng/m L组和1μg/m L组神经干细胞形成神经球的直径、吸光度值,以及分化后的NSE、GFAP阳性细胞数与溶媒组比较,差异有统计学意义(均P 0. 05)。结论 Prdx6具有促进神经干细胞增殖和分化的作用。     

诱导成人骨髓基质细胞成为神经干细胞及其分化的实验研究

目的　体外诱导成人骨髓基质细胞 (BMSCs)转化为神经干细胞 (NSCs)进而分化为神经元和胶质细胞。方法　以含有碱性成纤维细胞生长因子 (b FGF)或表皮生长因子 (EGF)加 b FGF或 b FGF、EGF加全反式维甲酸 (ATRA)的培养液培养 BMSCs,进行显微镜观察 ,纤维连接蛋白 (fibronectin)、I型胶原 (collagen )和神经上皮干细胞蛋白 (nestin)免疫组织化学染色和神经元特异烯醇化酶 (NSE) ,胶质纤维酸性蛋白 (GFAP)免疫荧光染色。结果　经诱导物诱导 72 h后 ,fibronectin和 collagen I免疫阳性细胞减少。nestin免疫阳性细胞增多。 7d后 ,其又减少。同时 NSE和 GFAP免疫阳性细胞增多。细胞分化后 ,NSE阳性细胞最多占细胞总数的 2 4 .76 %±2 .72 % ,同时 GFAP阳性细胞占细胞总数的 36 .5 8%± 3.2 6 %。结论　 EGF、b FGF、ATRA及适宜的培养液可使BMSCs定向 ,转化为 NSCs,进而分化为神经元和胶质细胞。     

猫骨髓源性神经干细胞诱导分化的实验研究

目的探讨猫骨髓分离培养、诱导分化神经干细胞的可行性。方法无菌条件下行骨穿,梯度密度离心获取猫骨髓基质细胞,以“神经干细胞培养基”培养,用分化诱导因子进行体外培养和诱导分化。结果猫骨髓基质细胞在相应培养条件下能在体外培养中增殖、分化,克隆形成细胞球(或称“神经球”),这些细胞球能表达神经干细胞特异性抗原nestin,而且能进一步诱导分化出胶质样细胞和神经元样细胞,免疫细胞化学检测可见有胶质源性纤维酸性蛋白抗体(GFAP)和神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)抗原表达。结论猫骨髓基质细胞在一定条件诱导下可分化成神经胶质样和神经元样细胞。     

星形胶质细胞源性因子对神经干细胞分化的实验研究

目的探讨星形胶质细胞源性因子对神经干细胞分化的影响。方法分离和培养新生大鼠脑组织的神经干细胞;采用差速贴壁法和振荡法分离纯化星形胶质细胞,用免疫细胞化学染色法,胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)标记星形胶质细胞,进行细胞的纯度鉴定;将星形胶质细胞和神经干细胞在互不接触的情况下进行共培养,免疫荧光法观察神经干细胞分化后神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、GFAP和酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)的表达。结果纯化的星形胶质细胞GFAP抗体标记阳性,细胞纯度达98%;星形胶质细胞与神经干细胞共培养时,神经干细胞贴壁分化加快,NSE阳性细胞及TH阳性细胞明显多于对照组(P<0·05)。结论星形胶质细胞源性因子可快速诱导神经干细胞向神经元细胞、包括多巴胺神经元细胞分化,提示星形胶质细胞支持神经元发生。     

人小龄胚胎神经干细胞的分离培养、扩增及鉴定

目的 探索人胚胎神经干细胞的体外分离培养条件，从而在体外大量扩增神经干细胞；并观察神经干细胞增殖、分化的特点。方法 从人胚胎脑分离神经干细胞，部分细胞冻存，另一部分细胞进行体外培养。采用无血清培养液，加入表皮生长因子(EGF)和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)刺激细胞增殖，进行体外扩增、传代培养。采用免疫荧光法鉴定神经干细胞和分化的神经元及胶质细胞。结果 从人胚胎脑分离的细胞在含有EGF和bFGF的无血清培养液中能形成大量的神经干细胞球，这些神经干细胞球可在体外扩增及传代培养。免疫荧光法鉴定神经干细胞球中大部分为神经上皮干细胞蛋白(nestin)表达阳性细胞。贴壁后可以分化出神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)表达阳性的细胞。经冻存后的胎脑细胞也能培养出具有同样特征的神经干细胞。结论 在含有EGF和bFGF的无血清培养液中，从人胚胎脑能分离培养出神经干细胞，并能在体外大量扩增。这为人类神经干细胞的进一步研究和应用提供了材料。     

脐带血干细胞在中枢神经系统疾病应用的研究进展

脐带血(HUCB)干细胞在一定的诱导条件下可向神经样细胞分化,通过静脉注射、纹状体室管膜下层(SVZ)植入等途径,HUCB细胞可在中枢神经系统内成活并分化为神经样细胞,提示HUCB细胞有可能取代神经干细胞用于中枢神经系统疾病的细胞治疗和损伤的修复,其具有广阔的应用前景。     

大鼠骨髓间质干细胞用中药绞股蓝诱导为神经细胞的研究

目的　体外诱导大鼠骨髓间质干细胞 (rMSC)分化为神经细胞。方法　用SD大鼠股骨骨髓细胞体外培养。用绞股蓝总甙加入无血清L DMEM诱导MSC分化为神经细胞。免疫细胞化学鉴定有神经元烯醇化酶 (NSE)、神经干细胞标志物巢蛋白 (nestin)和胶质纤维酸性蛋白 (GFAP)的表达。结果　大鼠骨髓间质干细胞在体外扩增 5～ 2 2代 ,对照组不加任何诱导剂 ,MSC可分化为神经样细胞 (5 3 1%± 4 3% )。加入绞股蓝诱导剂诱导 1～ 5h ,MSC形态转变为典型的神经样细胞(90 0 %± 4 6 % )。免疫细胞化学染色显示诱导出的神经样细胞 ,NSE、nestin、GFAP表达阳性。继续培养 12～ 19d ,5d后对照组所有细胞逐渐死亡。绞股蓝组持续诱导 12～ 19d后神经样细胞形态完好 ,大部分细胞变为圆形并聚集成团 ,NSE、nestin、GFAP表达阳性。如果换回正常培养液 ,神经样细胞可逆转回MSC并传代。结论　骨髓本身可能存在神经干细胞。大鼠骨髓间质干细胞用中成药绞股蓝诱导可分化为多种形态的神经样细胞。     

神经干细胞与脑胶质瘤干细胞☆

所有的肿瘤组织并不是由均一的肿瘤细胞所组成的,不同的细胞具有不同的增殖、浸润和转移能力,亦即肿瘤的异质性。其中存在少数担当着干细胞角色的肿瘤细胞,具有干细胞的基本特性,包括自我更新能力、无限的增殖能力和多向分化潜能,为肿瘤干细胞。神经干细胞具有很强的自我更新机制,获得较少突变即有可能恶性转化,而且干细胞存活时间较长,这意味着干细胞比成熟细胞发生细胞复制的错误几率更大,因外界环境的刺激而发生突变的机会更多,最终形成脑胶质瘤干细胞,同时调节神经干细胞增殖和自我更新的基因在脑胶质瘤的脑胶质瘤干细胞中也表达,这也是支持神经干细胞是脑胶质瘤干细胞来源的;也有推测认为它可能起源于已分化的细胞,由这些细胞突变发生去分化得来,并通过基因突变而获得了干细胞自我更新的特性,从而形成脑胶质瘤干细胞。通过探讨神经干细胞与脑胶质瘤干细胞,为脑胶质瘤的治疗提供依据。     

Quite amusing stem cells:Muse cells

<正>Stem cells may be the future of therapeutics for stroke due to their regenerative and immunomodulatory capabilities.Major barriers faced when employing stem cells,however,include faulty migration,low cell survival,and diminished proliferation.M ultilineage-differentiating stress ensuring (Muse) cells,a subset of mesenchymal stem cells,overcome these barriers.Muse cells aid in neuroregeneration,have immense regenerative potential,and are pluripotent,non-tumorigenic,and immunomodulatory.I...     

神经干细胞诱导骨髓基质细胞向神经元样细胞分化

目的：研究骨髓基质细胞向神经元样细胞分化的条件。方法：神经十细胞诱导骨髓基质细胞向神经元样细胞分化，免疫细胞化学方法对分化的和未分化的细胞进行鉴定。结果：神经于细胞可诱导骨髓基质细胞向神经元样细胞分化，分化的细胞表达神经元的标志物神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)。结论：骨髓组织中存在能分化为神经元的于细胞，可能成为中枢神经系统自体移植的于细胞的来源。     

Oligodendroglioma-like cells (clear cells) in ependymoma

A brain tumor of a 22-year-old man was composed mostly of round cells with perinuclear halos (clear cells), forming clusters intersected by small blood vessels. In some areas, the tumor cells showed perivascular arrangement and epithelial pattern. Phosphotungstic-acid hematoxylin stain and immunoperoxidase stain for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) technique failed to stain the clear cells. Electron microscopy of the clear cells revealed them to be classical ependymoma cells with well developed intercellular junctions, microvilli and cilia. As no reporters in the past showed the evidence to clarify the nature of the clear cells, this case is considered a good example to support the viewpoint that the clear cells (oligodendroglioma-like cells) commonly observed in ependymomas are in reality ependymoma cells. It is stressed that the diagnosis of "mixed glioma" or "oligoependymoma" should be made with sufficient caution despite the recent advances of GFAP technique.     

Transplanted human bone marrow cells generate new brain cells

Multiple studies have reported that adult cells of bone marrow origin can differentiate into muscle, skin, liver, lung, epithelial cells, and neurons. To determine whether such cells might produce neurons and other cells in the human brain, we examined paraffin sections from female patients who had received bone marrow transplants from male donors. Y-chromosomes were labeled using autoradiography and fluorescent in situ hybridization. Neurons and astrocytes were identified histologically and immunohistochemically in neocortex, hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum. However, most labeled cells in both gray and white matter appeared to be glia. Others have suggested that such Y-labeling represents fusion between host and donor cells, rather than true transdifferentiation. The possibilities of fusion and microchimerism were therefore examined using buccal epithelial cells as a model system. The female patients in this study had received either bone marrow or stem cell (CD34+ enriched) transplants from their brothers. Double labeling for X- and Y-chromosomes showed that Y-labeled buccal cells could not be explained by fusion. Genotyping studies of one patient, her brother, and her son ruled out the possibility of microchimerism. Whether, and under what circumstances, some form of bone marrow transplantation might provide adequate number of cells capable of replacing lost brain cells or enhancing their function will require additional studies.     

Differentiation of radial glia-like cells from embryonic stem cells

Radial glial cells play important roles in neural development. They provide support and guidance for neuronal migration and give rise to neurons and glia. In vitro, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes can be generated from neural and embryonic stem cells, but the generation of radial glial cells from these stem cells has not yet been reported. Since the differentiation of radial glial cells is indispensable during brain development, we hypothesize that stem cells also generate radial glial cells during in vitro neural differentiation. To test this hypothesis, we utilized five different clones of mouse embryonic (ES) and embryonal carcinoma (EC) stem cell lines to investigate the differentiation of radial glial cells during in vitro neural differentiation. Here, we demonstrate that radial glia-like cells can be generated from ES/EC cell lines. These ES/EC cell-derived radial glia-like cells are similar in morphology to radial glial cells in vivo, i.e., they are bipolar with an unbranched long process and a short process. They also express several cytoskeletal markers, such as nestin, RC2, and/or GFAP, that are characteristics of radial glial cells in vivo. The processes of these in vitro generated radial glia-like cells are organized into parallel arrays that resemble the radial glial scaffolds in neocortical development. Since radial glia-like cells were observed in all five clones of ES/EC cells tested, we suggest that the differentiation of radial glial cells may be a common pathway during in vitro neural differentiation of ES cells. This novel in vitro model system should facilitate the investigation of regulation of radial glial cell differentiation and its biological function.     

The tropism of embryoid body cells for glioma cells

It has been demonstrated that several types of adult stem cells have a common attribute of tropism for gliomas. In our study, we provided evidence that embryonic stem cell-derived embryoid body (EB) cells also exhibited a tropism for gliomas. Chemotaxis assays and organotypic hippocampal slice culture experiments showed that EB cells were attracted by the conditioned medium from C6 glioma cells and by C6 glioma cells deposited on the slice. Aggregate culture assays showed that EB cells could coaggregate with C6 glioma cells. Embryoid body cells injected intratumorally were found to distribute throughout the tumor mass. All data indicated that EB cells displayed a tropism for gliomas.