右美托咪定复合氯胺酮在小儿麻醉中应用的研究进展

背景 右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,Dex)是一种高选择性的α2肾上腺素受体激动剂,在小儿麻醉中的应用尚处于研究阶段.氯胺酮作为N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体拮抗剂,是小儿麻醉的常用药物.近年来,一些研究者将Dex复合氯胺酮用于小儿麻醉,取得了良好的临床效果. 目的 梳理Dex复合氯胺酮在小儿麻醉中应用的研究进展,为临床应用提供参考.内容 概述Dex和氯胺酮的药代动力学,以及两者复合麻醉在小儿患者创伤性检查、术前、术中以及困难气道处理中的应用.趋向 Dex复合氯胺酮在小儿麻醉中具有广阔的应用前景.     

Quality of MRI pediatric sedation: Comparison between intramuscular and intravenous dexmedetomidine

ObjectiveThe study was designed to compare the efficacy of dexmedetomidine whether given intramuscular or intravenous for pediatric MRI sedation.Subjects and methodsNinety children between the ages of 2 and 8 years with ASA physical status I–II, scheduled for elective MRI, were enrolled in a double blind, comparative randomized study. Patients assigned into two equal groups. Group DV, sedation was performed using IV dexmedetomidine hydrochloride; a loading dose of 1 μg/kg administered over 10 min followed by a continuous infusion at 1 μg/kg/h. Group DM where the patient received IM dexmedetomidine 3 μg/kg. Primary endpoints included incidence of failed sedation and the requirement of midazolam supplementation. Secondary endpoints were time to sedation, duration of sedation, discharge time, and hemodynamic status.ResultsThe sedation failure rate was significantly higher in the DV group (40%) in comparison with the DM group (20%) (P = 0.04). Also, the use of rescue midazolam was significantly higher in the VD group (0.37 ± 0.47 mg) in comparison to the DM group (0.17 ± 0.35 mg) (P = 0.025). The onset of satisfactory sedation was significantly shorter in DV group in comparison to DM group (7.93 ± 0.884 vs. 16.87 ± 4.49). Also, the discharge time was significantly less in the DV group (32.27 ± 3.04 min) in comparison to DM group (41.87 ± 5.80 min). Patients in DV group had significantly lower MBP compared to patients in DM group after receiving dexmedetomidine (p < 0.05). Although the HR decreased in both groups during the MRI study, the decrease was statistically significant in the DV group compared to the DM group in the period extended from the 2nd to 35th min (p < 0.05).ConclusionIn pediatric MRI sedation, although IM dexmedetomidine does have a late sedation onset; it reduces the sedation failure rate, the need for supplement sedation and the incidence of hemodynamic instability associated with IV dexmedetomidine.     

High-dose dexmedetomidine sedation for pediatric MRI

Objectives: To test the hypothesis that high‐dose dexmedetomidine can be successfully used for pediatric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sedation without significant hemodynamic compromise. Background: The dexmedetomidine dose required to achieve optimal sedation is often higher than its recommended dose. High doses of dexmedetomidine can lead to significant hemodynamic side effects. Methods: Dexmedetomidine use for pediatric MRI over a 1‐year period was retrospectively reviewed. A dexmedetomidine bolus of 2 μg·kg^?1 intravenous followed by 1 μg·kg^?1·h^?1 infusion was used. Dexmedetomidine efficacy, side effects, timing of side effects, and additional use of medications were analyzed. Data were compared by t‐test, Mann–Whitney rank‐sum test, Fisher’s exact test, and anova . Results: High‐dose dexmedetomidine was used in 77 patients, and MRI was completed in 76 (99%) patients. A second bolus of dexmedetomidine was required in 28 (36%) patients, and 22 (29%) patients required additional medications (midazolam, fentanyl, or ketamine) for adequate sedation. A 25% decrease in blood pressure (BP) was observed in 10.5%, a transient increase in BP in 3.9%, and a heart rate <60 min^?1 in 7.9% of cases. These side effects resolved spontaneously. There were no apneas or respiratory depression. Vital sign changes, recovery time, and discharge time were not significantly different in subgroups of patients receiving one or two boluses of dexmedetomidine with or without additional medications. Transient hypertension was more common in patients receiving two boluses of dexmedetomidine (P = 0.048). Conclusions: High‐dose dexmedetomidine can be successfully used for pediatric MRI sedation, but a significant number of children require additional medications for optimal control. Hemodynamic side effects resolved spontaneously. High‐dose dexmedetomidine did not result in respiratory depression.     

右美托咪定复合小剂量氯胺酮在困难气道纤维支气管镜插管中镇静遗忘的效果

目的观察右美托咪定复合小剂量氯胺酮在择期手术困难气道患者纤维支气管镜经鼻气管插管中的镇静遗忘的效果。方法择期困难气道纤维支气管镜经鼻插管患者90例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,按照随机数字表法均分为三组:右美托咪定1.0μg/kg+氯胺酮0.5 mg·kg-1·h-1(DK组)、右美托咪定1.0μg/kg+丙泊酚2.0mg·kg-1·h-1(DP组)和右美托咪定1.0μg/kg+瑞芬太尼5.0μg·kg-1·h-1(DR组)。比较三组患者入室后安静10min(T0)、纤维支气管镜置入前(T1)、气管导管进入声门即刻(T2)及插管后5min(T3)时HR、MAP、SpO2及Ramsay镇静评分和不良反应,及术后24h随访患者对气管插管过程的知晓情况。结果与T0时比较,T1时DP和DR组HR明显减慢,MAP明显下降,T1时DP组SpO2明显降低(P0.05);T3时DP和DR组HR明显加快,DR组MAP明显增高(P0.05);T2时DR组MAP明显高于DP组。T2时DP组和DR组Ramsay镇静评分明显低于DK组,T3时DR组Ramsay镇静评分明显低于DK和DP组(P0.05);DP组心动过缓、呼吸抑制发生率明显高于DK组,DR组呛咳、躁动、心动过速、插管知晓发生率明显高于DK组(P0.05)。结论右美托咪定复合小剂量氯胺酮用于困难气道患者经鼻纤支镜插管可保证良好的镇静遗忘效果,维持稳定的血流动力学,并且不良反应发生率低。     

右美托咪定在小儿患者的临床应用进展

背景 盐酸右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine hydrochloride,DH)是一种新型α2肾上腺素能受体激动剂,具有镇痛镇静和抗焦虑抑制交感神经的作用.它以起效迅速,清除率快且几乎对呼吸无影响的优点被国内外医学工作者广泛地应用于小儿患者.目的 了解DH在小儿患者的应用进展,可为临床用药提供参考.内容 概括DH的小儿药代学特点及对呼吸循环的影响,重点论述小儿临床常见领域如影像学检查,临床麻醉和重症监护室(ICU)的应用情况,它不仅在小儿非创伤性操作时的镇静具有独特的优势,而且对预防和治疗术后苏醒期激动和烦躁的患儿有肯定的疗效.趋向 DH在小儿临床麻醉辅助性应用和镇静镇痛抗焦虑等方面具有一定作用.     

右美托咪定复合氯胺酮用于患儿经皮肾穿刺活检术的效果

目的探讨右美托咪定复合氯胺酮用于患儿经皮肾穿刺活检术的效果。方法选择拟行经皮肾穿刺活检术的患儿60例,男32例,女28例,年龄1～12岁,体重9～36 kg,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级。采用随机数字表法随机分为两组:右美托咪定复合氯胺酮组(DK组)和丙泊酚复合氯胺酮组(PK组),每组30例。入室后DK组先予右美托咪定1μg/kg负荷量,10 min泵完,后予氯胺酮1 mg/kg静注诱导,右美托咪定0.5μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)泵注维持;PK组缓慢静注丙泊酚中长链脂肪乳2～2.5 mg/kg、氯胺酮1 mg/kg诱导,丙泊酚中长链脂肪乳6 mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)泵注维持。术中出现体动反应时静脉追加氯胺酮0.5 mg/kg。观察并记录两组术中体动反应、氧饱和度下降(SpO_295%)的发生情况,记录追加氯胺酮情况、术后苏醒时间和苏醒期躁动的发生情况。结果 DK组术中体动反应和SpO_2下降发生率明显低于PK组(P0.05)。DK组追加氯胺酮比例明显少于PK组(P0.05),苏醒时间明显长于PK组(P0.05),苏醒期躁动发生率明显低于PK组(P0.05)。结论右美托咪定复合氯胺酮全麻用于患儿经皮肾穿刺活检术,可有效降低患儿术中体动反应和SpO_2下降发生率,降低追加氯胺酮比例,减少苏醒期躁动,但延长了苏醒时间。     

Dexmedetomidine/ketamine for diagnostic cardiac catheterization in a child with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension

The use of a combination of dexmedetomidine and ketamine to provide procedural sedation in a 12-year old boy with a diagnosis of idopathic pulmonary hypertension and a behavioral disorder, undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization, is presented. Following a loading dose of ketamine one mg/kg and dexmedetomidine one mcg/kg, an infusion of dexmedetomidine at one mcg/kg/hr was used with the patient breathing spontaneously. Stable hemodynamics were observed throughout the procedure and pulmonary vascular resistance was measured under three conditions. The dexmedetomidine infusion was continued for two hours post-catheterization, facilitating a smooth emergence.     

Premedication with intranasal dexmedetomidine,midazolam and ketamine for children undergoing bone marrow biopsy and aspirate

BackgroundPreanesthetic medication in pediatrics is very helpful in relieving anxiety, fear, and psychological trauma due to maternal deprivation. Many drugs used in different routes aiming to alleviate stress and prevent psychological trauma. Of these drugs midazolam and ketamine are commonly used. We aimed in this work to compare both of them with dexmedetomidine which is α 2-agonist when used intranasally in children undergoing bone marrow biopsy and aspirate in sedation and premedication.Methods96 children aged 2–8 years with ASA physical status II scheduled for bone marrow biopsy and aspirate were divided into three groups 32 child in each one: (M group) who were premedicated with intranasal midazolam 0.2 mg/kg, (D group) who were premedicated with intranasal dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg, and (K group) who were premedicated with intranasal ketamine 5 mg/kg. The degree of sedation was assessed every 5 min for 30 min by using a 4 point sedation scale. Also, child–parent separation was assessed and graded according to a 4 point scale at 30 min.ResultsWe found that dexmedetomidine group achieved a faster sedation score less than 3 at the point of 10 min, then all groups achieved a comparable sedation score till point of 25 min, both dexmedetomidine and midazolam groups had better sedation score than ketamine group at 30 min. Children achieved child–parents separation score grade 1 was significantly higher in dexmedetomidine group than midazolam and ketamine groups.ConclusionsMidazolam, ketamine and dexmedetomidine produced adequate sedation with little side effects. So, we prefer to use midazolam due its efficacy and safety as well as availability and its low price in comparison to ketamine and dexmedetomidine.     

9985例右美托咪定滴鼻镇静行无创检查患儿的回顾性分析

目的回顾性分析患儿使用右美托咪定滴鼻镇静术行无创性检查的安全性和有效性。方法通过提取本院手术麻醉电子病历系统中的数据,回顾性分析2017年6月至2018年4月在本院镇静镇痛中心行无创性检查的患儿9 985例,年龄≥3个月,体重5～10 kg,右美托咪定滴鼻剂量为1.5～2.5μg/kg,体重10 kg的患儿滴鼻剂量为2.5～3μg/kg,如果镇静失败,可追加一次1μg/kg。统计镇静成功率和不良事件的发生率。结果起始剂量镇静成功8 237例(82.49%),总成功率为94.27%。总计有271例(2.71%,95%CI 2.40%～3.03%)患儿发生不良事件,其中心动过缓有231例(2.31%,95%CI 2.02%～2.61%),为主要不良事件,未发生一例心跳呼吸骤停及死亡。结论右美托咪定滴鼻镇静可安全有效地用于患儿无创性检查。     

地佐辛复合右美托咪定在小儿术中的临床应用

目的 观察地佐辛单独或复合右美托咪定（dexmedetomidine,Dex）应用于小儿手术围麻醉期的效果. 方法 选择60例美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级、年龄4岁～10岁、体重14 kg～40 kg、择期在全麻下行扁桃体、腺样体摘除术的患儿,采用随机数字表法分为对照组（C组）、多模式镇痛组（M组）、地佐辛组（D组）,每组20例.M组以1 μg/kg负荷量泵注Dex 10 min,随后以0.5 μg·kg-1·h-1持续泵注,共计1 h;C组、D组泵注等体积生理盐水。3组麻醉诱导及维持方法相同.术毕前15 min,M组、D组静脉给予地佐辛0.1 mg/kg,C组给予等体积生理盐水.记录患儿入室时（T1）、泵注后5 min（T2）、插管后即刻（T3）、拔管后即刻（T4）、拔管后5 min （T5）各时间点生命体征,麻醉、手术、苏醒、拔管时间,以及术后躁动、副作用情况。结果 苏醒期躁动发生率、躁动评分M组（10％,2.0±0.7）、D组（30％,2.4±0.8）,明显低于C组（65％,3.2±1.0）（P＜0.05）;术中维持用七氟醚用量M组（5.8±2.0）ml,明显低于C组（8.8±2.5） ml（P＜0.05）;M组T2～T5时点心率明显低于C组、D组（P＜o.05）;与C组比较,M组术后心动过速发生率较低（35％ vs 0）（P＜0.05）。3组患儿麻醉、手术、苏醒及拔管时间差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 术毕前15 min静脉注射地佐辛0.1 mg/kg可安全应用于小儿,能有效抑制术后躁动的发生;该剂量复合Dex还可减少术中麻醉维持药用量,使患儿在围麻醉期生命体征更平稳,可提高患儿术后恢复质量及家属满意度。     

Dexmedetomidine sedation in a child with frontonasal encephalocoele scheduled for MRI

Paediatric patients undergoing radiological imaging often require sedation to minimise motion artefacts. Sedation during Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) poses many challenges to the anaesthetist. Inadequate or failed sedation results in difficulty in keeping them motionless while maintaining respiratory and hemodynamic stability. Secondly, limited access to the patient may pose a safety risk during MRI. Dexmedetomidine, an α₂-adrenoceptor agonist, has recently been used as a sedative for diagnostic imaging studies. We report a use of dexmedetomidine for sedation in MRI suite in a child with frontonasal encephalocoele. A two-year-old girl child weighing 11 kg was scheduled for MRI of the brain and paranasal sinuses with nasal cavity under anaesthesia at our institute. After applying standard monitoring, an initial loading dose of dexmedetomidine was given @ 2 μg kg⁻¹ over 10 min followed by continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine @ 1 μg kg⁻¹ h⁻¹. Sedation was monitored by the Ramsay Sedation Score (RSS), and as soon as a score of 5 was achieved, the child was transferred to the MRI table. Anaesthetic conditions were excellent, with minimal change in vital signs during the entire 35 min duration of the scan. Imaging was successful with no motion artefacts.     

Oral ketamine and dexmedetomidine in adults’ burns wound dressing—A randomized double blind cross over study

Study was designed to compare analgesic efficacy and side effects of oral dexmedetomidine and ketamine in adults for burn wound dressing.     

Dexmedetomidine versus propofol for sedation during gastrointestinal endoscopy in pediatric patients

ObjectiveTo compare the sedative, hemodynamic, respiratory and adverse effects of dexmedetomidine versus propofol during gastrointestinal endoscopy (GIE) in pediatrics.MethodsAfter obtaining approval of the research and ethics committee and informed consent of the parents of the patients, eighty pediatric patients ASA I/II aged 1–14 years, scheduled for gastrointestinal endoscopy were randomized into dexmedetomidine group or propofol group. Sedation was achieved with propofol 2 mg/kg bolus then infused at 100 μg/kg/min or dexmedetomidine 2.5 μg/kg over 10 min then infused at 2 μg/kg/h to achieve a Ramsay sedation scale (RSS) ⩾5. HR, MAP, RR and SPO2 were continuously monitored and analyzed at (T0) baseline, (T1) after induction, (T2) after insertion of endoscope, (T3) during procedure, (T4) recovery period. Times of induction, procedure, and recovery were reported together with any adverse effects.ResultsThere were no significant differences in demographic data between the two groups. HR values were significantly lower in dexmedetomidine group at T1, T2 and T3 (83.95 ± 13.79 versus 92.95 ± 12.38, 103.35 ± 15.34 versus 112.75 ± 12.79 and 90.80 ± 13.99 versus 104.05 ± 10.73) beats/min respectively, (p-value < 0.05). No significant differences were found in MAP, RR and SPO2 values between groups at all time points. Induction and recovery times were significantly longer in dexmedetomidine group 10.51 ± 1.75 versus 3.17 ± 0.72 min and 28.55 ± 7.95 versus 13.68 ± 3.35 min (p-value < 0.001). Seven patients in dexmedetomidine group (17.5%) versus one patient in propofol group (2.5%) showed unwanted movement (p-value 0.057), and no cases in dexmedetomidine group demonstrated oxygen desaturation versus 6 patients (15%) within propofol group (p-value 0.026).ConclusionDexmedetomidine sedation during GIE provides more respiratory safety and HR stability presenting itself as a suitable alternative agent especially for the relatively longer procedures.     

右美托咪啶在先天性心脏病患儿中的临床应用

背景 右美托咪啶(dexmedetomidine,DEX)是新一代高选择性α2肾上腺素能受体激动剂,具有镇静、镇痛和抗交感作用.虽然DEX还未被批准用于18岁以下患者,但已有许多在小儿心脏外科使用的文献报道.目的 总结DEX在先天性心脏病(先心病)患儿中的临床应用近况.内容 除最常用于围术期重症监护治疗外,DEX在小儿...     

右美托咪定与咪达唑仑镇静在机械通气患者中的应用

目的观察右美托咪定与咪达唑仑在机械通气患者中的应用。方法将2014年5月至2015年1月我院ICU病房收治的76例需要有创机械通气及持续镇静治疗的患者,按照随机数字表法均分为咪达唑仑组(M组)和右美托咪定组(D组)。M组:咪达唑仑负荷量0.06 mg/kg静注,维持量0.04~0.2mg·kg-1·h-1;D组,右美托咪定负荷量1μg/kg静注10min,维持量0.2~0.7μg·kg-1·h-1。根据Ramsay镇静评分调整药物用量,使Ramsay镇静评分维持在2~4分。记录两组患者用药后达到Ramsay镇静评分2~4分的时间、Ramsay镇静评分、ICU住院时间、机械通气时间、唤醒时间。同时采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测两组患者用药前、用药后24、48h血清肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平的变化。结果 D组患者的ICU住院时间和唤醒时间明显短于M组(P0.05)。用药后24hD组患者血清TNF-α、hs-CRP水平明显低于M组(P0.05),两组血清IL-6水平差异无统计学意义;用药后48hD组血清hsCRP水平明显低于M组(P0.05),两组患者血清TNF-α、IL-6水平差异无统计学意义。结论有创性机械通气患者使用右美托咪定镇静,缩短患者ICU住院时间,且能有效降低患者体内炎症因子水平。     

右美托咪定持续输注对小儿全麻术后躁动的影响

目的探讨在小儿全麻手术中使用右美托咪定（dexmedetomidine,Dex）持续输注对术后躁动的影响。方法选取美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）分级Ⅰ-Ⅱ级、72名4岁．10岁在全麻下行骨折切开复位内固定手术的患儿,采用完全随机分组法随机分为4组（每组18例）,分别采用丙泊酚复合Dex（0．5μg·kg-1·h-1）（PD组）及七氟醚复合Dex（SD组）,丙泊酚复合生理盐水（PN组）及七氟醚复合生理盐水（SN组）。分别记录患儿泵注Dex前（T1）、泵注后10（T2）、20（T3）、30min（T4）及拔管时（L）的心率（heartrate,HR）、平均动脉压（mean artery pressure,MAP）、脑电双频指数（bispectralindex,BIS）;测定停止麻醉药物至拔管时间、睁眼时间;对术后患儿躁动及疼痛程度进行评分;计算患儿苏醒期躁动的发生率。结果①PD组与PN组比较、SD组与SN组比较,拔管时间[（7．1±2．6）min vs（4．4±2．1）min、（7．3±2．1）minvs（4．9±2．0）mini及睁眼时间[（16±6）minvs（10±3）min、（13±6）min vs（9±5）min]显著延长（P〈O．05）,但PD组与SD组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。②PD组与PN组、SD组与SN组比较,术后躁动评分（1分vs2分、3分vs4分）及术后患儿疼痛程度评分（cHIPPS评分）（2_5分VS3分、4分vs7分）下降（P〈0．01）。SD组术后躁动发生率显著下降[SD组（5．6％）vsSN组（33．3％）]（P〈0．05）。PD组的躁动评分低于sD组（P〈0．05）。结论Dex虽会造成术后苏醒时间延长,但可以降低小儿麻醉术后躁动评分及术后即刻疼痛评分,并且显著降低七氟醚麻醉术后躁动发生率,使患儿苏醒期更加平稳。     

氯胺酮复合布托啡诺静脉麻醉在小儿日间手术中的应用

目的 研究氯胺酮复合布托啡诺静脉麻醉在小儿日间手术中应用的临床效果.方法 选择美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级行腹股沟疝修补术、包皮环切术的患儿（1岁～6岁）200例,按随机数字表法分为2组（每组100例）：氯胺酮复合生理盐水组（KS组）和氯胺酮复合布托啡诺组（KB组）.KS组患儿静脉给予氯胺酮2 mg/kg复合生理盐水2 ml行麻醉诱导,KB组患儿则给予氯胺酮2 mg/kg复合2 ml含有30 μg/kg的布托啡诺,若患儿术中出现明显的体动反应,则静脉追加氯胺酮1 mg/kg.记录呼吸、血流动力学变化、苏醒时间、术后CHEOPS疼痛评分（术后即刻、术后1、2、4、8、12、24 h）和镇静评分（术后15、30、60 min）及氯胺酮用量.结果 KB组的氯胺酮用量（42.2±12.9） mg较KS组（75.0±25.3） mg明显减少;且术后平均CHEOPS评分显著降低、术后镇静评分显著较高;麻醉后复苏室内苏醒时间显著延长（P ＜0.05）,但并不延长出室时间.两组患儿的呼吸与血流动力指标差异无统计学意义.结论 氯胺酮复合布托啡诺静脉麻醉能够安全应用于小儿日间手术,减少大剂量氯胺酮所致的副作用,又可以提供较为完善的镇痛与镇静作用,减少小儿苏醒期躁动的发生.     

右美托咪定复合小剂量氯胺酮对神经病理性痛大鼠痛觉过敏及脊髓背角BDNF mRNA表达的影响

目的 探讨右美托咪定复合小剂量氯胺酮对神经病理性痛大鼠痛觉过敏及脊髓背角脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF) mRNA表达的影响.方法 SD雄性大鼠45只,8～ 12周龄,体重230 ～ 270g,采用随机数字表法,将其分为5组(n=9):假手术组(S组)、坐骨神经分支损伤组(SNI组)、右美托咪定组(D组)、氯胺酮组(K组)以及右美托咪定复合氯胺酮组(K+D组).除S组仅暴露坐骨神经外,其余各组均制备坐骨神经分支损伤模型.从术后24h开始,D组、K组和K+D组每天腹腔注射右美托咪定40μg/kg、氯胺酮10 mg/kg和右美托咪定20 μg/kg复合氯胺酮5 mg/kg,连续21 d,S组和SNI组给予等容量生理盐水.分别于术前ld、术后3、7、14、21 d时测定机械痛阈;机械痛阈测定结束后,分别于术前1d、术后7、21 d时处死3只大鼠,取L4-6脊髓背角,采用实时PCR法测定BDNF mRNA表达.结果 与S组比较,SNI组、K组、D组和K+D组术后机械痛阈均降低,脊髓背角BDNF mRNA表达上调(P＜0.05);与SNI组比较,K组、D组和K+D组术后机械痛阈升高,脊髓背角BDNF mRNA表达下调(P＜0.05);与K组和D组比较,K+D组术后机械痛阈升高,脊髓背角BDNF mRNA表达下调(P＜0.05).结论 右美托咪定复合小剂量氯胺酮对大鼠神经病理性痛具有协同镇痛作用,其机制与直接或者间接抑制脊髓背角BDNF合成有关.     

右美托咪定与咪达唑仑在小儿术前用药效果的Meta分析

目的采用Meta分析比较右美托咪定与咪达唑仑在小儿术前用药的效果。方法检索Cochrane图书馆、Pubmed、Embase,检索时间从建库至2014年5月。收集在小儿术前用药中使用右美托咪定与咪达唑仑的临床随机对照试验(RCT)。采用Cochrane协作网系统评价法评价纳入文献的质量,采用RevMan 5.0软件对收集的患儿资料进行Meta分析评价。结果共纳入10项研究,包括721例患儿,其中右美托咪定组375例,咪达唑仑组346例。与咪达唑仑组比较,右美托咪定组术前镇静效果更好,分别体现在亲子分离时(OR=1.71,95%CI 1.07~2.74)及麻醉诱导时(OR=2.34,95%CI 1.44~3.80),而且右美托咪定组患儿术后镇痛补救(OR=0.45,95%CI 0.28~0.72)及寒颤的发生率(OR=0.22,95%CI 0.06~0.77)都较低。结论相对于咪达唑仑,小儿右美托咪定术前用药可能是一种更好的选择。     

数量化脑电参数对异丙酚、咪唑安定或氯胺酮麻醉病人镇静深度监测的准确性

目的评价脑电图双频谱指数(BIS)、95%边缘频率(95%SEF)对异丙酚、咪唑安定或氯胺酮麻醉病人镇静深度监测的准确性。方法择期行胸、腹部手术病人45例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,年龄30-59岁,随机分为3组:异丙酚组(P组)、咪唑安定组(M组)和氯胺酮组(K组),每组15例。P、M、K组分别以8、0.5、4mg·kg-1·h-1的速率静脉输注药物,每3min行进行警觉/镇静(OAA/S)评分一次,直到OAA/S评分达1分停止给药。记录每次评分即刻的BIS及95%SEF。分析BIS、95%SEF与OAA/S评分的相关性,计算病人意识消失时BIS50、95%SEF50、相应95%可信区间及BIS、95%SEF预测镇静深度的概率(Pk)。结果P、M组BIS、95%SEF与OAA/S评分间具有相关性,K组BIS和95%SEF与OAA/S评分间无相关性。P、M组BIS50分别为65.9、70.7,但是无法计算K组相应的BIS50和95%SEF50。P、M组BIS和95%SEF的Pk均高于0.5(P<0.01),K组BIS和95%SEF的Px与0.5比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);P组BIS及95%SE'的Pk均高于M组(P<0.05);P、M组BIS的Pk均高于95%SEF的Pk(P<0.05)。结论BIS和95%SEF可以准确地监测异丙酚的镇静深度,对咪唑安定镇静深度监测的准确性稍差,而对氯胺酮镇静深度无法监测,BIS对麻醉药镇静深度监测的准确性较95%SEF高。