成人特发性脊柱侧凸患者SRS-22简体中文版问卷评分的影响因素分析

目的:探讨临床及影像学参数对成人特发性脊柱侧凸患者脊柱侧凸研究协会22项(SRS-22)量表简体中文版问卷评分的影响.方法:2008年1月～2012年12月109例无支具及手术治疗史的成人特发性脊柱侧凸患者接受SRS-22简体中文版的问卷调查.男17例,女92例;年龄19～40岁,平均24.8岁.冠状面主弯Cobb角16°～102°,平均37.3°.分析SRS-22各维度得分及亚总分与年龄、体重指数、主弯Cobb角及矢状面平衡间的相关性,并分别比较年轻(＜30岁)与年长(≥30岁)、小角度(Cobb角＜40°)与大角度(Cobb角≥40°)、胸弯与胸腰/腰弯以及男性与女性患者间SRS-22评分差异.结果:年龄与SRS-22亚总分、疼痛、心理状况及功能维度得分负相关(r分别为-0.35、-0.50、-0.31、-0.21,P＜0.05);体重指数与疼痛得分负相关(r=-0.23,P＜0.05);主弯Cobb角与SRS-22亚总分、自我形象及功能维度得分负相关(r分别为-0.31、-0.49、-0.30,P＜0.05);矢状面平衡与功能维度得分负相关(r=-0.26,P＜0.05).年长患者SRS-22亚总分、疼痛及心理得分低于年轻患者(P＜0.05).大角度患者SRS-22亚总分、自我形象及功能维度得分低于小角度患者(P＜0.05).胸弯患者自我形象及心理维度得分低于胸腰/腰弯患者(P＜0.05).女性患者的疼痛维度得分明显低于男性(P＜0.05),其余参数及得分无统计学差异.结论:年龄、侧凸Cobb角、体重指数、躯干矢状面平衡可影响成人特发性脊柱侧凸患者SRS-22简体中文版问卷不同维度得分.胸弯患者自我形象及心理受侧凸的影响较腰弯患者更大,女性患者对疼痛的耐受性低于男性.     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者术后放射学参数和SRS-22评测结果的相关性研究

目的 探讨青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)术后患者放射学参数与SRS-22量表各维度得分的相关性.方法 95例术后患者(13男,82女)分为2组:胸弯组64例,胸腰弯/腰弯组31例,平均随访时问为2.8年.所有患者行脊柱全长正侧位检查,并填写一份SRS-22量表.在脊柱全长正侧位片上测量放射学参数,计算AIS患者放射学参数与SRS一22四个维度得分间的Spearman等级相关系数(rs).结果 脊柱力线偏移、胸椎后凸角和腰椎前凸角这三个参数与SRS-22各维度得分不存在相关性.胸腰弯/腰弯组的主侧凸残余Cobb角与SRS-22各维度得分同样不存在相关性.胸弯组主侧凸残余Cobb角与自我形象维度得分呈负相关(rs=-0.411,P=0.001).结论 主侧凸为胸弯的AIS术后患者残余Cobb角越大,其SRS-22量表自我形象维度的得分越低.应当尽可能多地矫正胸弯的畸形以改善患者的外观.     

女性青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者自我形象评估的相关影响因素分析

目的:探讨女性青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者自我形象评估的影响因素。方法:回顾性分析2010年9月～2011年3月在我院就诊的252例女性AIS患者,年龄12～18岁,平均14.5±1.8岁。均摄取患者站立位全脊柱正侧位X线片,并独立填写一份简体中文版SRS-22问卷。在站立位全脊柱正侧位X线片上测量Cobb角、顶椎旋转度、胸椎后凸角、腰椎前凸角、脊柱冠状面力线偏移及脊柱矢状面力线偏移等参数。采用相关分析研究各临床指标与自我形象评分的相关性。结果:患者平均Cobb角35.5°±12.8°;平均顶椎旋转度2.0°±0.7°;平均胸椎后凸角16.2°±9.0°;平均腰椎前凸角51.3°±9.8°;平均脊柱冠状面力线偏移1.2±0.7cm;平均脊柱矢状面力线偏移2.4±1.5cm;平均体重指数18.3±2.2;平均自我形象评分16.7±2.8分。胸弯和胸腰弯/腰弯的自我形象评分均与主弯Cobb角有相关性(r分别为-0.171,-0.225,P均<0.05);其中大角度胸弯组呈显著相关(r=-0.484,P=0.005)。而其他参数与患者自我形象评估均无明显相关性(P均>0.05)。结论:女性AIS患者的自我形象主要受主弯Cobb角的影响,其中大角度胸弯患者的自我形象受主弯Cobb角的影响最大。     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者脊柱柔韧性的影响因素

目的:探讨青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者脊柱柔韧性的可能影响因素.方法:选取2006年12月～2008年4月在我院脊柱外科手术治疗的204例AIS患者,男性36例,女性168例,平均年龄15.0岁;平均Cobb角50.1°;平均Risser征3.4度;主弯跨度平均6.8个椎体;主弯顶椎旋转度平均2.0度.摄站立位全脊柱正侧位及仰卧左右侧屈位X线片,计算主弯柔韧性.采用相关分析研究各临床指标与主弯柔韧性的相关性.结果:女性AIS患者的脊柱柔韧性明显高于男性(P<0.05);胸腰弯组和腰弯组AIS患者的脊柱柔韧性显著大于胸弯组(P<0.05),胸腰弯和腰弯组之间无显著性差异(P>0.05).女性AIS患者中的年龄及主弯Cobb角(站立位与侧屈位)均与脊柱柔韧性显著负相关(P<0.05),且胸弯女性AIS患者的月经初潮至手术时间及顶椎旋转度也与脊柱柔韧性显著负相关(P<0.05).男性胸弯AIS患者中侧屈位主弯Cobb角、胸腰弯/腰弯组中主弯Cobb角(站立位与侧屈位)均与脊柱柔韧性显著负相关(P<0.05).主弯跨度及Risser征与脊柱柔韧性均无明显相关性(P>0.05).结论:女性AIS患者脊住柔韧性受年龄、月经初潮至手术时间、主弯Cobb角(站立位与侧屈位)、弯型及顶椎旋转度等因素影响;男性AIS患者的脊柱侧凸柔韧性主要受主弯Cobb角及弯型影响.     

不同弯型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者脊柱-骨盆矢状面参数研究

目的:探讨不同弯型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者脊柱-骨盆矢状面平衡情况。方法:回顾性分析2013年9月~2014年12月我科收治的161例AIS患者,其中男34例,女127例,年龄12~17岁(14.6±2.1岁)。在术前站立位全脊柱正侧位X线片上测量主弯Cobb角、颈椎角(cervical sagittal alignment,CSA)、胸椎后凸角(thoracic kyphosis,TK)、腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL)、骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence,PI)、骨盆倾斜角(pelvic tilt,PT)、骶骨倾斜角(sacrum slope,SS)以及C7铅垂线与S1后上缘的水平距离(sagittal vertical axis,SVA)。根据不同弯型将AIS患者分为单胸弯组、双胸弯组和腰弯组,比较3组间脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数的差异,采用Pearson相关性分析对各参数间的相关性进行分析。结果:单胸弯组61例,其中男13例,女48例,主弯Cobb角为51.2°±8.7°;双胸弯组40例,其中男7例,女33例,主弯Cobb角为53.7°±5.2°;腰弯组60例,男14例,女46例,主弯Cobb角为48.9°±4.8°。3组患者年龄及性别分布均无统计学差异(P0.05)。3组间Cobb角大小的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。单胸弯组的CSA、TK均显著小于双胸弯和腰弯组(P0.05),但后两组间的差异无统计学意义(P0.05),余各项矢状面参数3组间无统计学差异(P0.05)。在3组患者中,CSA与TK均呈显著性正相关(单胸弯组r=0.73,P0.05;双胸弯组r=0.29,P0.05;腰弯组r=0.60,P0.05),但与LL及骨盆参数(PI、SS、PT)无显著相关性(P0.05)。双胸弯组TK与LL呈正相关性(r=0.40,P0.05),而在另外两组则无相关性(P0.05)。结论 :单胸弯型AIS患者较双胸弯型和腰弯型患者具有更小的颈椎前凸,3种弯型AIS患者的颈椎前凸均与TK呈正相关。单胸弯型患者的TK较另外两种弯型患者更小。双胸弯型患者的TK与LL密切相关,而单胸弯型与腰弯型患者的TK与LL无关。     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸不同弯型患者椎体和椎间盘楔形变的差异及临床意义

目的:比较不同弯型、不同Cobb角的青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者椎体和椎间盘楔形变及其对整体Cobb角构成的差异,探讨其临床意义。方法:2007年1月~2009年6月对收治的110例单弯型AIS患者按弯型分组,其中主胸弯39例(A组),胸腰弯33例(B组),主腰弯38例(C组)。每组根据侧凸Cobb角大小再分为<40°和≥40°两个亚组。分别测量每个主弯范围内所有椎体和椎间盘的楔形变角(楔变角),并分别计算椎体与椎间盘楔变角之和分别占整个主弯Cobb角的百分比(楔变角所占Cobb角比率)。结果:全部患者平均年龄13.6±1.9岁;平均Cobb角34.4°±10.5°;平均Risser征2.4±1.7。三组间平均年龄、Cobb角、Risser征均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。A组椎体楔变角及所占比率明显大于椎间盘(21.9°±5.6°比13.7±5.9°,62.3%比37.7%,P<0.001),B组与C组椎间盘楔变角及所占比率明显大于椎体(24.1°±9.2°比10.4°±3.8°,69.0%比31.0%,P<0.001;25.1°±7.2°比7.7°±2.4°,76.6%比23.4%,P<0.001)。各组内Cobb角≥40°患者的椎体与椎间盘楔变角均显著大于Cobb角<40°患者的楔变角(P<0.001)。随Cobb角增加,A组患者椎体楔变角占整体Cobb角比率仍然大于椎间盘,而B组和C组患者椎间盘楔变角占整体Cobb角比率仍然大于椎体。三组顶椎楔变角均与相应Cobb角大小成显著线性正相关(P<0.001)。结论:AIS各种弯型侧凸均存在不同程度的椎体与椎间盘楔形变。主胸弯Cobb角构成以椎体楔形变为主,胸腰弯和主腰弯则以椎间盘楔形变为主,提示不同弯型间可能存在不同的生物力学发生机制。     

轻中度胸弯型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者胸椎后凸角对上胸椎后凸角的影响

目的:探讨轻中度胸弯型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者胸椎后凸角与上胸椎后凸角的关系,并评估其临床意义。方法:选取在我院就诊的轻中度(Cobb角40°~60°)单胸弯型AIS患者50例、双胸弯型AIS患者50例,均摄站立位脊柱全长正位X线片及上肢抱胸体位下的站立位脊柱全长侧位X线片。测量主胸弯Cobb角、上胸椎(T2~T5)后凸角(upper thoracic kyphosis,UTK)及胸椎(T5~T12)后凸角(total kyphosis,TK)。两种弯型患者分别按TK大小分为两组:A组TK<10°,B组10°≤TK≤40°。分别将两种弯型的A组及B组的参数测量结果进行比较,并对相关参数指标进行Spearman相关分析。结果:在单胸弯型AIS患者中,A组UTK平均为6.9°,B组为9.8°,两组比较有统计学意义(P<0.05);单胸弯AIS患者TK与UTK存在显著性正相关(P<0.05)。在双胸弯型AIS患者中,A组的UTK平均为12.0°,B组为11.9°,两组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05),双胸弯型AIS患者的TK与UTK无显著性相关(P>0.05)。结论:双胸弯型AIS患者的TK对UTK无明显影响;而单胸弯型AIS患者的UTK会随着TK的减小而减小,在对单胸弯型AIS患者进行胸椎融合时,应考虑其对术后矢状面形态重建的影响。     

Lenke 5C型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸病人弯型特征及矫形疗效的性别差异

目的 探讨不同性别间Lenke 5C型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（AIS）病人弯型特征及矫形疗效的差异。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月至2019年12月接受后路选择性胸腰椎融合术且有2年以上完整随访资料的Lenke 5C型AIS病人70例,男性组20例,女性组50例。对两组病人术前、术后即刻及末次随访时的胸腰弯/腰弯Cobb角、胸弯Cobb角等冠状面参数,胸椎后凸角（TK）、腰椎前凸角（LL）、近端交界性后凸角（PJA）等矢状面参数及脊柱侧凸研究学会-22简明量表调查问卷（SRS-22）评分进行比较分析。结果 男性组不典型弯型的比例高于女性组（20% vs. 12%）,但组间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。女性组和男性组的胸腰弯/腰弯Cobb角、胸弯Cobb角均较术前显著改善,且两组病人术后即刻和末次随访时的胸弯Cobb角比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。两组术后胸腰弯/腰弯矫正率分别为70.6%±12.9%和72.6%±17.9%,末次随访时两组的矫正丢失率分别为5.3%±15.8%和7.6%±15.7%。女性组术前的TK明显低于男性组（19.2°±7.0° vs. 24.5°±14.5°）,术前和术后即刻的矢状面平衡（SVA）均大于男性组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。末次随访时,男性组的近端交界性后凸（PJK）发生率高于女性组（30% vs. 16%）,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。男性组在SRS-22量表疼痛维度上的得分显著高于女性组［（4.8±0.2）分 vs. （3.9±0.5）分］,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 男性Lenke 5C型AIS病人中表现为左胸弯右腰弯的不典型弯型的比例稍高于女性,女性病人的术前和术后即刻的SVA大于男性,但均可获得良好的长期矫形疗效。     

合并胸腰段后凸的青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的临床研究

目的 探讨合并胸腰段后凸的青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)的临床特点和手术治疗策略. 方法对2001年1月至2007年1月收治的413例AIS患者进行回顾性分析,合并胸腰段后凸者共10例,其中男2例,女8例;年龄12～18岁,平均14.3岁.侧凸类型包括PUMC Ⅱb2型3例,Ⅱc 3型4例,Ⅱd2型1例,Ⅲb型2例.单纯后路内固定术8例,前路松解+后路内固定术2例.术前、术后及随访时摄X线片,对侧凸类型、Cobb角、顶椎旋转度、顶椎偏距、侧凸柔韧性、胸腰段后凸、冠状面及矢状面躯干偏移进行评测和分析.结果 本组患者中双弯8例,三弯2例;胸腰弯/腰弯Cobb角≥45°者7例,柔韧性指数≤70%者6例,顶椎旋转度≥Ⅱ度者9例.所有病例的融合范围均符合PUMC分型原则.手术前后平均胸弯冠状面Cobb角分别为71.7°和37.4°,平均矫正率为47.8%;手术前后平均胸腰弯/腰弯冠状面Cobb角分别为65.0°和27.8°,平均矫正率为57.2%;手术前后平均胸腰段后凸分别为35.5°和4.2°,平均矫正率为88.2%.全部病例随访12～72个月,平均23.1个月;最终随访时无躯干失平衡发生. 结论 合并胸腰段后凸的AIS一般多为双弯或三弯,胸腰弯/腰弯畸形往往比较严重,并有明显的旋转畸形.对合并胸腰段后凸的AIS,应融合胸腰弯/腰弯以防止术后发生失代偿或后凸加重, PUMC分型可以有效识别病变类型并指导融合范围的选择.     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者出生时父母年龄与其侧凸类型及严重程度的关系

目的:探讨青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者出生时的父母年龄与AIS患者的侧凸类型、侧凸严重程度的关系.方法:选取来自华东地区初诊的AIS女性患者308例.年龄9.7～18.5岁,平均15.0岁.所有患者就诊时均记录患者性别、出生日期、初诊日期、侧凸节段、主弯Cobb角度数、分娩方式、胎位、是否早产及患者父母的出生日期.根据主弯Cobb角度数将所有患者分为3组,A组<20°;B组为20°～39°;C组≥40°;根据侧凸类型将患者分为6组,单胸弯组(Ⅰ组),双胸弯组(Ⅱ组),胸腰双主弯组(Ⅲ组),胸腰弯组(Ⅳ组),腰弯组(Ⅴ组),三弯组(Ⅵ组).结果:根据Cobb角分组后,A组(n=48)、B组(n=214)、C组(n=46)患者出生时的平均父亲年龄分别为27.35、26.7、27.0岁,平均母亲年龄分别为25.8、25.2、25.5岁,三组间均无统计学差异(P>0.05).根据患者侧凸类型分组后,Ⅰ组(n=72)、Ⅱ组(n=14)、Ⅲ组(n=127)、Ⅳ组(n=44)、Ⅴ组(n=30)、Ⅵ组(n=21)患者出生时的平均父亲年龄分别为27.0、26.6、26.5、27.7、27.0、27.0岁,各组平均母亲年龄分别为25.9、25.5、25.3、25.0、25.1、25.2岁,各组间无统计学差异(P>0.05).自然分娩组和剖腹产组平均Cobb角度数分别为29.7°和30.5°,胎位正常组和胎位异常组平均Cobb角度数分别为29.8°和29.9°.足月产组和早产组平均Cobb角度数分别为29.9°和29.5°,均无统计学差异(P>0.05).结论:AIS患者出生时的父母年龄与患者的侧凸类型及侧凸严重程度无显著相关性,提示AIS患者的侧凸类型及主弯Cobb角度数不受患者出生时的父母年龄的影响.     

不同进展程度的胸弯型特发性脊柱侧凸患者矢状面形态差异的比较研究

目的 比较不同进展程度的胸弯型特发性脊柱侧凸患者矢状面形态的差异并探寻与侧凸进展有关的危险因素.方法 研究对象选自2009年9月至2010年5月的83例胸弯型特发性脊柱侧凸患者,所有研究对象之前均未接受过任何治疗.根据侧凸进展程度分为3组:非进展组(NCP组),包括26例骨骼发育已成熟且Cobb角＜40°的患者;中度进展组(MCP组),包括29例骨骼发育已成熟且Cobb角≥40°的患者;重度进展组(SCP组),包括28例骨骼发育尚未成熟但Cobb角≥40°的患者.矢状面测量指标包括胸椎后凸角、腰椎前凸角、骶骨倾斜角、骨盆入射角和骨盆倾斜角.三组之间的数据比较采用单因素方差分析.结果 NCP组的平均胸弯Cobb角显著小于MCP组和SCP组(均P＜0.01),但MCP组和SCP组之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.619).NCP组的平均胸椎后凸角为19°±7°,MCP组为13°±6°,SCP组为8°±5°;SCP组显著小于MCP组(P=0.011)和NCP组(P＜0.01),而MCP组的平均胸椎后凸角显著小于NCP组(P＜0.01).其余四项指标在3组之间差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 胸椎后凸不足与胸弯型特发性脊柱侧凸患者的侧凸进展密切相关,而骨盆的矢状面形态可能与胸椎侧凸的进展无关.

Abstract：

Objectives To compare the sagittal profiles between thoracic idiopathic scoliosis (IS) patients with different curve progression and to determine the risk factors associated with curve progression.Methods A total of 83 thoracic IS patients from September 2009 to May 2010 were included in this study and were divided into 3 groups according to different curve progression. All the patients did not receive any previous treatments. There were 26 skeletally mature patients whose Risser sign were 5 degree with Cobb angle ＜ 40° in non-curve progression group (NCP group), 29 mature patients whose Risser sign were 5 degree with Cobb angle≥40° in moderate curve progression group (MCP group) and 28 immature patients whose Risser sign ≤3 degree with Cobb angle≥40° in severe curve progression group (SCP group). Five sagittal parameters, including thoracic kyphosis (TK), lumbar lordosis (LL), sacral slope (SS), pelvic incidence (PI) and pelvic tilt (PT) were measured on the lateral X-ray films. Analysis of variance was used to compare these parameters among the 3 groups. Results The average thoracic Cobb angle was significantly smaller in NCP group when compared with MCP group(P ＜0. 01) or SCP group (P ＜0. 01),but not significantly different between the 2 latter groups (P =0. 619). The average TK was 19°±7° in NCP group,13°±6° in MCP group and 8°±5° in SCP group. The average TK was significantly smaller in SCP group when compared with MCP group(P = 0. 011) or NCP group (P ＜ 0. 01), while the average TK was significantly smaller in MCP group when compared with NCP group (P ＜ 0. 01). None of the other 4 parameters showed any significant difference between the 3 groups (P ＞ 0. 05). Conclusions Thoracic hypokyphosis is strongly associated with curve progression in thoracic IS patients. Pelvic sagittal profile may not be involved in the underlying mechanism of curve progression in thoracic IS patients.     

Timing of menarche in Chinese girls with and without adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: current results and review of the literature

Age at menarche is closely related to scoliosis progression during adolescence. Current data concerning the timing of menarche between scoliotic and non-scoliotic girls in the literature are conflicting, with inconclusive results. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution difference of age at menarche for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) girls and normal control population and to subsequently elucidate the menarche age difference through literature reviewing. Moreover, menarche age of AIS girls with Cobb angle <40°, 40–60°, >60° were compared to estimate its association with curve severity. Menstrual status data were available for 6,376 healthy female adolescents and 2,196 AIS girls. We notice that less than 10% of healthy Chinese girls experienced onset of menses before 11.38 years, and approximately 90% of healthy Chinese girls were menstruating by 13.88 years, with a median age of 12.63 years. As for AIS girls, less than 10% started to menstruate before 11.27 years, and approximately 90% were menstruating by 14.38 years, with a median age of 12.83 years. Average menarche age in AIS (12.83 ± 1.22 years) was significantly later than that of normal control girls (12.63 ± 0.98 years) (p < 0.001). Age at menarche for AIS affected girls was significantly greater than that of normal control girls at 75%, 90% of whom had attained menarche (p = 0.001, p < 0.001). Proportion of girls starting to menstruate after 14 years was significantly higher in AIS population compared with normal controls (16.3 vs. 8.1%, p < 0.001). In addition, AIS girls with Cobb angle >60° experienced onset of menses at an average age of 13.25 years, which was significantly later than AIS girls with Cobb angle <40° (12.81 years, p < 0.05) and marginally significantly later than AIS girls with Cobb angle between 40 and 60° (12.86 years, p = 0.053). In conclusion, a tendency of delayed onset of menarche was observed in Chinese idiopathic scoliotic girls in this large sample study, especially for girls with Cobb angle >60°, which is supported by multiple previously established positive linkages on AIS etiology studies. Accordingly it is believed that late menarche may contribute importantly to abnormal pubertal growth and subsequently modulate curve behavior in AIS.     

Patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis of Lenke type-1 curve exhibit specific pedicle width pattern

Introduction  

Study aim was to find out if patients with Lenke type 1 curve exhibit smaller pedicles and specific pedicle width pattern compared with individuals with no scoliosis.     

Family history and its association to curve size and treatment in 1,463 patients with idiopathic scoliosis

Purpose

To study family history in relation to curve severity, gender, age at diagnosis and treatment in idiopathic scoliosis.

Methods

A self-assessment questionnaire on family history of scoliosis was administered to 1,463 untreated, brace or surgically treated idiopathic scoliosis patients.

Results

Out of the 1,463 patients, 51 % had one or more relatives with scoliosis. There was no significant difference between females and males, nor between juvenile and adolescent study participants in this respect (p = 0.939 and 0.110, respectively). There was a significant difference in maximum curve size between patients with one or more relatives with scoliosis (median 35°, interquartile range 25) and patients without any relative with scoliosis (median 32°, interquartile range 23) (p = 0.022). When stratifying patients according to treatment (observation, brace treatment or surgery), we found that it was more common to have a relative with scoliosis among the treated patients (p = 0.011). The OR for being treated was 1.32 (95 % CI 1.06–1.64) when the patient had a relative with scoliosis, compared to not having.

Conclusions

Larger curve sizes were found in patients with a family history of scoliosis than in the ones without. No relation between family history and gender or between family history and age at onset of idiopathic scoliosis was found. Although the presence of a family history of scoliosis may not be a strong prognostic risk factor, it indicates that these patients are at higher risk of developing a more severe curve.     

Assessment of curve progression in idiopathic scoliosis

In a 5-year prospective study on idiopathic scoliosis, an attempt was made to elucidate the natural history of the disease and to determine which factors contribute to curve progression. A total of 85,622 children were examined for scoliosis in a prospective school screening study carried out in northwestern and central Greece. Curve progression was studied in 839 of the 1,436 children with idiopathic scoliosis of at least 10° detected from the school screening program. Each child was followed clinically and roentgenographically for one to four follow-up visits for a mean of 3.2 years. Progression of the scoliotic curve was recorded in 14.7% of the children. Spontaneous improvement of at least 5° was observed in 27.4% of them, with 80 children (9.5%) demonstrating complete spontaneous resolution. Eighteen percent of the patients remained stable, while the remaining patients demonstrated nonsignificant changes of less than 5° in curve magnitude. A strong association was observed between the incidence of progression and the sex of the child, curve pattern, maturity, and to a lesser extent age and curve magnitude. More specifically, the following were associated with a high risk of curve progression: sex (girls); curve pattern (right thoracic and double curves in girls, and right lumbar curves in boys); maturity (girls before the onset of menses); age (time of pubertal growth spurt); and curve magnitude (≥ 30°). On the other hand, left thoracic curves showed a weak tendency for progression. In conclusion, the findings of the present study strongly suggest that only a small percentage of scoliotic curves will undergo progression. The pattern of the curve according to curve direction and sex of the child was found to be a key indicator of which curves will progress. Received: 4 October 1997 Revised: 10 February 1998 Accepted: 11 March 1998     

The association of disproportionate skeletal growth and abnormal radius dimension ratio with curve severity in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Abnormal anthropometric measurements during the peripubertal growth spurt have been documented in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies of the spine have suggested a disproportionate endochondral and membranous ossification in AIS. The present study aimed at investigating whether disproportional ossification and skeletal growth occurred in the peripheral bone of AIS patients using the radius as the target bone. Skeletally mature AIS girls with different severity (n = 290) and age-matched control healthy girls (n = 80) were recruited. The anthropometric parameters were recorded. The midshaft of non-dominant radius was scanned with peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and the radius diameter was calculated from the cross-sectional area. Radius dimension ratio was derived from the ratio of radius diameter to radius length. The anthropometric parameters were compared between AIS and control with adjustment for age. The radius dimension ratio was further correlated with curve severity in AIS girls using Pearson’s correlation test. The analysis showed that the arm span and radius length were slightly longer in AIS girls. The BMI of AIS girls was significantly lower than the controls. The radius dimension ratio in severe AIS girls was significantly lower than the controls and the ratio of AIS girls correlated with the curve severity (r = −0.120; p = 0.039). The abnormal radius dimension ratio supported the presence of systemic growth abnormalities in AIS. Disproportional endochondral-membranous ossification could explain for the observation. The observation of the association of radius dimension ratio with curve severity provides an important potentially clinically measurable parameter for further longitudinal studies on the prognostication of curve progression in AIS.     

Importance of the curve shape for interpretation of blood volume monitor changes during haemodiafiltration

In children, the prescribed ultrafiltration needed to achieve the fixed end session dry weight can induce hypotensive episodes. A variety of on-line devices based on the direct measurement of the hematocrit are available, but these devices nearly always only measure the quantitative variation in the blood volume as the means of identifying a hypotensive occurrence risk. In February 2002, our unit began using an on-line hematocrit measurement available even with infants’ blood lines. Since January 2004, this blood volume monitor (BVM) has been used routinely in all dialysis sessions, and 2240 BVM data sets have been recorded and analysed during the last 4 years. Based on our analysis of these data sets, we have determined that, in addition to the described threshold points, which provide a quantitative analysis of the BVM, the qualitative analysis of the BVM, the so-called curve shape, is also of clinical importance. In 91% of the sessions analysed, a very similar “symptom-free” curve shape was noted that consisted of an initial decrease, followed by the BV reaching a “stable” plateau. Additional curve shapes were identified: one with no BV decrease, presumably indicating an overload risk state, and one with a continuous BV decrease, presumably indicating an hypovolemic risk state. In our experience, only 2% of the patients had relevant clinical symptoms that were not visible by BVM.     

无充气腋窝入路完全腔镜下甲状腺癌根治术的学习曲线分析

背景与目的：甲状腺癌是临床上常见的恶性肿瘤,外科手术是其主要的治疗手段。无充气腋窝入路完全腔镜下甲状腺手术是一种可行、安全、美观的腔镜手术术式,目前正在国内逐步推广开展。本研究旨在探讨无充气腋窝入路完全腔镜下甲状腺癌根治术的学习曲线,总结外科医师对这门新术式的逐渐熟悉掌握的过程,以期为该术式的推广发展提供一定的参考。 方法：回顾性分析2019年1月—2020年6月连续收治的40例行无充气腋窝入路完全腔镜下甲状腺切除术的甲状腺癌患者临床资料,构建并分析手术时间变化趋势图与CUSUM学习曲线,并寻找学习曲线的截点值。以CUSUM学习曲线的截点值作为分界,将学习曲线分为两个阶段,比较两个阶段患者的一般资料与相关临床指标。 结果：40例患者的手术时间为65~150 min,平均（107.50±26.38）min。手术时间变化趋势图显示,随着手术例数的不断增加,手术时间整体呈下降的趋势。拟合的CUSUM曲线在手术例数累积至22例时达顶点,以第22例手术患者为分界,将学习曲线划分为学习提高与熟练掌握两个阶段,学习提高阶段组（22例）和熟练掌握阶段组（18例）患者的一般临床资料进行比较差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）;学习提高阶段组的手术时间明显长于熟练掌握阶段组（129.09 min vs. 81.11 min,P<0.001）;两组在术中出血量、术后切口疼痛评分、术后住院时间、术后并发症发生率等方面的比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。 结论：学习无充气腋窝入路完全腔镜下甲状腺癌根治术具有显著的学习曲线,掌握该项术式至少需要累积22例手术,希望该研究的结果能为普外科医师顺利平稳的达到学习曲线的平台（由学习提高阶段过渡到熟练掌握阶段）,并逐渐熟悉掌握这一术式提供一定的理论依据与帮助。