经心外膜心房迷宫式射频消融心房纤颤

目的：探讨经心外膜迷宫式射频消融治疗心房纤颤的可行性，方法：６例风心病合并房颤患者在瓣膜置换术式分离术的同时分别环行左右心耳根部及其间横窦，上下腔胸脉之间及右房前壁和冠状窦，结果：６例患者术后均恢复窦性心律。术后随访为１２～２０个月，除１例房颤复发外，余均维持窦性心律。结论：本方法可以达治疗房颤的目的。     

经心外膜心房迷宫式射频消融心房纤颤

目的：探讨经心外膜迷宫式射频消融治疗心房外颤的可行性。方法：6例风心病会共房颤患者在瓣膜置换术或分离术的同时分别环行消融左右心耳根部及其间横窦、上下胜静脉之间及右房前壁和冠状窦。结果：6例患者本后均恢复窦性心律。术后随访为12～20个月，除1例房颤复发外，余均维持窦性心律。结论：本方法可以达到治疗房颤的目的。     

射频消融术后心房颤动患者的危险因素与护理

摘要：目的 分析典型心房扑动（房扑）射频消融术后发生心房颤动（房颤）的危险因素及护理对策。方法 对５６例典型房扑行射频消融术的患者进行随访，分析发生房颤的危险因素。结果 ５６例房扑患者全部消融成功，随访（１４．０±１２．２）个月，１５例有房颤发作，其中３例进展为慢性房颤。术前有、无房颤病史者术后房颤发生率分别为７．５％、７５．０％，后者显著高于前者（Ｐ＜０．０１）。房颤发作患者年龄（５７．１±１３．６）岁，无房颤发作患者（４２．３±１１．２）岁，两组比较，差异有显著性意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）。消融前有房颤发作病史是射频消融术后发生房颤的独立危险因素（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论 应对消融术前有房颤发作病史患者进行针对性护理，降低术后发生房颤的危险。关键词：心房扑动；　心房颤动；　射频导管消融，；　相互影响分析中图分类号：Ｒ４７３．５；Ｒ５４１．７　　文献标识码：Ａ　　文章编号：１００１-４１５２（２００７）０７-００２７-０３     

射频消融术治疗风心病瓣膜置换术中心房颤动57例分析

目的：探讨冲洗射频消融术治疗心房颤动在瓣膜手术中的应用。方法：应用美敦力Cardioblate冲洗射频消融系统（单极40例,双极17例）,按照Cox迷宫3手术路径进行射频消融,同期行瓣膜替换治疗57例风湿性心脏瓣膜病合并心房颤动患者。结果：术后心房颤动均消失,整个消融过程耗时平均22min,1例因肾功能衰竭术后第7天死亡,出院时48例维持窦性心律（84％）,7例仍为房颤,1例为结性心律。结论：冲洗射频消融改良迷宫术操作简便、安全、有效,单双极射频消融效果均取得满意结果,但远期效果尚待进一步研究。     

双极射频消融改良迷宫术治疗房颤108例分析

目的 观察双极射频消融术治疗风湿性心脏病慢性房颤的可行性和临床疗效.方法 应用Atricure双极射频消融系统,按照迷宫Ⅲ手术线路施行射频消融治疗房颤,同时完成瓣膜置换.结果 总共108例患者,术后即转为窦性心率的91例(84.3％),17例(15.8％)术后早期房颤心律或交界区心律.术后死亡2例,106例随访6～24个月,87例(80.6％)为窦性心律,19例(19.4％)为房颤心律或交界区心律.结论 双极射频消融改良迷宫术在瓣膜置换的同时治疗房颤可行性好,安全简便,转复率高.     

双极射频消融改良迷宫术治疗瓣膜性心脏病合并心房纤颤21例分析

目的 评价双极射频消融改良迷宫术,治疗心脏瓣膜病合并心房纤颤的效果.方法 应用Atricure双极射频消融系统,为21例风湿性心脏病合并房颤患者按照迷宫术Ⅲ的手术线路进行消融.结果 全组共21例,平均随访12.3个月,19例维持窦性心律,2例为房颤心律,窦性心律的转复率为90.5％.结论 双极射频消融改良迷宫术,治疗心脏瓣膜病合并心房纤颤,操作简便,房颤转复率高,是治疗房顺的良好方法.     

单纯性心房纤颤行微创外科治疗的术后护理

目的总结56例微创外科治疗单纯性心房纤颤患者的术后护理经验。方法术后主要护理措施：严密观察心律（率）变化，做好应用胺碘酮、华法林药物的宣教及护理，及时处理伤口疼痛，配合医生做好电复律的护理。结果本组患者术后恢复顺利，48例患者（85．7％）即刻转为窦性心律，44例患者出院时转为窦性心律；平均术后住院（7．5±2．3）d。术后随访至6个月，术后3个月窦性心律转复率81．3％，6个月窦性心律转复率90％，随访率100％，无死亡及脑卒中发生。结论单纯性心房纤颤行微创外科治疗后给予相应的术后护理可改善症状．加快患者康复。     

射频消融治疗风湿性心脏病慢性房颤的围术期护理

目的 探讨射频消融治疗风湿性心脏病慢性房颤术后的早期护理方法.方法 总结140例风湿性心脏病合并慢性房颤患者进行射频消融术后患者的特点、常见的并发症及护理要点.结果 140例患者无死亡,患者出院时89例(63.6％)患者成功转复为窦性心律,一年随访时为窦性心律97例(69.3％).51例(36.4％)患者术后出现室上性心律失常和房室传导阻滞.3例(2％)患者发生术后出血进行二次开胸探查.结论 瓣膜替换或成型手术同时行房颤射频消融手术的患者,术后早期心功能的维护,预防及纠正心律失常,术后抗凝知识的宣教是临床护理的重点.     

心脏瓣膜置换术同期双极射频消融治疗永久性心房颤动的围手术期护理

目的探讨心内直视下同期行改良冲洗式双极射频消融治疗心瓣膜病合并永久性心房颤动的围手术期护理要点。方法回顾性分析2010年6月至2013年2月心脏瓣膜病合并永久心房颤动55例患者在体外循环下行心瓣膜置换术＋改良冲洗式双极射频消融手术的临床资料。55例患者均合并永久性心房颤动,术前给予患者心理护理及健康宣教,术中采用Medtronic Cardioblate 68000冲洗式双极射频消融系统进行消融操作,术后除做好瓣膜置换术后常规护理外,重视心律和心率的监测,心功能的维护,引流的观察,电解质平衡的维持,起搏器的观察,应用胺碘酮的观察及护理,以及健康指导与心理护理。结果55例手术均顺利完成,术后当天有48例恢复为窦性心律。全组2例出现Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞,安装永乡起搏器治疗,全组无心脏穿孔及术后大出血,无手术死亡。平均住院（12．5±2．1）d,术后平均随访（8．6±3．0）个月,87．3％的患者维持窦性心律,9．1％的患者为房颤心律,3．6％的患者为起搏心律。结论心内直视下同期改良冲洗式双极射频消融治疗心脏瓣膜病合并永久性心房颤动是一种简易、安全、有效的方法,高质量的围手术期护理是提高手术成功率,降低死亡率的关键。     

瓣膜置换同期行双极射频消融治疗合并房颤133例疗效分析

目的总结分析连续133例瓣膜置换同期行改良迷宫双极射频消融术治疗合并房颤的临床疗效。方法 2011年1月至2013年8月,133例风湿性心脏病患者在瓣膜置换术同期采用双极射频消融系统,用改良迷宫手术路线治疗合并房颤。其中男40例,女93例,年龄21⁶8岁,二尖瓣置换92例,双瓣膜置换41例,同时行三尖瓣成型56例,同期行血栓清除术47例。术后服用胺碘酮368岁,二尖瓣置换92例,双瓣膜置换41例,同时行三尖瓣成型56例,同期行血栓清除术47例。术后服用胺碘酮3⁶个月。记录术前,术后当日,出院时,出院后1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月常规心电图。结果全组手术无死亡,无高度房室传导阻滞发生。术后当日恢复窦性心律123例,房扑2例,房颤7例,交界性心律1例,转窦率为92.5%。术后3个月窦性心律112例,房扑6例,房颤15例,转窦率为84.2%。术后12个月窦性心律112例,3例基础心律为窦性有间断房扑发作,房颤18例,转窦率为86.5%。结论改良迷宫双极射频消融术治疗合并房颤安全、简便,疗效确切,值得在临床推广应用。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.