急性心肌梗塞血浆肾素血管紧张素改变与合并症的关系

对２５例确诊为急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）患者血浆肾素活性（ＰＲＡ）、血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡⅡ）进行两次测定。结果表明：ＰＲＡ、ＡⅡ在梗塞早期（＜３天），均显著高于正常（Ｐ＜０．０５），而梗塞后７～１０天降至正常（ｐ＞０．０５）；出现严重合并症的ＡＭＩ患者的ＰＲＡ、ＡⅡ在早期（＜３天）均显著高于无合并症组（Ｐ＜０．００５及Ｐ＜０．０１），且两者存在明显相关关系（ｒ＝０．９０，Ｐ＜０．００１）。     

血液透析过程中患者血清一氧化氮及内皮素水平的变化

目的：了解血液透析（血透）患者血清一氧化氮（ＮＯ）及内皮素（ＥＴ）在血透过程中的变化。方法：２０例维持性血透患者分别进行醋酸盐透析（ＡＨＤ）、重碳酸盐透析（ＢＨＤ）和无醋酸盐透析（ＡＦＨＤ），分别于各种方式透析时抽取透析开始时及透析１５分钟、３０分钟、６０分钟、１２０分钟和２４０分钟时的管路动脉端血标本，用比色法测定ＮＯ水平，用放射免疫法测定ＥＴ水平。结果：ＡＨＤ６０分钟时ＮＯ呈一过性增高（ｔ＝６．２６，Ｐ＜０．００１），而后降到透析开始时水平；ＢＨＤ前１２０分钟ＮＯ水平无明显变化，２４０分钟时下降（ｔ＝２．５３，Ｐ＜０．０５）；ＡＦＨＤ时ＮＯ逐渐下降，至６０分钟时达最低水平（ｔ＝４．７６，Ｐ＜０．００１），而后稳定不变。ＡＨＤ２４０分钟时ＥＴ达最高值（ｔ＝８．４６，Ｐ＜０．００１）；ＢＨＤ２４０分钟时ＥＴ水平增高（ｔ＝２．７０，Ｐ＜０．０５）；ＡＦＨＤ时ＥＴ水平变化无显著性差异（Ｆ＝１．４３，Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：醋酸盐尤其高浓度时能促进血透患者ＮＯ及ＥＴ的上升；ＮＯ能被透析清除；ＡＦＨＤ对ＮＯ及ＥＴ的影响优于ＢＨＤ，ＢＨＤ优于ＡＨＤ。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者血浆心房利钠多肽肾素活性及血管紧张素Ⅱ含量的改变及其机制

对２０例慢性阻塞性肺疾病（ＣＯＰＤ）患者和６例正常人进行了血浆心房利钠多肽（ＡＮＰ）、肾素活性（ＰＲＡ）及血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡＴ－Ⅱ）的测定。结果显示：无并发症的ＣＯＰＤ患者与对照组相比，血浆ＡＮＰ、ＰＲＡ、ＡＴ－Ⅱ水平增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）；合并肺心病患者血浆ＡＮＰ、ＰＲＡ水平亦显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１），而ＡＴ－Ⅱ两组比较Ｐ＜０．０５。作者结合文献对其变化和机制进行了讨论。     

缺血性心肌病患者血浆心钠素与左房血流动力学变化的关系

目的：探讨缺血性心肌病患者血浆心钠素（ＡＮＦ）与左房血流动力学变化的关系。方法：应用二维多普勒超声技术和放射性免疫测定法，对３６例缺血性心肌病（ＩＣＭ）患者左房血流动力学变化与ＡＮＦ水平进行分析。结果：ＩＣＭ组ＡＮＦ水平显著高于正常对照（ＮＣ）组（Ｐ＜０．００１）；ＡＮＦ水平与左房功能指标：左房张力（ＬＡＴ）、左房收缩期最大容积（ＬＡＶ）、左房压力（ＬＡＰ）、左房射血力（Ｆ）、左房内径（ＬＡＤ）、Ａ峰和收缩期左室壁应力（ＥＳＳ）呈显著线性相关（ｒ值依次为０．８２、０．８０、０．７９、０．７８、０．７５、０．７２和０．７０，Ｐ＜０．０１～０．００１）；与左室功能指标：左室舒张末容积（ＬＶＶ）、左室射血分数（ＥＦ）及峰值充盈速度（ＰＦＲ）呈中度相关（ｒ值依次为０．６８、０．６７和０．６６，Ｐ＜０．０１）。随着心力衰竭的加重，ＡＮＦ水平有增高趋势。结论：测定ＡＮＦ将有助于全面客观地评价左房室血流动力学异常变化的程度。     

哮喘急性发作患者肾素－血管紧张素－醛固酮含量与辨证分型关系的研究

对４７例哮喘急性发作患者，就肾素－血管紧张素－醛固酮含量与中医辨证分型关系进行研究，发现哮喘组肾素活性（ＰＲＡ）含量高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；血管紧张紊Ⅱ（ＡＴ－Ⅱ）以寒哮组增加最为明显（Ｐ＜０．０１）；醛固酮（ＡＬＤ）热哮组低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。哮喘组ＰＲＡ与ＰａｃＯ＿２呈负相关，热哮组ＡＬＤ与ＰａＣＯ＿２呈正相关。并发现ＰＲＡ，ＡＴ－Ⅱ随病情加重而升高。死亡者ＰＲＡ水平高于缓解患者（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示：ＰＲＡ可作为哮喘患者预后判断及疗效考核指标。     

内科急症中多器官衰竭的肾素－血管紧张素系统变化

用放免法测定了２８名内科急症中多器官衰竭（ＭＯＦ）患者的血浆肾素活性（ＰＲＡ）、血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡＴ－Ｄ）和醛固酮（ＡＬＤ）水平。结果：ＭＯＦ患者的ＡＴ－Ⅱ及ＡＬＤ均较对照组明显升高（两组分别为１５５．８０±７７．００ｎｇ／Ｌ，１４８．０９±６６．００ｎｇ／Ｌ与６６．５３±１６．２０ｎｇ／Ｌ，１０２．４６±３２．６０ｎｇ／Ｌ），Ｐ＜０．０１；ＰＲＡ及ＡＬＤ随衰竭器官数增多而升高，而ＡＴ－Ⅱ则随衰竭器官数增多而降低；死亡组ＡＴ－Ⅱ水平明显低于存活组（分别为７２．３７±２４．４４ｎｇ／Ｌ与１７４．０１±８２．２８ｎｇ／Ｌ），Ｐ＜０．０１。提示肾素－血管紧张素系统参与了ＭＯＦ的发病过程。作者认为测定内科ＭＯＦ患者的ＰＲＡ、ＡＴ－Ⅱ、ＡＬＤ对病情监测及预后判断有一定价值。     

急性中毒患者血浆肾素血管紧张素Ⅱ醛固酮含量的测定及其临床意义

测定了３７例急性中毒患者（其中乙醇中毒１４例，安定中毒１１例，胃肠炎型食物中毒１２例）的血浆肾素（ＰＲＡ）、血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡＴ－Ⅱ）和醛固酮（ＡＬＤ）含量，并与正常人对照。结果：急性中毒患者血浆ＰＲＡ、ＡＴ－Ⅱ、ＡＬＤ水平常呈升高现象（Ｐ＜０．０５或＜０．０１）；且升高与中毒时间呈负相关；乙醇和安定中毒组较胃肠炎型食物中毒组升高较为明显；ＰＲＡ、ＡＴ－Ⅱ、ＡＬＤ随病情的加重而升高，ＡＴ－Ⅱ与ＰＲＡ、ＡＬＤ呈正相关（Ｐ值均为Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示：血浆ＰＲＡ、ＡＴ－Ⅱ、ＡＬＤ含量可作为急性中毒病情判断及疗效考核的有意义的监测指标。作者对中毒过程中ＰＲＡ、ＡＴ－Ⅱ、ＡＬＤ变化规律的机制进行了探讨。     

改良肺动脉／主动脉血流时间间期比定量估测肺动脉压的研究

目的　探讨改良的肺动脉／ 主动脉血流时间间期比定量估测肺动脉压的新方法。方法　在４７ 例入院行心导管检查的患儿中,利用多普勒超声技术测量主、肺动脉血流Ｆ 值［Ｆ＝ （ＰＥＰ×ＰＶ）／（ ＡＴ×ＥＴ） ,Ｆ１ ＝ ＰＥＰ／ ＡＴ,Ｆ２ ＝ ＰＥＰ／ＥＴ,Ｆ３ ＝ ＰＥＰ／（ ＡＴ ×ＥＴ） ,Ｆ４ ＝ （ ＰＥＰ×ＰＶ）／ ＡＴ,Ｆ５ ＝ （ＰＥＰ×ＰＶ）／ＥＴ］ ,按Ｍｏｒｅｒａ 等提出的ＦＰＡ／ＦＡＯ法估测肺动脉压,并与心导管值对比。结果　根据Ｆ３ＰＡ／Ｆ３ＡＯ估测的肺动脉收缩压、平均压与心导管实测值相关性最好（ ｒ ＝ ０ ．９３ 、０ ．８９） ;ＦＰＡ／ＦＡＯ次之（ ｒ ＝ ０ ．８３ 、０ ．８０） ,Ｆ１ＰＡ／Ｆ１ＡＯ、Ｆ２ＰＡ／Ｆ２ＡＯ、Ｆ４ＰＡ／Ｆ４ＡＯ、Ｆ５ＰＡ／Ｆ５ＡＯ较差（ ｒ ＝ ０ ．６１ ～０ ．７９） 。结论　改良的肺动脉／ 主动脉血流时间间期比例系数Ｆ３ＰＡ／Ｆ３ＡＯ为无创定量估测肺动脉压的最佳指标。     

急性脑损伤后血儿茶酚胺与血糖浓度变化及其意义

测定４８例急性重型脑外伤患者伤后７天内血儿茶酚胺（ＣＡ）及伤后６小时内血糖含量，并与３５例正常人血ＣＡ含量值作对照。结果表明：外伤组血ＣＡ含量显著高于对照组；伤后７天内血去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ）、肾上腺素（Ｅ）含量及其变化与格拉斯哥昏迷评分（ＧＣＳ）和预后均密切相关；入院时病情越重，ＧＣＳ评分越低，血ＮＥ、Ｅ含量越高；死亡组患者血ＮＥ、Ｅ含量明显高于存活组（Ｐ均＜０．０５），其与伤后２４小时内血ＮＥ、Ｅ含量分别显著正相关（ｒ＝０．５７４，Ｐ＜０．０５和ｒ＝０．４１０，Ｐ＜０．０５），而与ＧＣＳ和预后分别显著负相关（ｒ＝０．７８１，Ｐ＜０．０１和ｒ＝０．７０８，Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

充血性心力衰竭的低钠血症对治疗的影响探讨

目的：探讨充血性心力衰竭（ＣＨＦ）并发低钠血症分组治疗前后血钠值对治疗影响。方法：对６０例ＣＨＦ患者随机分三组给予不同的治疗，治疗前后分别值钠值进行各组对比分析。瞳托普利组治疗后血钠值较治疗前明显上升，血管扩张组治疗后血钠值上升，利尿组治疗后血钠值下降。结论：ＣＨＦ并发低欠血症与肾素－血管紧张素－醛固酮系统有关，血钠值因心功能级的增加而下降，应选择血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂治疗。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.