谈饺子--传统的现代的贵族的平民的民族的世界的……

古往今来,除夕更岁,普天同享,饺子盛宴.中华民族素以美食名扬世界,饺子更是老少咸宜,人人喜食,且衍生了许多吃的文化.初一破五,月满佳节,入伏冬至,立秋春分,乃至喜寿庆宴,催生饯友,餐桌上一定是薄皮大馅,热气腾腾的饺子.小小的饺子包罗万象,融进了人们无限的期盼.     

高血压的患者的饮食的自我调节

高压血患者的饮食治疗的重要性在于控制和不断的减少危险性。其实对于预防高血压也具有指导意义。卫生部专家组根据我国情况对改善膳食结构预防高血压提出以下建议。     

八十年代的的口服避孕药

1980～1981年期间,全世界有5千万以上的妇女应用口服避孕药。其中有一半以上是通过处方或无处方从医药商店或其它商店购得。其余,包括大约7百万中国妇女是由政府或各个部门计划供应。在发达国家,几乎全部服药者是购买口服避孕药。1975年出售达到高峰,大约为2亿8千7百万周期,到1979年降为2亿5千3百万周期。此后,稳定在这个水平。出售下降主要发生在美国。相反,1975年以来,拉丁美洲的许多国家大约增加了50%的销售量。其它发展中地区全部由公共和个人计划供应,但所占比数较小。从美国国际开发署     

倾听爱人的的心声

心理学家告诉我们,每个人都会有许许多多的心理需要。著名的美国心理学家默里对人类的心理需要进行过专门研究,他提出至少有20种。其中有8种心理需要尤为重要,而且它们又是夫妻之间必须得到满足的。如果夫妻双方或方忽视了它们,不去有意识地满足对方的这些心理需要,势必会影响夫妻感情,若持续时间久,还会损害夫妻关系,甚至导致婚姻破裂的悲剧。尊重的需要这是极其重要的一种心理需要。从幼年起,人就有被他人尊重的心理需求,自尊心就是这种心理需要的集中体现。人的自尊心一旦受到损伤,内心深处便会感到痛苦不已。     

高脂血症的发病率的思考

据北京晚报等单位共同组织的血脂轻松行活动中，对441例的读者的反馈资料进行的统计资料表明：在这个小范围的调查中，我国特别是北京区的高脂血症的发病情况不容乐观，特别是胆固醇合并甘油三酯升高的比例较高。     

毛泽东的最后的时光

在半个多世纪的革命实践中,毛泽东的所有革命活动,无不与他健康的身体和旺盛的精力紧密相关.但是,毛泽东到了人生的晚年,也和普通老年人一样,身患多种疾病.本文所披露的是,毛泽东晚年如何发病、如何被救治以及终告不治的详情.     

温暖的血温暖的爱温暖的情

加入了太原市无偿献血志愿者协会及义工队后,在这个队伍中认识了一群知情知性的人.他们的无私、他们的真诚都给我留下了深刻的印象,我们成了朋友,那种心灵相通的朋友. 第一个,就是义工队队长慕海林.他经常会向周围的人讲解献血知识,号召他们献血.有一次见面后,他把我约到家里,在他家中,我看到了他走过许多城市去献血留下的那些纪念章、纪念牌,说起这些,他总是说:"我觉得参与献血,并且宣传献血是一件很有意义的事情,因为可以救他人生命.对我来说,如果我的血液能让更多的人摆脱疾病、死亡的阴影,是最让我欣慰的事."     

坚强的与脆弱的

由于孕妇的特殊身份,我每次出门,总能得到陌生人的让座和帮助。有一天我进了地铁车厢,扶着门口的立柱站着。在门口第一个位置坐着的是一个高大的年轻男人,他似乎没有看见我。他旁边的一位女士眼看车到站,可能担心上下车的人挤到我,就站起来让我坐了她的位置。不巧的是,站台上又进来一个背着孩子的妈妈,站在我开始站的那个位置。车一开动,她就不得不艰难地用一只手去扶立柱,剩下一只手保护背上那个睡着了的胖孩子。人们似乎觉得还是门口那个男人该让出座位吧。     

世界的,宝洁的

宝洁简介 始创于1837年的美国宝洁公司在全球日化、食品、医药及护理等领域所取得的成就已获举世公认,其经营的300多个品牌畅销140多个国家和地区,堪称世界上最大的快速消费品企业。宝洁的成功首先源于科技的力量。在宝洁的研究研究院里,有8300多名科学家在精心营造着庞大的宝洁帝国;其次源于对人性的关怀。永远以消费者为中心,从实用、方便、舒适、美观等几个角度全心为消费者打造了一种精彩的物质生活。这就是宝洁164年来,无可否认地成为优质与安全产品的代名词。2001年“健康宝洁”来到了中国。     

自然的才是最美的

告别围城独身已久的我，闲暇时读书，欣赏音乐，健身，摆弄花草，上网看看帖，逛逛超市，烧个好菜慰劳自己，偶尔去跳场舞，给家乡的老友写封信……它们都是我酷爱的乐此不疲的闲情逸致和生活内容。我非但未染上独身的阴暗与空虚悲伤，还将一份日子装扮得分外妥帖与亮丽，调理得鲜活惬意，有滋有味。不止是粉饰在外表挂在嘴上的，而是表里如一发自肺腑的。     

The Americanization of the British National Health Service: A typological approach

There have been many different claims that the British National Health Service (NHS) is becoming ‘Americanized’. Focusing on the United Kingdom, this article critically analyses the “Americanization” of the NHS in three main sections. First, we explore the basic meanings of the term. Second, we examine the development of the discourse about Americanization. Third, we focus on one of many possible meanings of Americanization, namely system change. Focusing on this most demanding dimension of Americanization, we suggest that most changes have been ‘internal changes of levels’ (where there is a shift of levels in one or more dimensions but without changing the dominant form) or ‘internal system changes’ (where only one dimension changes its dominant form) rather than a ‘system change’ (from one ideal type to another).     

Changes in carbohydrate metabolism during 30 months on Norplant

During a 30-month period, changes in carbohydrate metabolism (measured by oral glucose tolerance test) were studied in 20 Norplant acceptors. Changes were first observed one month after Norplant insertion and peaked between 12-18 months. The area under the glucose curve rose by 12.3% and 40.5% one and 12 months post insertion, respectively. At 18, 24 and 30 months the rise was, respectively, 41.9%, 40% and 38.6%. Although the changes under the insulin curves were similar, the increase at one month was doubled (25.7%). Only fasting insulin values showed very slight and insignificant changes during the 30-month period. All the changes were, however, within the normal limits for healthy women. We conclude that although Norplant induces changes in carbohydrate metabolism, these changes remain within normal limits, peak at 12 months and either remain the same or decrease with time.     

Longitudinal Associations Among Relationship Satisfaction,Sexual Satisfaction,and Frequency of Sex in Early Marriage

The current research used two 8-wave longitudinal studies spanning the first 4–5 years of 207 marriages to examine the potential bidirectional associations among marital satisfaction, sexual satisfaction, and frequency of sex. All three variables declined over time, though the rate of decline in each variable became increasingly less steep. Controlling for these changes, own marital and sexual satisfaction were bidirectionally positively associated with one another; higher levels of marital satisfaction at one wave of assessment predicted more positive changes in sexual satisfaction from that assessment to the next and higher levels of sexual satisfaction at one wave of assessment predicted more positive changes in marital satisfaction from that assessment to the next. Likewise, own sexual satisfaction and frequency of sex were bidirectionally positively associated with one another. Additionally, partner sexual satisfaction positively predicted changes in frequency of sex and own sexual satisfaction among husbands, yet partner marital satisfaction negatively predicted changes in both frequency of sex and own sexual satisfaction. Controlling these associations, marital satisfaction did not directly predict changes in frequency of sex or vice versa. Only the association between partner sexual satisfaction and changes in own sexual satisfaction varied across men and women and none of the key effects varied across the studies. These findings suggest that sexual and relationship satisfaction are intricately intertwined and thus that interventions to treat and prevent marital distress may benefit by targeting the sexual relationship and interventions to treat and prevent sexual distress in marriage may benefit by targeting the marital relationship.     

Mediating effects of home-related factors on fat intake from snacks in a school-based nutrition intervention among adolescents

The purpose of the present study was to investigate if the effects of the parental component of a school-based intervention on dietary fat intake from snacking were mediated by changes in home-related factors. A random sample of 10 schools with 2232 pupils aged 11-15 years was randomly assigned to one of two intervention groups [one with (n = 1226) and one without a parental component (n = 1006)]. Fat intake, home availability of low-fat foods and parental encouragement and support to eat a low-fat diet were assessed with validated self-administered questionnaires. Mediation was assessed with the product-of-coefficient test. Changes in home-related determinants were significantly related to changes in fat intake from snacks; therefore, school-based obesity programmes on adolescents should try to address these determinants. In the present study, one of the three investigated home-related factors, namely parental support, was affected by the parental component intervention. Decreases in parental support were prevented. These changes in parental support were found to mediate the parental intervention effects on changes in fat intake from snacks. Home-related factors appear to be related to changes in adolescents' snacking behaviours, therefore, school-based obesity programmes should target them. Nevertheless, more research is needed concerning effectively addressing the other determinants.     

A prescription for medical group managers and physicians

We are on the verge of revolutionary changes in the healthcare profession. It is essential that managers and physicians take individual responsibility for becoming involved in the political process leading to these changes. Though this is a time-consuming task, it is one we cannot afford to shirk as each and every one of us will certainly be affected.     

Getting out of the box: the role of leadership

I have explained two models. The first describes moving out of the current box into an area which may enable superior performance. It is here we can achieve new competitive advantage and build competitive position. The second model suggests ideas for implementing organizational change. For organizational leaders, only one thing is certain: change will happen. Executives should examine situations in which changes were attempted but failed to succeed. Were business process changes made without making the necessary management process changes or vice versa? Alone, neither one will unlock the business box.     

Changes in service availability in california hospitals, 1995 to 2002

Hospitals face serious financial challenges in the current healthcare marketplace. In response to these challenges, they may alter their service offerings, eliminating services that are perceived as money-losing or adding new services in areas where profitability is expected to be greater. Although research has examined hospital closures, the more subtle phenomenon of hospital service changes has not been systematically studied. This issue is important because different types of hospital service changes could have different effects on hospital financial viability: extensive service closures could contribute to a downward spiral leading to hospital closure, whereas adding new services might help improve a hospital's finances. This article' examines changes in hospital service availability in California general acute care hospitals between 1995 and 2002. Our major findings indicate that many California hospitals made changes in their service offerings during the study period, although few made extensive changes. Altogether, about half of the hospitals in our study population either closed or opened at least one service. Nearly one-fourth of the hospitals in our study population closed one or more services, whereas just under one-third opened one or more new services. However, the vast majority of the hospitals that closed or added a service made only one or two such changes. In addition, few hospitals both closed and opened services. The service closed most frequently was normal newborn labor and delivery (obstetrics), whereas inpatient rehabilitation was the most frequently opened service. Hospitals that made the most service changes tended to be small, rural, and financially troubled at the start of the study period. Among this group of hospitals, service closures were associated with continued financial deterioration, whereas new service openings were associated with improvements in key financial ratios.     

An Experimental Investigation into the Association of Traumatic Occlusion with Parodontal Disease: (Section of Odontology)

(1) The production of traumatic occlusion by inserting raised fillings in the teeth of monkeys is described. The fillings were inserted in three adjoining posterior teeth, one being left higher than the others. In one monkey an upper central incisor was the only tooth treated and on this was fixed a raised metal crown.(2) Experiments were terminated after varying periods of time, from ten to forty-three weeks. The jaws containing the teeth in which raised fillings were inserted, the opposing teeth, and the controls, were sectioned. Some sections were cut mediodistally and others faciolingually.(3) Results. These were judged from a histological examination of the sections.(a) Seven monkeys were treated. (b) In three monkeys very definite changes analogous to parodontal disease were produced. (c) In three monkeys less extreme changes were seen. (d) In one monkey there was no change. (e) in each animal the pathological changes were usually observed in only the one tooth which took the greatest stress of the three that were filled and the opposing one with which it articulated. (f) Of the 39 teeth subjected to trauma eleven showed pathological changes in the subgingival tissues.(4) The clinical evidence in man is considered.(5) The conclusion is reached that traumatic occlusion is an ætiological factor in the production of that variety of parodontal disease in which there is vertical pocket formation associated with one or a varying number of teeth.     

Explaining differential rates of mortality decline for Swedish men and women: a time-series analysis, 1945-1992.

The aim of this study is to identify social factors that could be related to differential rates of mortality decline for men and women in Sweden. The annual changes in fifteen indicators and their relationship with changes in absolute excess male mortality were analyzed by means of time series analysis for the period 1945-1992. Economic growth seems to have been more beneficial for women's survival than for that of men. A few labor market indicators (unemployment rate and the wage ratio men/women) may have had some influence on changes in excess male mortality as well. Consumption factors, such as alcohol consumption and cigarette consumption, have been important for changes in excess male mortality. Changes in excess male mortality have been particularly pronounced among 65-74 year olds, due to rapidly improved female survival in these age groups. I discuss the finding that there seem to be connections between, on the one hand, changes in general social factors such as economic growth and labor market factors, and perhaps urbanization and alcohol and cigarette consumption on the other. I therefore suggest that gender-specific consumer behavior, seen as an outcome of gender-specific norm systems, is one mechanism which links changes in general social factors to changes in excess male mortality.     

Longitudinal analysis of patient satisfaction among Medicare beneficiaries in different models of health maintenance organizations and fee-for-service care.

Based on a randomly selected nationwide sample of Medicare beneficiaries, this study analyzes changes in patient satisfaction over a one year period for beneficiaries receiving care in a variety of delivery settings: fee for service, group model HMO, staff model HMO, and Independent Practice Association model HMO. The findings reveal the patient satisfaction changes significantly over a one year period, from lower levels of satisfaction to higher levels of satisfaction. The primary explanation for this change in satisfaction is a decline in health status over the same one year period. Additional differences in satisfaction with care were observed for Medicare beneficiaries served by different types of delivery settings with varying degrees of utilization controls.