410例急性肾衰竭患者临床特点及影响预后的危险因素分析

目的：总结急性肾衰竭（ARF）的病因、临床特点以及影响预后的因素。方法：回顾性分析收治的410例ARF患者的临床资料及病因、病史与血常规、尿常规、肾功能、电解质、血蛋白、血气分析等影响预后因素。结果：410例ARF患者中,男275例,女135例。男∶女=2.04∶1,平均年龄（48.15±18.33）岁。ARF病因：少年组以急性肾小球肾炎等肾实质性疾病为主,中年组为急性肾衰竭发病年龄高峰,以梗阻性肾病为主,其次为肾实质性病和肝胆胰疾病。老年组病因主要见于肾病,治愈率最低（26.83%）,病死率最高（13.82%）,明显高于青年组（10.92%）和中年组（4.83%）,差异有统计学意义。单因素分析显示有无肾病史、MODS、血K^＋、Hb、HCT、Alb共6个因素是影响预后的因素。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,低血红蛋白、MODS、高血钾是影响病死率的危险因素。结论：肾后性原因导致的ARF需要引起关注。积极治疗原发病因,同时重视增加病死率危险因素纠正,尤其是MODS有助于降低ARF病死率。     

云南地区116例急性肾功能衰竭的临床分析

目的 探讨急性肾功能衰竭(Acute renal failure ARF)的发病情况、病因及死亡原因,以提高急性肾衰竭(ARF)的诊治水平.方法 回顾性分析116例ARF的临床资料,探讨其发病情况、病因与预后关系等.方法 116例ARF病例,肾前性、肾性、肾后性ARF分别占50.00%、39.66%、10.34%.死亡6例,总病死率为5.17%,其中肾前性因素所致ARF病死率占66.67%,明显高于肾性、肾后性因素所致ARF(p<0.05).结论 引起ARF的病因以肾前性因素为主,肾前性ARF病死率最高,积极治疗原发病的同时,若明确ARF病因和死亡原因,早期充分血液净化、对症支持治疗可改善ARF预后,降低病死率.     

568例基层医院急性肾衰竭患者病因及其危险因素分析

目的：分析基层医院急性肾衰竭（ARF）的病因,寻找影响其预后的危险因素,为降低ARF发病率,提高临床疗效,判断预后提供参考。方法：以2007年6月～2009年6月就诊于温岭市第一人民医院等4个基层医院的ARF患者为研究对象,归纳引起ARF的病因;将其分为治愈组、好转组、无效组和死亡组,首先采用单因素分析方法初步筛查出危险因素,然后将初筛的危险因素进一步使用二分类Logistic回归法做多因素分析,判别各因素对死亡危险度的影响。结果：（1）301224例住院患者中,ARF患者568例（占0.19%）;其中男366例（占64.45%）,女202例（占35.56%）,男女之比1.8∶1。（2）568例ARF患者中,按照肾性、肾前性和肾后性分类方法,以肾性ARF最常见,共282例（占49.65%）,肾前性ARF140例（占24.65%）,肾后性ARF146例（占25.70%）。按照引起ARF的原因分类,肾实质损害和梗阻所占比例最大,分别为22.89%和21.65%,其次是感染和药物因素,分别占11.97%和9.15%。（3）多脏器功能衰竭（MODS）、高血钾及贫血是导致ARF预后差的危险因素。结论：ARF发病率为0.19%,男性多于女性,除肾原性原因外,肾后梗阻、感染和药物性肾损害是最常见原因。MODS、贫血、高血钾是影响预后的危险因素。     

急性肾衰竭100例临床分析

目的 总结急性肾衰竭(ARF)的病因、临床特点以及影响预后的因素。方法 回顾性分析本科1997年1月至2004年12月收治的100例ARF患者的临床和病理资料。结果 100例ARF患者中,男性63例,女性37例,平均年龄(48．14±17．80)岁。肾前性ARF20例,感染 特别是急性胃肠炎占很大比重。肾性ARF 70例,其中急性间质性肾炎(AIN)9例(12．9％),急性 肾小管坏死(ATN)33例(47．1％),小球及微血管病变28例(40．0％);药物导致的肾损害33例 (47．1％),包括AIN 7例及ATN 26例;35例行肾活检。肾后性ARF10例,病因为妇科、泌尿道、 胃肠道肿瘤和结石。病因分布在3个年龄组间无显著差异。老年组的Scr值、Hb和红细胞比容 (Hct)均低于中年组,而ATN-ISI评分值、存在高血压和肾脏病史的比例高于中年组和青年组。 少尿、血尿、蛋白尿、GFR等参数在3组间无显著差异。本研究中死亡5例(病死率5％),57例治 愈,29例好转,9例无效。单因素分析显示,年龄、蛋白尿、血清白蛋白、Hb、Hct、器官衰竭的数 目、ATN-ISI评分是影响预后的因素。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄和器官衰竭的数目是影 响病死率的因素。结论 急性胃肠炎和肾毒性药物导致的ARF需要引起关注。早期诊断有助于 ARF的治愈,提高存活率。在已经进展到ARF阶段后,要注意预防并发症特别是多脏器功能不 全综合征(NODS)的发生。     

180例肾性急性肾衰竭临床分析

急性肾衰竭（acute renal failure，ARF）起病急，病因和临床表现多样。本文收集258例ARF患者的临床资料，对其中的180例肾性ARF患者的病因及预后进行临床分析。     

药物性急性肾衰竭的临床分析

目的:探讨药物所致的急性肾衰竭(ARF)的发生、临床病理改变及治疗和预后.方法:收集ARF患者146例, 并分析其中药物所致ARF的发生率、预后和涉及药物的种类.结果:药物性ARF患者44例占同期ARF(146例)患者总数的30%.男30例,女14例,平均年龄 (45.7±17.9)岁,≥60岁占36.3%.肾前性ARF 2例(4.5%);肾后性1例(2.3%);肾性41 例(93.2%),其中肾小管坏死31例(70.4%),间质性病变9例(20.5%),肾小球血管病变 1例(2.3%).涉及药物:氨基糖甙抗生素为主要病因(43.1%),其次青霉素(11.4% ),NSAIDs为(9%),联合用药(6.8%).24例患者行透析治疗(54.5%),治愈率75% ,好转率13.6%,死亡率6.8%.结论:ARF病因已发生改变,药物因素占首位,中老年药物ARF发生率高于青壮年,合并内科基础病者发生率高,氨基糖甙类为主要致病因素,其次为青霉素类、NSAIDs药物.药物性ARF早期诊断和防治能明显改善预后, 提高治愈率和存活率.     

116例急性肾衰竭病因和预后分析

目的总结我院收治的急性肾衰竭（ARF）患者的临床特点。方法回顾性分析。结果ARF116例,年龄5～91岁,平均（64．5±19）岁;65岁以上占55．2％;80岁以上占20．7％。病因：肾前性32例（27．6％）;梗阻性肾病26例（22．4％）;多脏器功能不全12例;药物肾毒性10例;急性间质性肾炎4例;造影剂肾病5例;肾炎8例;严重感染9例;横纹肌溶解3例;尿酸性肾病和酒精中毒各1例;5例原因不明。合并感染者42例（36．2％）;肿瘤患者25例（21．6％）。预后：死亡40例,占34．5％;痊愈42例,占36．2％;好转23例,占19．8％;维持性透析4例;转院3例。结论ARF是住院患者常见并发症;尽早解除梗阻是治疗肾后性ARF的最佳选择。     

急性肾衰竭诊断的一些进展

急性肾衰竭（acute renal failure,ARF）是由多种病因引起的症侯群。传统的概念是包括肾前性、肾性和肾后梗阻性因素所致的肾功能急剧坏转,体内代谢产物潴留,水、电解质及酸碱平衡紊乱临床综合征。近来美国肾脏病学会提出用急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury,AKI）一词代替ARF,其目的在于除外肾前性、肾后性等因素所引起的肾功能急剧恶化的状况。     

横纹肌溶解综合征致急性肾衰竭一例

横纹肌溶解综合征（RM）是因各种原因引起骨骼肌急性破坏和溶解、细胞内容物释放并进入血液循环、导致体内电解质紊乱、代谢性酸中毒、低血容量、肌红蛋白尿等多种器官功能障碍综合征,以急性肾衰竭（ARF）最多见。现将我院近期收治的RM-ARF患者1例报道如下。     

急性肾衰竭的病因与预后分析

急性肾衰竭（ARF）是以迅速的肾小球率过滤下降和血肌酐及尿素氮上升为特点的一个临床综合征。本文对我院2003年3月-2006年12月收治的127例ARF患者进行回顾性研究，以探讨ARF的病因和预后的变化以及导致这些变化的相关因素。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.