恶性淋巴瘤误诊结核病27例分析

目的　探讨误诊为结核病的淋巴瘤的临床特征和误诊原因。方法 回顾分析1990—2003年27例误诊为结核的恶性淋巴瘤病人的临床特征、影像学特点、病理结果、诊断和治疗。结果 其临床特征无特异性,约8例(29%)无症状,发热19例(70%),咳嗽8例(29%),咯血1例(0.4%),淋巴结肿大22例,其中单一部位6例,多部位16例,其影像学特点是肿块结节样病变10例,弥漫性病变5例,肺门增大11例,胸腔积液10例。误诊淋巴结核6例,误诊肺结核5例,误诊肺结核并淋巴结核10例,误诊肺结核并结核性多浆膜腔积液4例,误诊结核性多浆膜腔积液2例。确诊方式:淋巴结摘除病理活检22例,经纤支镜肺活检2例,经皮肺活检3例。病理结合免疫组化诊断霍奇金病7例,非霍奇金病20例。治疗以放化疗为主,预后差。结论 因二者临床特征相似,易误诊,及时早期获得组织病理标本是早期诊断的关键。     

结核病误诊误治为恶性肿瘤8例分析

本组8例中男性6例、女性2例，年龄25～65岁，平均42岁，误诊误治时间2周～5个月，平均2个月。其中肺结核误诊误治为肺癌5例，3例手术及术后病理确诊为肺结核，2例纤维支气管镜活检病理诊断为肺结核；3例淋巴结核误诊误治为非霍奇金淋巴瘤，经淋巴结活检病理检查确诊为淋巴结核。     

伴胸部受累的淋巴瘤25例临床分析

目的 分析伴胸部受累的淋巴瘤的临床特点与诊断方法,以提高其诊断率.方法 回顾性分析2000-2007年北京大学第三医院确诊的有胸肺病变的淋巴瘤患者25例,收集患者确诊前的症状、体征、实验室检查结果、影像学资料、确诊方法和病理诊断.结果 25例患者中位年龄46岁,发热(13例)、6个月内体重减轻10%以上(11例)、咳嗽(10例)、气短(9例)、浅表淋巴结无痛性肿大(16例)是最常见的临床表现.72.7%的患者ESR增快;81%的患者血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)升高.25例患者中纵隔肺门淋巴结肿大者16例;影像学显示肺受累15例,包括斑片或实变表现、团块、多发结节、弥漫磨玻璃影、粟粒样病变;另外胸腔积液10例,心包积液4例,胸壁肿物2例;上述表现中有2种以上同时存在的患者18例.胸膜受累患者的胸腔积液外观呈黄色浑浊、血性或乳糜性,黏蛋白试验均阳性,比重1.031,白细胞6.72×10~9/L,淋巴细胞86%,中性粒细胞14%,蛋白31.4g/L,LDH 296 U/L,腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)67.4 U/L.外科手术活检确诊16例,其中浅表淋巴结活检确诊12例;超声或CT引导穿刺活检确诊5例;骨髓穿刺确诊1例;胸腔镜胸膜活检和纵隔镜纵隔肿物活检确诊各1例;经支气管镜黏膜活检确诊1例,而接受支气管镜气道黏膜活检和(或)经支气管肺活检(TBLB)确诊共8例.病理诊断除1例霍奇金淋巴瘤外,其余24例均为非霍奇金淋巴瘤.结论 伴胸部受累的淋巴瘤患者临床表现缺乏特异性,同时存在浅表或纵隔淋巴结肿大较为多见,血清学检查、胸腔积液性质和影像学检查亦有一定特点.浅表淋巴结手术活检是确诊淋巴瘤简便易行的方法;微创活检方法如超声或CT引导下浅表肿物、胸膜、肺、肝、脾、深部淋巴结活检及胸腔镜和纵隔镜胸膜、肺、纵隔病变活检亦具有较好的诊断价值,而经支气管镜获取气道黏膜和肺组织确诊率低.     

21例原发性肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤误诊分析

胃肠道是原发性非霍奇金淋巴瘤最常见的结外累及部位。原发性肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤临床表现无特异性,内镜活检诊断率较低。目的：回顾性分析原发性肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤误诊病例,以期提高其诊断准确率。方法：收集上海仁济医院2003年1月-2011年10月所有经手术病理证实、符合Dawson标准的原发性肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤病例,复习误诊病例,分析可能的误诊原因。结果：共入组误诊病例21例,其中弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤10例,原发性肠道T细胞淋巴瘤7例,套细胞淋巴瘤3例,黏膜相关淋巴样组织（MALT）淋巴瘤1例,大多数患者在诊断过程中曾行影像学和内镜检查。弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤多误诊为阑尾炎或胃肠炎,原发性肠道T细胞淋巴瘤常误诊为克罗恩病,套细胞淋巴瘤均误诊为结肠息肉,此外尚有误诊为肠道血管炎、淋巴细胞性胃肠炎以及未能明确消化道出血原因者。结论：不同病理类型原发性肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤在误诊为其他肠道疾病时表现各有其特点,了解这些特点可能有助于正确诊断原发性肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤。     

85例成人不典型肺结核的X线表现分析

目的分析成人不典型肺结核X线表现以提高诊断水平,避免误诊。方法回顾性分析新疆维吾尔自治区胸科医院85例成人肺结核患者的正侧位胸片和临床病案。85例成人肺结核临床证实33例,痰培养证实23例,手术病理证实19例,纤维支气管镜活检证实10例。结果按X线表现分4类：肺门和（或）纵隔淋巴结肿大21例（24.7%）;片状实变影26例（30.6%）;肺内孤立性球形影29例（34.1%）;血源性肺结核9例（10.6%）。结论不典型肺结核的X线表现多种多样,缺乏特征性,放射科医师应根据各种征象综合分析,避免误诊。     

原发性肺淋巴瘤18例临床和影像及病理特点

目的 探讨原发性肺淋巴瘤(PPL)的临床表现、病理和影像学特点、诊断及治疗方法,提高其诊断率.方法 回顾性分析1989年1月至2007年2月北京协和医院住院的原发性肺淋巴瘤18例,总结其临床表现、病理和影像学特点、诊断手段、治疗方法及预后.生存时间按月记录,以手术日至患者最后一次就诊时间为准.计量资料采用秩和检验,计数资料采用卡方检验.使用SPSS 10.0统计软件进行数据分析.结果 18例中男6例,女12例,年龄17～71岁,中位年龄47.5岁.外科肺活检确诊15例(其中1例曾行经支气管镜活检发现肿瘤细胞,但未能明确病理类型),经皮肺活检确诊1例(1/6),经皮肺活检及经支气管镜活检标本共同确诊1例,经支气管镜活检确诊l例(1/10).病理结果为霍奇金淋巴瘤2例,其中混合细胞型和结节硬化型各1例;黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤9例,滤泡性淋巴瘤1例,弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤2例,间变性大细胞淋巴瘤2例,2例外院切片我院会诊后诊断为非霍奇金淋巴瘤.主要症状为咳嗽(11/18)和发热(6/18).18例中影像学表现为肺内结节或团块影14例,片状浸润影11例,实变影5例.胸腔积液和肺不张各5例,肺门或纵隔淋巴结肿大7例,空洞病变1例,病灶内液化1例.11例曾被误诊.3例手术完全切除病灶,8例单纯化疗,6例在肺叶切除术后化疗,1例放疗及化疗.中位随访时间为11个月(10 d至205个月),目前存活13例,失访4例,死亡1例.非霍奇金淋巴瘤患者白细胞异常升高与疾病进展(预后不良)相关,预后不良组中位数为25.1×109/L(18.1～39.1)×109/L,预后良好组中位数为6.7×109/L(5.48～8.41)×109/L,u=0.000,P＜0.05.结论 PPL临床表现不典型,易误诊;及时行外科肺活检获取组织病理标本有利于早期诊断.     

肺部空洞病变的螺旋CT诊断

目的 探讨螺旋CT在肺部空洞病变中的诊断价值及局限性.方法分析经病理或临床资料确诊的122例肺部空洞病变.结果 122例肺部空洞病变中肺结核伴空洞68例,肺脓肿23例,肺癌21例,肺曲霉菌病8例,肺转移瘤1例,肺霍奇金淋巴瘤1例,CT诊断准确率89.34% （109/122）,其中3例肺结核,6例肺癌,2例肺脓肿,1例肺曲霉菌病,1例肺霍奇金淋巴瘤未做出正确诊断.结论 CT扫描对肺部空洞病变诊断正确率高,多数可以作出准确诊断;不典型病变应行CT引导下肺穿刺活检.     

青年肺癌首诊误诊为肺结核48例临床分析

目的 探讨青年肺癌患者误诊为肺结核的原因,提高对青年肺癌的认识并为其诊治提供参考.方法 回顾性分析2006 2012年山东省胸科医院48例经组织病理学确诊的,首诊为肺结核的年龄≤40岁的青年肺癌患者的临床资料.结果 经纤维支气管镜活检确诊23例,CT引导下经皮肺穿刺确诊15例,胸腔镜活检确诊5例,浅表淋巴结活检确诊2例,胸腔积液细胞学检查确诊2例,痰脱落细胞学检查确诊1例.结论 青年肺癌容易误诊为肺结核,应予以重视,应结合临床症状、影像学、纤维支气管镜和经皮肺穿刺活检、浅表淋巴结活检等检查确定诊断.     

恶性淋巴瘤误诊结核病的临床和病理分析

目的探讨结核病与淋巴瘤的临床病理特征及误诊原因。方法回顾分析1990~2006年42例确诊恶性淋巴瘤的临床特征、影像学特点、病理特征、诊断和治疗。结果其临床特征无特异性,其影像学特点是肿块结节样病变14例,弥漫性病变7例,肺门增大21例,胸腔积液18例。结论因二者临床表现和影像学特点相似,相互间容易误诊,确诊取决于病理结果和免疫组织化学。     

10例以胸腔积液为主要表现的淋巴瘤临床报告

目的提高对以胸腔积液为首发症状淋巴瘤的认识。方法收集1995～2007年收住本科的10例以胸腔积液为主要表现的淋巴瘤患者的临床资料,并复习文献。结果 10例病人男性,14～65岁,均以胸腔积液为主要表现,5例为渗出液,5例为乳糜性胸水,最后经淋巴结活检病理诊断为恶性淋巴瘤,霍奇金淋巴瘤8例,非霍奇金淋巴瘤2例。结论以胸腔积液为首发表现的淋巴瘤诊断困难,特别是乳糜性胸水,应特别警惕排除淋巴瘤所导致。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.