双相情感障碍神经内分泌功能对照研究

目的:探讨双相情感障碍混合发作与躁狂发作患者神经内分泌功能. 方法:以放射免疫方法测定23例双相情感障碍混合发作患者(混合组)、54例躁狂发作患者(躁狂组)和38名正常人(对照组)血浆皮质醇(Cor)、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)、三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、甲状腺素(T4)及促甲状腺激素(TSH)的浓度. 结果:混合组血浆Cor及ACTH浓度均明显高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.001);而躁狂组与对照组血浆Cor浓度比较差异无统计学意义,但ACTH浓度明显高于对照组(P<0.001);混合组血浆Cor浓度明显高于躁狂组(P<0.05),但ACTH浓度两组间差异无统计学意义.与对照组相比,混合组T3浓度显著较高,T4浓度显著较低(P<0.05),而TSH浓度两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);躁狂组T3浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.001),TSH浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.01);混合组T3、T4浓度均显著低于躁狂组(P<0.05或P<0.01),TSH浓度明显高于躁狂组(P<0.05). 结论:双相情感障碍混合发作及躁狂发作均存在神经内分泌功能的改变,但二者的改变并不相同.     

急性期双相障碍与重性抑郁障碍患者认知功能损害的对照研究

目的:探讨急性期双相障碍(BD)与重性抑郁障碍(MDD)患者认知功能损害的特点。方法:对57例BD患者(BD组)、48例MDD患者(MDD组)进行重复性成套神经心理状态测验(RBANS)认知功能测验,结果与59名年龄、性别、受教育程度与患者相匹配正常对照者(NC组)比较;分析BD及MDD组中伴精神病性症状的30例患者(伴精神病性症状组)与无精神病性症状患者认知功能差异。结果:BD组中即刻记忆、言语功能、延时记忆及RBANS总分低于NC组,MDD组即刻记忆、言语功能、延时记忆分显著低于NC组(P均0.05),BD组与MDD组间RBANS总分及各因子分差异无统计学意义。伴精神病性症状组的注意量表分明显低于MDD无精神病性症状组(P0.05)。结论:BD及MDD患者均存在多领域的认知功能障碍,伴有精神病性症状的心境障碍患者注意功能受损更严重。     

厌食症患者情绪障碍与家庭功能关系的对照研究

目的 探讨神经性厌食症患者发病的情绪障碍及家庭功能之间的关系.方法 使用症状自评量表(SCL-90),家庭功能量表(FAD)对29例神经性厌食症患者的心理特征及其家庭功能进行评定,并与大学生样本进行对照研究.结果 神经性厌食症患者SCL-90中躯体化,强迫,焦虑,抑郁,敌意,恐惧,偏执,精神病性评分均高于正常对照,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).FAD问题解决,沟通,情感反应,情感介入,总的功能评分均显著高于正常对照,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).家庭功能各因子与SCL-90各因子存在相关.结论 神经性厌食患者对情绪障碍更易感,并且存在家庭功能的失调,并且其情绪障碍与家庭功能可以互相影响.     

住院双相障碍与精神分裂症患者代谢相关障碍的对照研究

目的 了解双相障碍住院患者的肥胖与代谢相关障碍,并与精神分裂症住院患者作一比较.方法 对上海市精神卫生中心分部2008年7月住院期间的双相障碍患者作调查,测定其身高、体重及各代谢指标,用世界糖尿病联盟全球统一标准(IDF)定义代谢综合征及中心性肥胖.随机选取同期住院的两个病房的精神分裂症患者作为比较.结果 共入组双相障碍患者30例,精神分裂症160例.代谢综合征的患病率均较高,肥胖与代谢相关指标如血压、血糖、血脂方面,双相障碍患者与精神分裂症患者的患病率均无统计学差异(P>0.05).二组的超重、高甘油三酯、低HDL及中心性肥胖的比例均明显增高(P>0.05).结论 在住院的双相障碍及精神分裂症患者中同样存在较多代谢相关障碍,需要政策层面的关注.     

伴轻度抑郁症状的双相障碍患者执行和注意功能对照研究

目的:探讨伴轻度抑郁症状的双相障碍患者执行功能、注意功能与健康对照者的差异。方法:40例伴轻度抑郁症状的双相障碍患者(研究组)和40名年龄、性别、受教育年限与研究组匹配的健康者(健康对照组)均采用威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)及持续操作测验(CPT)测试两组执行功能和注意功能。结果:两组WCST测试成绩除完成第1个分类所需应答数、非持续性错误数差异无统计学意义(P0.05)外,完成分类数、总应答数、正确应答数、错误应答数、持续性错误数、持续性错误率组间差异有统计学意义(t=-6.10~5.96,P均=0.000);CPT测验中正确数研究组明显低于健康对照组(t=-3.87,P=0.000);错误数明显高于健康对照组(t=5.21,P=0.000)。结论:伴轻度抑郁症状的双相障碍患者存在执行功能损害和注意功能损害。     

甲状腺功能水平与双相情感障碍相关性的对照研究

目的 探索甲状腺功能与双相情感障碍的相关性.方法 以符合美国精神疾病分类与诊断标准第4版修订本(DSM-Ⅳ-TR)的双相情感障碍诊断标准的患者59例为研究对象,并选取41名健康人作为对照,应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)分别测定所有研究对象的血清甲状腺激素水平,包括TT3、FT3、TT4、FT4及TSH.选用HAMD、HAMA及Bech-Rafaelsen躁狂量表评估患者组临床症状.结果 双相躁狂组中TT4、FT4水平明显高于对照组,FT3水平明显高于抑郁组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).双相抑郁组中TT3、FT3水平明显低于对照组,FT4水平则明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).按性别分层比较,女性双相躁狂组FT4水平与对照组相比明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);女性双相抑郁组TT3明显低于对照组或双相躁狂组,FT4明显高于对照组,FT3则明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),而男性躁狂组中仅TT4水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05).在双相抑郁患者中,HAMD总分与FT4呈负相关(r=-0.34,P=0.03).结论 双相情感障碍患者的甲状腺功能存在一定的改变,不同临床相甲状腺功能改变亦不相同,且这种变化以女性患者明显.     

双相情感障碍缓解期患者认知功能的研究

既往研究认为,双相情感障碍急性期患者存在认知功能损害,其中执行功能受损较重[1-2].为了解双相情感障碍缓解期患者是否也存在执行功能、智能和记忆等认知功能损害,我们对缓解期患者的认知功能进行初步探讨.     

双相障碍患者一级亲属的认知功能研究

目的探讨双相障碍患者一级亲属的认知功能特点。方法选用10项神经心理测验对53例双相障碍患者未患病的一级亲属、97例正常对照个体进行认知功能的评定。结果亲属组的即刻逻辑记忆分为(9.11±2.95)分,明显差于对照组(12.06±3.21)分,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01),亲属组的延迟逻辑记忆分为(6.89±3.41)分,明显差于对照组(10.06±3.30)分,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01);亲属组的威斯康星卡片分类(WCST)测验分类数为(4.57±1.75)个,明显少于对照组(5.15±1.27)个,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论双相障碍患者一级亲属可能具有言语记忆和执行功能障碍,其受损的认知功能可能是双相障碍的遗传"内表型"指标。     

双相情感障碍缓解期患者认知功能的研究

既往研究认为,双相情感障碍急性期患者存在认知功能损害,其中执行功能受损较重[1-2].为了解双相情感障碍缓解期患者是否也存在执行功能、智能和记忆等认知功能损害,我们对缓解期患者的认知功能进行初步探讨.     

双相情感障碍缓解期患者认知功能的研究

既往研究认为,双相情感障碍急性期患者存在认知功能损害,其中执行功能受损较重[1-2].为了解双相情感障碍缓解期患者是否也存在执行功能、智能和记忆等认知功能损害,我们对缓解期患者的认知功能进行初步探讨.     

Family functioning of patients with an eating disorder compared with that of patients with obsessive compulsive disorder

This study compares the family functioning of patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). The study participants, who were all female, consisted of 15 patients with AN, 13 with BN, and 17 with OCD. Family functioning was assessed by using the Family Assessment Device self-rating scale. The study subjects also completed the Eating Attitudes Test. Subjects in the AN and BN groups did not differ statistically either from each other or from the OCD group in all 7 Family Assessment Device subscales. Patients with an eating disorder and OCD rated their family functioning in a similar way. It is difficult to conclude that patients with AN or BN have a specific type of family functioning, which is totally different from the family functioning of patients with OCD. Thus, the study results further support the idea that family interaction in eating disorders is not specific to these disorders, especially when compared with patients with OCD.     

Audiovestibular functioning in patients with panic disorder

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate audiovestibular function in patients with panic disorder and healthy subjects by using vestibular and audiologic tests. METHODS: Thirty-four panic disorder patients and 20 healthy control subjects were assessed by using clinical otoneurological examination, pure tone audiometry, tympanometry, and electronystagmography (ENG). All patients were evaluated with the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (PAS), the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). RESULTS: On vestibular testing, abnormal responses were more prevalent in panic disorder patients compared to healthy controls. The presence of agoraphobia in panic disorder patients did not make a significant difference on vestibular test results. The only variable that may be a predictor of vestibular abnormalities in panic disorder patients was found to be dizziness between attacks. CONCLUSION: The results show that dizziness between panic attacks may warrant audiovestibular testing among other medical investigations.     

Family functioning in the caregivers of patients with dementia

BACKGROUND: Caregiver burden has been extensively studied in the dementia population. The marital relationship has been suggested as a mediational model through which variables influence the caregiver and contribute to the experience of burden or reward. OBJECTIVES: This study examines family functioning, caregiver burden and reward and quality of life in 38 family members caring for a relative with dementia. METHODS: Caregivers of out-patients with dementia completed self report questionnaires. RESULTS: 63% of caregivers were female with a mean age of 62 years. Patient mean age was 73 years. The average number of caregiving years was 3.1. Caregivers were more likely to be spouses (61%) than children (29%) or other relatives (11%). Despite the fact that caregivers reported that their relatives were moderately disabled, they perceived more reward than burden. Caregivers who reported poor family functioning had higher ratings of strain and burden. Family functioning in these caregivers was poorest in the dimensions of affective responsiveness, problem solving and communication but it was also impaired in roles and affective involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Assessing a family's functioning may be an important factor in the care of the dementia patient and his/her family.     

Bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder's unique combination of three characteristics - clear genetic diathesis, distinctive clinical features, early availability of an effective treatment (lithium) - explains its special place in the history of psychiatry and its contribution to the current explosive growth of neuroscience. This article looks at the state of the art in bipolar disorder from the vantage point of: (i) genetics (possible linkages on chromosomes 18 and 21q, polygenic hypothesis, research into genetic markers); (ii) diagnosis (new focus on the subjective aspects of bipolar disorder to offset the current trend of underdiagnosis due to overreliance on standardized interviews and rating scales); (iii) outcome (increase in treatment-resistant forms signaling a change in the natural history of bipolar disorder); (iv) pathophysiology (research into circadian biological rhythms and the kindling hypothesis to explain recurrence); (v) treatment (emergence of the anticonvulsants, suggested role of chronic antidepressant treatment in the development of treatment resistance); (vi) neurobiology (evaluation of regulatory function in relation to affective disturbances, role of postsynaptic second-messenger mechanisms, advances in functional neuroimaging); and (vii) psychosocial research (shedding overly dualistic theories of the past to understand the mind and brain as an entity, thus emphasizing the importance of balancing the psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic approaches). Future progress in the understanding and treatment of bipolar disorder will rely on successful integration of the biological and psychosocial lines of investigation.     

Bipolar affective disorder in aged patients.

Bipolar affective illness may be a relatively common missed diagnosis in the elderly. Inaccurate historical data, atypical course of illness and atypical clinical presentation are all sources of diagnostic error. Lithium and tricyclic antidepressants are effective agents in this age group but require close monitoring, with particular attention to their interaction with illness and other medications. A high index of suspicion for bipolar illness is suggested when elderly patients present with depression.     

Neurocognitive functioning in patients recently diagnosed with bipolar disorder

Hellvin T, Sundet K, Simonsen C, Aminoff SR, Lagerberg TV, Andreassen OA, Melle I. Neurocognitive functioning in patients recently diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 227–238. © 2012 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Objectives: Cognitive dysfunction in bipolar disorder (BD) is well established in the literature; however, there are few studies of neurocognition in patients early in the course of the illness. In this study we compare neurocognitive function in a cohort of first‐contact mania patients with a healthy control group matched for age, gender, and education. Methods: Patients with a first manic episode (FM) (n = 34) or previous untreated manic episodes (PM) (n = 21) were neuropsychologically tested following their first treated manic episode. A total of 110 matched healthy control comparison subjects were also tested. The following cognitive domains were evaluated: verbal and visual learning and memory, attention, processing speed, executive functioning, and IQ. Results were corrected for speed of processing differences and were compared with previously reported results for multiple‐episode BD patients. Results: BD patients early in their disease course showed impairments in psychomotor speed, attention, learning and memory, executive functioning, and IQ. When controlling for speed of processing, measures of visuoconstructive reasoning and motor dexterity remained statistically significant. Eighteen percent of FM and 16% of PM patients were found to have clinically significant neurocognitive impairment. No significant relationship between clinical symptoms and neurocognition was found. The first‐contact mania patients studied were found to have smaller neurocognitive deficits compared to multiple‐episode patients in previous studies. Conclusions: Neurocognitive dysfunction is present in early BD and is clinically significant for a proportion of patients. Our findings also suggest that neurocognitive dysfunction may increase with illness progression.