完全机械通气与支气管解痉药联合应用治疗ARDS的应用研究

于1996年后采用一种新的通气模式（以下称新模式），经临床实践，效果满意，即应用肌松剂，使呼吸肌松弛，解除了自机械通气的对抗，改善肺通气，合理应用PEEP，提高功能残余气量，改善肺顺应性，预防改善肺泡群萎陷，减少肺间质渗出，改善了气血交换，应用支气管解痉剂, 除以气管平滑肌痉挛，降低气道阻力，改善了肺通气，从以上3个方面减少了肺内死腔，改善肺通气／血流比，迅速提高PaO2，明显缩短带机时间，疗效满意，死亡率显著降低。     

1例ARDS患者治疗期间应用镇静与肌松剂的护理

急性呼吸窘迫综合症（acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS）ARDS患者在机械通气治疗下，应用镇静剂和肌肉松弛剂目的是使呼吸肌松弛，解除自主呼吸与机械通气的对抗，使呼吸机与患者的自主呼吸同步，改善肺通气，减少呼吸做功，迅速纠正低氧血症和高碳酸血症，使呼吸肌得到充分休息，降低气道内压，提高 ARDS 病人的生存率［1］。我科于2013年6月收治1例ARDS的患者应用镇静与肌松剂治疗。现将护理体会报告如下。     

机械通气加支气管肺泡灌洗术对危重哮喘疗效的影响

危重支气管哮喘常需机械通气,如何降低气道压力,解除气道阻塞是治疗成功的关键,采用限压低容通气策略,通气时采用较慢的呼吸频率,较低的潮气量,保证足够的呼气时间,使气道压力下降;支气管哮喘急性发作时常因感染引起气道内分泌物增多,痰液黏稠阻塞气道不可避免。为此,我们应用纤维支气管镜经人工气道行支气管肺泡灌洗术,期望改善呼吸力学状况和通气功能,减少肺损伤和肺泡表面活性物质丢失,以及继发的炎症介质产生。     

泵雾化与超声雾化治疗小儿支气管肺炎的观察及护理

目的探讨应用泵雾化与超声雾化对小儿支气管肺炎的治疗效果与护理措施。方法将100例小儿支气管肺炎患者随机分成泵雾化组50例和超声雾化组50例,2组患儿均在合理选用抗生素治疗的基础上,再加泵雾化或超声雾化辅助治疗,雾化药液均为博利康尼1.25mg～2.50mg+布地奈德0.5mg～1.0mg。结果泵雾化组在有效改善肺通气、提高治愈率和缩短住院时间等方面明显优于超声雾化组,差异具有统计学意义(p<0.05)。结论泵雾化能更迅速将雾化药液随患儿吸气进入气道,减轻炎症反应,降低痰液粘度,解除支气管痉挛,改善肺通气,缩短了住院时间,提高了治愈率。     

纤维支气管镜在呼吸道急症抢救中的应用——附22例分析

该文对急救性纤维支气管镜检查的方法和疗效作了详细介绍。体会到:纤支镜可曲度大,视野广,易于发现异物;咯血时镜检,不仅可查明出血原因和部位,且可止血;采用控制容量的肺灌洗,可清除痰栓,保持气道通畅,解除支气管痉挛,使哮喘缓解;重症肺部感染时应用支气管灌洗可清洗脓性分泌物,改善通气功能。     

纤维支气管镜在引导支气管阻塞器单肺通气中的应用效果

目的 观察纤维支气管镜在引导气管阻塞器单肺通气中的应用效果.方法 选择123例开胸手术拟行单肺通气手术患者为研究对象,观察纤维支气管镜引导支气管阻塞器进入一侧支气管的1次插管成功率、插入时损伤发生率、单肺通气效果.结果 所有患者均1次插管成功,无插管损伤、单肺通气效果满意.体住改为侧位时23例支气管阻塞器套囊位置发生改变需作调整.结论 纤维支气管镜引导插入支气管阻塞器具有定位准确、成功率高、损伤发生率低、单肺通气效果满意等优点.     

超声雾化吸入治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的护理

超声雾化吸入疗法是稀释痰液、消除炎症、解除支气管痉挛、改善通气的重要手段.我院自2002年元月至12月,对33慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并感染者采用超声化吸入治疗,疗效满意.现报告如下:     

莨菪碱在辅助治疗慢性肺心病中的应用

莨菪碱可抑制亢进性支气管粘液腺体分泌，减少肺内分泌物的潴留。使阻塞之呼吸道通畅，其缺氧状况得以改善。莨菪碱可解除因缺氧及高碳酸血症所致的肺小动脉痉挛，从而降低肺动脉压力，减轻右心后负荷，有人观察到，654-2可增加肺微循环血流速度，减轻支气管粘膜水肿，缓解微     

山茛菪碱抢救有机磷中毒并呼吸衰竭患者的护理

应用山茛菪碱抢救有机磷中毒并呼吸衰竭12例,痊愈9例,好转2例,无效1例,总有效率为91.7％。因山茛菪碱具有解除平滑肌痉挛,改善血液循环特别是微循环的作用,能减轻支气管粘膜水肿,改善肺通气功能,所以护理得当,可提高有机磷中毒并呼吸衰竭患者的抢救成功率。     

支气管舒张试验在慢性变异性咳嗽病人中的应用研究

目的探讨支气管舒张试验在慢性变异性咳嗽病人中临床应用的效果。方法选取2015年1月~2015年12月在本院呼吸科初步诊断为变异性咳嗽的病人,行肺通气功能检测后,对肺通气功能正常、小气道功能异常的125例病人做支气管舒张试验,并对通气功能指标(FVC、FEV1、FEF25、FEF50、FEF75)进行试验前后对比。结果做完支气管舒张试验后,病人小气道功能指标明显改变,FEF50、FEF75的改善程度大于FVC、FEV1、FEF25。提示反映小气道功能的指标较大气道的指标在应用支气管舒张剂前后有差异,且差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论支气管舒张试验有利于变异性咳嗽病人的早期明确诊断和规范治疗。     

Bench-to-bedside review: High-frequency oscillatory ventilation in adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome

Mechanical ventilation is the cornerstone of therapy for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Paradoxically, mechanical ventilation can exacerbate lung damage – a phenomenon known as ventilator-induced lung injury. While new ventilation strategies have reduced the mortality rate in patients with ARDS, this mortality rate still remains high. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) is an unconventional form of ventilation that may improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, while limiting further lung injury associated with high ventilatory pressures and volumes delivered during conventional ventilation. HFOV has been used for almost two decades in the neonatal population, but there is more limited experience with HFOV in the adult population. In adults, the majority of the published literature is in the form of small observational studies in which HFOV was used as 'rescue' therapy for patients with very severe ARDS who were failing conventional ventilation. Two prospective randomized controlled trials, however, while showing no mortality benefit, have suggested that HFOV, compared with conventional ventilation, is a safe and effective ventilation strategy for adults with ARDS. Several studies suggest that HFOV may improve outcomes if used early in the course of ARDS, or if used in certain populations. This review will summarize the evidence supporting the use of HFOV in adults with ARDS.     

Noninvasive ventilation for post-pneumonectomy severe hypoxemia

ARDS remains a lethal complication after major lung resections. The reported mortality ranges from 50% to 100%, with increased incidence and mortality rates in pneumonectomy patients. The pathogenesis of early ARDS is still not fully understood, and the majority of patients will require mechanical ventilation. A review of the literature reveals that the role of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in ARDS after lung resection is unclear, in contrast to its well established benefits in other types of respiratory failure. NIV is a technique of augmenting alveolar ventilation delivered by face mask, without introducing an endotracheal tube. NIV may reduce the need for endotracheal mechanical ventilation and improve clinical outcome in patients with acute respiratory failure after lung resection, avoiding complications related to intubation. We present a case of early ARDS following left-sided pneumonectomy, where bi-level positive airway pressure ventilation prompted a successful outcome.     

Science review: mechanisms of ventilator-induced injury

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute lung injury are among the most frequent reasons for intensive care unit admission, accounting for approximately one-third of admissions. Mortality from ARDS has been estimated as high as 70% in some studies. Until recently, however, no targeted therapy had been found to improve patient outcome, including mortality. With the completion of the National Institutes of Health-sponsored Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network low tidal volume study, clinicians now have convincing evidence that ventilation with tidal volumes lower than those conventionally used in this patient population reduces the relative risk of mortality by 21%. These data confirm the long-held suspicion that the role of mechanical ventilation for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure is more than supportive, in that mechanical ventilation can also actively contribute to lung injury. The mechanisms of the protective effects of low tidal volume ventilation in conjunction with positive end expiratory pressure are incompletely understood and are the focus of ongoing studies. The objective of the present article is to review the potential cellular mechanisms of lung injury attributable to mechanical ventilation in patients with ARDS and acute lung injury.     

Mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory failure: recruitment and high positive end-expiratory pressure are necessary

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To review as best the critical care clinicians can recruit the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) lungs and keep the lungs opened, assuring homogeneous ventilation, and to present the experimental and clinical results of these mechanical ventilation strategies, along with possible improvements in patient outcome based on selected published medical literature from 1972 to 2004 (highlighting the period from June 2003 to June 2004 and recent results of the authors' group research). RECENT FINDINGS: In the experimental setting, repeated derecruitments accentuate lung injury during mechanical ventilation, whereas open lung concept strategies can attenuate lung injury. In the clinical setting, recruitment maneuvers improve short-term oxygenation in ARDS patients. A recent prospective clinical trial showed that low versus intermediate positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels (8 vs 13 cm H2O) associated with low tidal ventilation had the same effect on ARDS patient survival. Nevertheless, both conventional and electrical impedance thoracic tomography studies indicate that stepwise PEEP recruitment maneuvers increase lung volume and the recruitment percentage of lung tissue, and higher levels of PEEP (18-26 cm H2O) are necessary to keep the ARDS lungs opened and assure a more homogeneous low tidal ventilation. SUMMARY: Stepwise PEEP recruitment maneuvers can open collapsed ARDS lungs. Higher levels of PEEP are necessary to maintain the lungs open and assure homogenous ventilation in ARDS. In the near future, thoracic CT associated with high-performance monitoring of regional ventilation (electrical impedance tomography) may be used at the bedside to determine the optimal mechanical ventilation of ARDS patients.     

利于ARDS肺保护的气道内吸引技术

急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）患者有创机械通气时有两种气道内吸引技术,为开放式气道吸引技术与密闭式气道吸引技术。前者主要是在气道内吸引时,断开患者与机械通气管路连接即暂停机械通气,将吸痰管伸入到气管插管内吸引;后者气道内吸引时,不会断开呼吸机与患者的连接。呼气末正压（PEEP）通气是改善氧合的主要措施之一,进行开放式气道内吸引时,断开PEEP,导致肺泡塌陷,可能会增加分流效应、死腔样通气和通气/灌注不匹配,进一步加重肺损伤。本文从分流、死腔、呼吸机相关肺损伤及血流动力学角度进行分析,探讨利于ARDS肺保护的气道内吸引技术。     

Airway pressure release ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome

Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) is an alternative mode of ventilation that is increasingly used in patients with acute respiratory failure, acute lung injury (ALI), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Animal and clinical studies have demonstrated that, compared with conventional ventilation, APRV has beneficial effects on lung recruitment, oxygenation, end-organ blood flow, pulmonary vasoconstriction, and sedation requirements. Further studies, however, are required to directly compare APRV to ARDSnet protocol ventilation, specifically in patients with ALI/ARDS, and to determine whether managing ALI/ARDS with APRV will also achieve mortality reduction.     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者机械通气策略新进展

机械通气是治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合症(ARDS)的重要措施之一。随着近年来对ARDS病理的进一步研究,机械通气策略也由过去的大潮气量逐渐发展为肺保护性通气策略。本文通过阐述ARDS患者机械通气策略的新发展,为临床通气治疗ARDS患者提供参考。ARDS机械通气治疗近期有望实现突破。     

Update in ARDS management: recent randomized controlled trials that changed our practice

In the last 7 years, 14 randomized controlled trials in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have shown that: Mechanical ventilation with a tidal volume of 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight is better than mechanical ventilation with a tidal volume of 12 mL/kg of predicted body weight. Prone positioning improves oxygenation but poses safety concerns. A high level of positive end-expiratory pressure does not improve survival. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation is in theory the ideal "lung-protective" method, but its benefits have not been proven. No drug therapy has been shown to improve survival in patients with ARDS. Exogenous surfactant may improve oxygenation but has no significant effect on the death rate or length of use of mechanical ventilation. Low-dose inhaled nitric oxide has no substantial impact on the duration of ventilatory support or on the death rate. Partial liquid ventilation may be beneficial in young patients with acute lung injury or ARDS, although further study is needed to confirm this.     

压力和容量控制通气在ARDS肺保护通气策略中的比较

目的　比较急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS)时实行肺保护通气策略中 ,压力控制通气 (PCV)和容量控制通气 (VCV)模式对患者呼吸力学、血气及血流动力学的影响 ,并探讨其临床意义。方法　 5 0例 ARDS患者按随机表法分为 PCV组和 VCV组进行机械通气治疗 ,均实行允许高碳酸血症策略和肺开放策略 ,比较两组患者呼吸力学、血气及血流动力学各指标的变化。结果　 PCV组通气 2 4 h气道峰压低于 VCV组 ,而平均气道压高于 VCV组 ;两组通气 2 4 h后中心静脉压明显升高 ,而 VCV组上升更明显 ;两组治疗后心率显著减慢 ,PCV组改善更明显 ;两组同时间点平均动脉压比较均无显著性差异 ;两组均未发生气压伤 ;两组治疗2 4 h后 Pa O2 比治疗前均明显升高 ,PCV组改善更明显。结论　对于 ARDS患者在实行肺保护通气策略时 ,PCV和 VCV通气模式均可改善氧合 ,防止气压伤的发生 ,对患者血流动力学影响小 ,PCV模式控制气道峰压更有效 ;主张对于 ARDS患者尽量采用 PCV模式实行肺保护通气策略     

New therapies for adults with acute lung injury. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation

High-frequency oscillatory ventilation seems theoretically ideal for the treatment of patients with ARDS, allowing adequate oxygenation and ventilation to be maintained without causing further damage to the already injured lung. High-frequency oscillating ventilation also seems a sound strategy for improving oxygenation in patients who are no longer responding to conventional mechanical ventilation. Currently, HFOV should be used in the adult ICU as one of many ancillary therapies available for the treatment of extremely ill, hypoxemic patients with ARDS. Future research may define the role of HFOV as a more routine strategy for preventing VALI in this patient population.