管状肠外瘘的分期和影像学表现

目的对管状肠外瘘进行分期并探讨影像学表现。资料与方法对518例管状肠外瘘分别实施瘘管造影、口服造影、置管造影和CT检查。根据病程和瘘管情况,将管状肠外瘘分为瘘管形成期、成熟期和闭合期。结果瘘管形成期的影像学表现以炎症为主;成熟期是管状肠外瘘持续时间最长的一期,可见到各种形态的瘘管;闭合期瘘管的内口封闭,管腔逐渐消失。腹腔脓肿和腹膜后脓肿发生率与瘘管分期有非常显著的关系（P〈0.005）,在瘘管形成期腹腔脓肿发生率最高,而腹膜后脓肿多见于瘘管成熟期。结论瘘管分期与局部炎症的发展有密切的关系。在瘘管形成期和闭合期多用CT检查观察病情,而瘘管成熟期和闭合期,瘘管造影可对瘘管进行准确分辨。     

肺癌病理类型与肿瘤CT征象关系分析

目的 探讨肺癌临床病理类型与肿瘤CT征象的关系.方法 回顾分析120例肺癌病理及CT征象,行统计学分析和卡方检验.结果 CT征象中,磨玻璃征发生率最高(24.17%),其次是空洞(14.17%),钙化发生率最低,仅为5.83%;腺癌磨玻璃征发生率(46.51%)远高于鳞癌(9.26%)和小细胞癌(17.39%),统计学差异显著(P＜0.01).肿瘤CT边缘征象,分叶和毛刺发生率最高,分别为65.83%、51.67%,其次胸膜凹陷征(31.67%)、血管集束征(20.83%);腺癌发生胸膜凹陷征明显高于其他2组(55.81%,24.07%,4.35%),有显著的统计学差异(P＜0.01);腺癌分叶、毛刺以及血管集束征发生率较鳞癌和小细胞癌高.CT上腺癌磨玻璃征和胸膜凹陷征明显高于鳞癌和小细胞癌(P＜0.01).结论 肺癌的CT征象与临床病理类型密切相关.     

穿孔性阑尾炎与非穿孔性阑尾炎的CT鉴别诊断

目的:评价多排螺旋CT对穿孔性与非穿孔性阑尾炎的鉴别诊断价值.方法:搜集手术及病理证实的急性阑尾炎151例,并按照手术及病理结果分为穿孔组(66例)和非穿孔组(85例),总结分析其CT表现,并比较穿孔性与非穿孔性阑尾炎的CT表现.结果:阑尾腔外粪石、阑尾腔外气体、阑尾周围脓肿、阑尾壁局限性强化缺损对诊断阑尾炎穿孔有很高的特异性(P＜0.05),为诊断阑尾炎穿孔的特异性征象;阑尾周围炎、盆腔炎改变在穿孔组发现频率也明显高于非穿孔组(P＜0.05),穿孔组阑尾直径明显大于非穿孔组(P＜0.05),对诊断阑尾炎穿孔有一定价值;阑尾位置、阑尾腔内粪石、阑尾腔内气体、阑尾周围淋巴结肿大在两组中无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论:CT是诊断穿孔性阑尾炎有效、快速的方法,其中阑尾腔外粪石、阑尾腔外气体、阑尾壁局限性强化缺损、阑尾周围脓肿为诊断穿孔性阑尾炎较为特异的CT征象,阑尾周围炎、盆腔炎改变、阑尾直径增大对于诊断阑尾炎穿孔有一定价值.     

儿童肠重复畸形CT表现

目的 探讨儿童肠重复畸形的CT表现及特征。方法 对28例肠重复畸形患者行CT检查,分析CT表现。结果 28例肠重复畸形中病灶位于胃囊2例,十二指肠2例,空肠2例,回肠8例,回盲部12例,结肠2例;其中肠外囊肿型21例,肠内囊肿型3例,肠外管状型4例; 28例患儿CT表现均呈圆形、类圆形或管状型低密度灶,CT值-3～13 HU,其中厚壁23例( 2 mm),薄壁5例。结论 肠重复畸形的CT检查具有一定特征性可作为首选,有利于提高本病术前诊断准确率。     

多层螺旋CT脑池造影诊断脑脊液鼻漏的价值

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT脑池造影对诊断脑脊液鼻漏的诊断价值.方法 采用36例脑脊液鼻漏患者,做脑池造影后行多层螺旋CT扫描,对扫描数据经计算机处理后得出冠状位、矢状位、轴位及合适的位置多平面重组(MPR)及三维(3D)图像并对图像进行分析.结果 36例患者手术中发现44个瘘口,术前CTC直接显示瘘口33个;间接征象提示瘘口存在7个;术中发现瘘口而CTC未显示瘘口征象的瘘口为4个.所有图像均采用MPR多平面多角度成像,其中冠状位成像显示瘘口为27个,矢状位成像显示瘘口为20个,轴位成像显示瘘口为12个.结论 多层螺旋CT脑池造影,一次检查即可完成对脑脊液鼻漏瘘管及其周围骨质情况的显示,可以从多角度显示瘘管的大小及形态.迄今为止,被认为是诊断脑脊液鼻漏的最佳方法.     

肝硬化的CT分型

目的:探讨肝硬化的CT分型标准及其临床意义.材料和方法:根据357例肝硬化患者的CT表现进行CT分型,分析各型肝硬化的肝脏大小、密度及脾脏增大、侧支静脉曲张、腹水、胸腔积液、肝癌、胆囊结石等并发症情况.结果:357例肝硬化患者被分为3个CT类型:均匀型(87例,占24.4%)、节段型(41例,占11.5%)和结节型(229例,占64.1%).均匀型中肝脏缩小显著少于另两型(P＜0.001);12例(13.8%)肝脏密度低于脾脏,显著多于结节型的4.4%(P＜0.01).脾脏肿大程度显著轻于节段型和结节型(P＜0.01和0.001).节段型发生侧支静脉曲张的比率最高(29例,70.7%),其次为结节型(39例,17.0%)和均匀型(2例,2.3%),各组间均有显著差异(P＜0.001).结节型中79.5%病例有腹水,显著多于节段型26.8%和均匀型10.3%(P均＜0.001),节段型又显著多于均匀型(P＜0.025);21.4%的结节型病例有胸膜腔积液,显著多于节段型的7.3%(P＜0.05)和均匀型的4.6%(P＜0.001).结节型病例中原发性肝癌的发病率为29.7%(68例),显著高于节段型的2.4%和均匀型的5.7%(P均＜0.001).结论:不同CT类型的肝硬化与其并发症间存在着一定关系,对临床上肝脏储备功能和预后的判断具有提示作用.     

肾癌多层螺旋CT表现与手术病理结果的对照研究

目的 评价螺旋CT在肾癌检查中的应用价值和肾癌CT征象与组织病理学的关系.方法 279例做了CT平扫及增强扫描,所有病例均经病理证实为肾癌.对肾癌的临床特征及CT表现与手术病理结果进行对照.结果 肾癌在CT增强扫描早期呈中度和显著强化者占90.32%,除颗粒细胞都为均匀强化外,其余细胞类型呈不均匀强化,32.26%肿瘤边缘有或多或少的短毛刺(χ~2=38.2,P<0.01),短毛刺征象与病理检查肾包膜侵犯有显著关系.CT定性诊断准确率为91.40%;CT分期与手术病理分期的相关系数为0.84;肾癌的CT分型与癌肿细胞类型没有明显相关性(P>0.05).结论 多层螺旋CT能更好地显示出肿瘤的影像学特征,提高对肾癌的诊断准确性和分期能力.     

血吸虫性阑尾炎的CT表现

目的 探讨血吸虫性阑尾炎的CT表现.方法 搜集经手术病理确诊的血吸虫性阑尾炎17例,另随机选取30例非血吸虫性阑尾炎作为对照,对比分析两组CT表现并进行统计学处理.结果 血吸虫性阑尾炎组与非血吸虫性阑尾炎组间阑尾增粗、阑尾壁增厚、阑尾周围脂肪条纹影征象的出现率无统计学差异(P＞0.05).阑尾石征象在两组出现的概率无统计学差异(P＞0.05),但轨道状阑尾石更常见于血吸虫性阑尾炎(P＜0.05),结肠壁钙化也更常见于血吸虫性阑尾炎(P＜0.05).结论 CT平扫联合多平面重组(MPR)对血吸虫性阑尾炎有较高诊断价值,轨道状阑尾石及结肠壁连续性钙化有助于鉴别血吸虫性阑尾炎与非血吸虫性阑尾炎.     

硬脑膜动静脉瘘MSCTA诊断的临床价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT血管造影(MSCTA)在硬脑膜动静脉瘘诊断中的临床价值。方法回顾性分析6例硬脑膜动静脉瘘MSCT影像表现,6例患者均行DSA检查,CTA采用(VR)、最大密度投影法(MIP)等方法进行图像重组,多角度显示脑血管树,观察供血动脉、引流静脉、静脉窦瘘口的情况,与DSA进行对比,观察其一致性。结果本组硬脑膜动静脉瘘2例发生在横窦-乙状窦区(均为Ⅰ型),2例位于海绵窦区(分别为Ⅰ、Ⅱ型),1例位于额叶颅底区(Ⅲ型),1例自两侧顶部引流至上矢状窦(Ⅱ型)。对于引流静脉和静脉窦等细节显示,CTA表现与DSA和手术所见高度一致。结论在硬脑膜动静脉瘘的诊断中,根据其发病部位及分型,以及有无并发症等征象,MSCTA对于临床治疗方案的选择具有重要意义。     

肠扭转的CT诊断(附16例分析)

目的:探讨肠扭转CT平扫的影像学特征.方法:对16例经手术证实的肠扭转患者的CT平扫检查及其影像学表现进行了分析.结果:肠扭转CT平扫的主要征象为:①直接征象:肠袢呈C形15例,肠系膜血管扭曲征16例,远端肠管呈鸟嘴征13例,漩涡征6例;②间接征象:扭转肠袢内积液、积气者14例(其中单纯肠管内积液者6例),近端肠管见液平面者12例,腹膜腔内积液者3例.结论:CT平扫对肠扭转的早期诊断及指导临床治疗有重要价值.     

Reliability of endosonography in evaluation of anal fistulae and abscesses

Objective:
To assess the reliability of anal endosonography (AES) in the diagnosis of anal fistulae and abscesses. Material and Methods:
86 patients with different types of anal fistulae and abscesses were prospectively examined with a 7.0 MHz transducer. Type of anal fistulae, differentiation between simple and complex tracts, and location of their internal openings were defined. In 66 cases with permeable external opening, hydrogen peroxide solution was introduced into the fistula tract. Reliability of AES was defined after surgical treatment of all cases. Results:
74 anal fistulae, including 43 transsphincteric, 11 intersphincteric, 6 suprasphincteric, 3 superficial, and 11 ano-vaginal were found on AES. 27 fistulae were complex, and 47 simple fistulae. In 10 patients a coexisting abscess was found; the remaining 12 abscesses were without any fistula. Surgery confirmed the type of anal fistula in 64 patients (86.5%), and location of internal openings in 60 cases (81.1%). All abscesses were confirmed. Conclusion:
AES showed high accuracy in diagnosing anal fistulae and abscesses.     

Computed tomography vs barium studies in the acutely symptomatic patient with Crohn disease

Gastrointestinal contrast studies and CT performed on 43 patients with known Crohn disease with acute symptoms were retrospectively reviewed to assess the ability of each study to define the location and extent of disease. In 39 of 43 (91%) patients the contrast studies and CT agreed on the location of active disease. However, in 15 of 43 (35%) patients, contrast studies demonstrated additional areas of mucosal disease remote from the major area of activity that were not suggested by CT. In addition to demonstrating more extensive mucosal disease, contrast studies proved superior in demonstrating enteroenteric fistulae, sinus tracts, strictures, postsurgical anatomy, and relation of recurrence to anastomosis. Computed tomography proved superior in demonstrating mesenteric inflammation, abscesses, enterovesical and enterocutaneous fistulae, fistula to iliopsoas muscle and to sacrum. We conclude that in the patient with suspected abscess, enterovesical or enterocutaneous fistula, CT is the study of choice. In other clinical circumstances both CT and contrast studies should be performed since they are complementary.     

Laser Ablation Facilitates Closure of Chronic Enterocutaneous Fistulae

This report describes the use of laser ablation for treatment of chronic enterocutaneous fistulae (ECFs) after failure of conservative therapy. Three patients underwent laser ablation for treatment of 8 ECFs. Mean duration of fistula patency was 28 months with mean fistula output of 134 mL/day. The initial technical success was 100% with no major or minor complications. Three ECFs required repeat treatment. At mean follow-up of 53 days, 7 of the fistulae were occluded. One fistula showed a markedly reduced output of 10 mL/day.     

肺癌致上腔静脉综合征的CT诊断

目的:探讨肺癌致上腔静脉综合征(SVCS)的CT表现。材料和方法:病理确诊肺癌致SVCS51例,回顾性分析肺癌、上腔静脉梗阻及SVCS继发病变的CT特征,并作统计分析。结果:(1)原发疾病特征:致SVCS肺癌位于右上肺叶32例、右中肺叶3例、右下肺叶5例、左上肺叶2例、左下肺叶5例、右全肺4例;大体类型:中央型35例、右上纵隔型12例、周围型4例。(2)上腔静脉梗阻征:环状包埋11例、半环状包埋5例、夹心状包埋5例、推移10例、向左推压15例、完全闭塞5例。梗阻程度不同,前五者发生率有差异(P<0.05)。(3)继发病变征:单纯侧枝循环建立与开放14例、单纯胸壁肿胀12例、二者均有16例、二者均无9例,上腔静脉梗阻程度不同,侧枝循环和/或胸壁水肿CT显示率不同(P<0.05)。结论:CT增强扫描能全面诊断肺癌致SVCS。     

CT瘘管造影在复杂性多分支瘘中的临床应用

目的:探讨CT瘘管造影在复杂性多分支窦瘘中的临床应用价值.方法:对7例复杂性多分支瘘管患者进行CT瘘管造影检查,对图像进行最大密度投影(MIP)、多平面重建和曲面重建(MPR/CPR)及三维表面重建(3D-SSD)处理.结果:CT瘘管造影及其后处理影像清晰显示了复杂多分支瘘管系统.2例复杂性多分支瘘管患者经CT瘘管造影分别发现为邻近骶髂关节的病变和盆腔内畸胎瘤所致,另有1例显示了复杂性多分支瘘管病变累及骶尾椎,对比剂进入骶管.CT瘘管造影所见与手术一致.结论:CT瘘管造影有利于复杂性多分支瘘管系统的显示及术前准备.     

Postoperative imaging of labyrinthine fistulae in cholesteatomas.

We evaluated the morphology of three operatively closed labyrinthine fistulae which were due to acquired middle ear cholesteatoma in three patients. In all three cases the fistula location was in the horizontal semicircular canal. The fistulae were closed by a mixture of bone powder and Tissucol. The layer closing the fistula was in all cases indistinguishable from the bony otic capsule on the postoperative CT.     

64层螺旋CT血管成像诊断脊髓血管畸形的价值

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT 血管成像(CTA)对脊髓血管畸形的诊断价值.方法 经临床和MR检查拟诊为脊髓血管畸形的15例患者进行了CTA.所有患者均在1周内进行了DSA检查.其中4例行于术治疗.将CTA图像与DSA和手术所见进行对照,从判定畸形的类型、显示病变累及的范围、供血动脉、引流静脉和可能存在的瘘口等方面,对CTA图像进行评价.结果 15例脊髓血管畸形经DSA和手术确诊,分别为6例髓内动静脉畸彤、2例髓周动静脉瘘、3例硬脊膜动静脉瘘和4例Cobb综合征.CTA对15例患者的分类和对病变累及范围的判断与DSA结果一致.CTA清晰显示了病变的主要供血动脉和引流静脉.5例动静脉瘘中4例CTA判断的瘘口位置与DSA所见一敛,另1例为复杂血管畸形,瘘口难以辨别.CTA还清晰显示了4例Cobb综合征位于椎旁和皮下的畸形血管团.结论 64层螺旋CTA可以判定脊髓血管畸形的类型,快速、无创地显示其主要病变特征,可作为该病的筛查手段.     

Endovascular therapy of arteriovenous fistulae with electrolytically detachable coils

We report our experience in using Guglielmi electrolytically detachable coils (GDC) alone or in combination with other materials in the treatment of intracranial or cervical high-flow fistulae. We treated 14 patients with arteriovenous fistulae on brain-supplying vessels – three involving the external carotid or the vertebral artery, five the cavernous sinus and six the dural sinuses – by endovascular occlusion using electrolytically detachable platinum coils. The fistula was caused by trauma in six cases. In one case Ehlers-Danlos syndrome was the underlying disease, and in the remaining seven cases no aetiology could be found. Fistulae of the external carotid and vertebral arteries and caroticocavernous fistulae were reached via the transarterial route, while in all dural fistulae a combined transarterial-transvenous approach was chosen. All fistulae were treated using electrolytically detachable coils. While small fistulae could be occluded with electrolytically detachable coils alone, large fistulae were treated by using coils to build a stable basket for other types of coil or balloons. In 11 of the 14 patients, endovascular treatment resulted in complete occlusion of the fistula; in the remaining three occlusion was subtotal. Symptoms and signs were completely abolished by this treatment in 12 patients and reduced in 2. On clinical and neuroradiological follow-up (mean 16 months) no reappearance of symptoms was recorded. Received: 17 March 1999 Accepted: 27 April 1999     

Role of color Doppler echography in the visualization of perianal fistulae with injections of physiologic solutions

PURPOSE: To prove the diagnostic value of color Doppler US in the evaluation of perianal external fistulae, using an endocavitary probe and a saline solution injection, in order to show the location of the fistulae, their extension, possible secondary tracts, residual abscesses and the relationship with adjacent tissues. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From October 1999 to December 1999, thirty-five consecutive patients (21 males and 14 females, mean age 47.5) affected with Crohn's disease were examined prospectively. These patients presented postoperative recurring external perianal fistulae. From this first group, 10 patients (6 males and 4 females, mean age 45) were selected as the external fistula was open. A biplanar transrectal 7.5 MHz probe was used for the examination. First the external opening of the fistula was cannulated with a soft plastic catheter. Then the probe, covered with a lubricated condom filled with US gel, was introduced into the anal canal (males) or the vagina (females). An initial gray-scale US study was performed. Finally the color-box was positioned on the tract, the Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) adjusted and the saline solution introduced. The study was completed with axial and linear scans. RESULTS: The mean examination duration was 31 minutes. Only two patients found the examination annoying because of partial anorectal stricture. The wall layers and their thickness were clearly located and distinguished. Gray-scale US showed the local anatomy in all patients. In 4 patients it depicted the primary fistula as a thin hypoecoic line (40%, three intersphinteric and one transphinteric). Color Doppler US detected the fistula in all patients (100%, seven intersphinteric and three transphinteric). Moreover it showed 2 small secondary tracts in 2 patients. No abscesses were found at the time of the examination. In the patients who underwent a second operation, surgical findings showed a good correlation (90-100%) with color Doppler findings. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated a greater diagnostic value of endosonography with color Doppler and saline solution injection as compared to conventional gray-scale endosonography in the evaluation of fistulae. Since this technique is also cost-effective and well tolerated by most patients we conclude that at present it makes an important diagnostic tool in the preoperative assessment of perianal fistulae.