Delayed epidural hematoma after mild head injury

BACKGROUND: Traumatic delayed epidural hematoma (DEH) can be defined as insignificant or not seen on the initial CT scan performed after a trauma but seen on the subsequent CT scan as a "massive" epidural bleeding. CASE REPORT: We presented two cases of traumatic DEH after mild head injury. Both patients were conscious and without neurological deficit on the admission. Initial CT scan did not reveal intracranial hematoma. Repeated CT scan, that was performed after neurological deterioration, revealed epidural hematoma in both cases. The patients were operated with a favorable surgical outcome. CONCLUSION: Traumatic DEH could occur in the patients with head injuries who were conscious on the admission with a normal initial CT scan finding. Early detection of DEH and an urgent surgical evacuation were essential for a good outcome.     

跨窦骨瓣开颅术治疗骑跨静脉窦硬膜外血肿

目的 探讨骑跨静脉窦硬膜外血肿的手术治疗策略及疗效.方法 对43例骑跨静脉窦硬膜外血肿病例的临床资料、手术方式和预后进行回顾性分析.43例患者均采用跨窦骨瓣开颅,骨瓣复位,窦旁(周)硬脑膜悬吊于骨瓣相应位置的骨孔上.结果 43例术后第3、6天头部CT扫描显示血肿无复发、无残留,骨瓣无移位.出院时GOS预后评分:术后死亡1例,重度残疾1例,中度残疾2例,恢复良好39例.结论 跨窦骨瓣开颅术是治疗骑跨静脉窦硬膜外血肿的一种安全而且有效的方法.     

非外伤性脊髓硬膜外血肿的MR诊断

目的　探讨非外伤性脊髓硬膜外血肿的MR表现特点及其鉴别诊断。方法　 14例非外伤性脊髓硬膜外血肿 ,男 9例 ,女5例 ,年龄 4～ 63岁 ,平均 41.3岁。所有病例均无明显的外伤史。常规行T1W矢状位 ,T2 W矢状位及横切位扫描 ,1例行MR增强扫描。结果　 14例非外伤性脊髓硬膜外血肿中 11例位于椎管背侧 ,3例位于椎管腹侧 ,呈新月状或长条带状 ,分别累及 3～ 12个脊髓节段 ,平均 5 .2个脊髓节段。血肿位于颈胸段 4例 ,位于胸段 3例 ,位于胸腰段 5例 ,位于腰段 2例。 10例血肿T1W及T2 W均呈较均质性高信号强度 ,3例血肿T1W及T2 W呈不均质性高信号强度 ,1例于T1W呈中等信号强度 ,T2 W呈较低信号强度。 14例中 1例于血肿内可见低信号的血管流空影 ,术后证实为动静脉畸形。血肿于T1W及T2 W与脊髓之间有一低信号带相隔 ,尤以T2 W显示最佳。 2例受压脊髓于T2 W呈高信号。 1例行MR增强扫描 ,血肿壁轻度强化。结论　MR是诊断非外伤性脊髓硬膜外血肿的最佳检查方法 ,不仅可以清楚地显示血肿的部位及范围 ,而且可以清楚地显示血肿新旧程度及脊髓受损的情况     

椎管内血肿的影像学表现

目的探讨椎管内血肿的CT及MRI表现特点,提高椎管内血肿CT及MRI表现的认识。方法回顾分析18例经手术及临床治疗随访复查证实的椎管内血肿的CT及MRI表现。18例患者均常规CT、MR平扫,其中2例MR增强扫描。使用GE公司Lightspeed16CT扫描仪,及Phillip1．5TAcheive超导MR扫描仪,2例MR增强扫描采用钆喷酸葡甲胺（Gd—DTPA）对比剂经静脉团注,注射剂0．1mmol/kg。结果颈胸段3例,胸段5例,胸腰段6例,腰段4例;位于脊髓背侧方14例,脊髓两侧2例、腹侧2例。硬膜外血肿11例,硬膜下血肿6例,硬膜外血肿并蛛网膜下腔内积血1例。CT表现为高密度或等密度,MRI分别呈长T1长T2信号、长T-短Tz信号、等T1短T2信号及短T1长T2信号,其中2例MR增强扫描,1例边缘强化,1例未见强化。结论椎管内血肿的CT、MRI表现具有一定的特征性,对其定性定位诊断及鉴别诊断有着重要的价值。     

Delayed epidural hematoma

Summary A case of delayed epidural hematoma is described who had an initial computerized tomography (CT) scan reported as normal. Repeat CT scan at 48 h demonstrated a right temporal epidural hematoma. A skull fracture was not observed radiographically or at surgery. The world literature is reviewed and the criteria for repeat CT scanning is discussed.     

儿童硬膜外血肿的治疗

目的 探讨儿童硬膜外血肿的临床特点及其治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析我院2001年1月～2003年12月收治的儿童硬膜外血肿120例。结果 婴幼儿和学龄前儿童受伤原因以坠落伤及摔伤为主，7岁以上儿童以交通伤为主。65.8％(79/120)的患儿合并有颅骨骨折，格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)平均13．6分。急性血肿除立即手术者外，其他于首次发现血肿1d后及3d左右再复查CT。手术者占57.5％(69/120)，术中发现血肿来源于板障出血的占44％(29/66)。结论 儿童硬膜外血肿的原发颅脑损伤相对较轻，颅骨骨折的发生率低于成人，板障出血为血肿形成的首要原因。有必要做多次CT检查，经恰当治疗预后良好。     

Computed tomography of spinal epidural hematoma

Three cases of spinal epidural hematoma are presented. Computed tomography (CT) was the first diagnostic method used in two patients and demonstrated a surgically confirmed spinal epidural hematoma in both patients. In a third patient who presented with a complete block on myelography, CT was helpful in assessment of the extent of the lesion and suggested a vertebral hemangioma as the cause of the hematoma. CT is a very useful tool in the diagnosis of spinal epidural hematomas.     

Delayed intracerebral hemorrhage as demonstrated by CT scanning

Summary Three patients are presented who developed delayed intracerebral hematomas after head injury. Two patients had essentially negative CT scans on admission and developed intracerbral hematomas within 24 h after injury. They required surgical treatment and had fatal outcomes. The third patient presented with an epidural hematoma on CT scan, developed an intracerebral hematoma 48 h after evacuation of the epidural hematoma, and did well with conservative management.     

自发性椎管内硬膜外血肿的MRI诊断

目的探讨自发性椎管内硬膜外血肿（SSEH）的MRI特征,旨在提高对此病的认识水平。方法回顾性总结我院6例SSEH的MRI特征和相关临床资料,其中4例经手术和病理确诊,2例保守治疗随访有效。结果血肿位于颈胸段2例,胸段3例,腰段1例。5例血肿位于硬脊膜外腔后方,1例位于硬脊膜外腔侧后方,血肿累及l～3个脊髓节段。T1加权像呈等信号、Tz加权像呈高信号1例;T1加权像呈等信号、L加权像呈低信号3例;T1加权像呈高信号、T1加权像呈低信号2例。其中4例采用钆喷酸葡甲胺（Gd—DTPA）对比剂增强扫描,1例轻中度条片状强化;2例边缘轻度强化,其中1例类似环状;1例无明显强化。结论MRI易于检出自发性椎管内硬膜外血肿,可以准确显示其部位、形态、大小及周围组织的关系,可以作出定性诊断,对临床诊治具有重要价值。     

Acute spinal epidural and subdural hematomas

Acute spinal epidural and subdural hematomas are rare entities. The clinical presentation is similar in both cases. MR imaging is the most appropriate imaging technique. On axial images, epidural hematoma has a biconvex shape. It is separated from the spinal cord by the hypointense dura on T2-weighted images. Conversely, subdural hematoma has a crescentic shape on axial images and is located medially to the dura. In the latter case, the epidural fat is not involved. There is no surgical indication for patients with early and rapid regressive symptoms. In other cases the surgical treatment consists of hematoma evacuation.     

Epidural hematoma as a complication of sphenoid sinusitis and epidural abscess: a case report and literature review

Imaging is of paramount importance in early diagnosis of epidural abscess and its intracranial complications. Typical CT imaging features of an epidural abscess include a hypodense lentiform extra-axial collection with rim enhancement. We present a case of epidural abscess that was hyperdense on CT scan due to the presence of associated epidural hematoma. The literature is reviewed regarding this unusual complication of epidural abscess.     

CT scan evidence of air presence in an epidural hematoma

CT scan evidence of air in an intracranial epidural hematoma is presented. Several conditions could be necessary to induce this unusual pathology: an associated open fracture of the cranial aeric cavities and a positive differential pressure between cavities and hematoma.     

Nonoperative management of acute epidural hematoma diagnosed by CT: the neuroradiologist's role.

PURPOSE: To determine whether certain patients with epidural hematomas would benefit from conservative treatment and to assess the neuroradiologist's role in decision-making. METHODS: We reviewed the CT scan findings, clinical presentation and outcome of 48 consecutive patients with epidural hematoma managed at our institution within the past 5 years. In 18 patients, initial management was nonsurgical, and only one of these went on to require surgery due to clinical deterioration and evidence of enlargement of hematoma on CT. The remainder of these 18 did well without surgery. OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS: Clinical indicators of neurologic dysfunction (decrease in Glasgow coma scale score, pupillary dilatation, and hemiparesis) in the presence of even small epidural hematomas usually dictates the need for surgical management. The role of the neuroradiologist is most important when the patient presents in a good clinical state, when identification of both favorable and unfavorable prognostic factors on Ct is essential. The initial diameter of nonsurgically managed epidural hematomas generally must be small (mean, 1.26 cm in our series, all under 1.5 cm), and midline shift should be minimal (mean, 1.8 mm in our series). The identification of lucent areas within the epidural hematoma (suggesting active bleeding), or CT evidence of uncal herniation, can be ominous and the neurosurgeon must be alerted to their presence. Even in the presence of a favorable clinical status, presence of a larger epidural hematoma with significant mass effect or central lucent areas should alert the neuroradiologist and neurosurgeon to the strong possibility of sudden neurologic deterioration, and indicate the probable need for surgical management.     

Peripheral contrast enhancement in chronic epidural hematomas.

Three cases of chronic epidural hematomas with contrast enhanced margins on computed tomography (CT) are presented. The CT findings in epidural hematoma are discussed, and two possible mechanisms for the enhancing margin of the chronic epidural hematoma are suggested.     

Scintigraphic appearance of bifrontal epidural hematoma: case report.

A bifrontal and parasagittal epidural hematoma was detected on the brain scan. The scintigraphic appearance of this rare lesion is described.     

脑内等密度占位性病变的CT诊断途径分析(附116例报告)

目的：分析总结脑内等密度占位性病变的CT征象及诊断途径，加强对此类疾病的认识，提高诊断准确率。方法：回顾分析经病理或治疗随访证实的116例脑内等密度占位性病变的CT征象特点，其中109例行CT增强检查。结果：116例中，确诊主要途径为：仅通过CT平扫确诊10例，结合CT平扫及增强确诊59例，结合病史确诊16例，结合临床查体确诊9例。结合其他影像或实验室检查确诊15例。脑瘤87例，其中胶质瘤34例、转移瘤31例、脑膜瘤10例、垂体瘸5例、其他7例，亚急性硬膜外或硬膜下血肿15例，脑脓肿7例，脑血管畸形4例，脑囊虫病3例。结论：通过仔细分析CT平片和全面结合病史、临床查体、其他检查，提示脑内占位性病变，并尽可能做出神经功能定位，再辅以CT增强，必要时随访，对于正确诊断脑内等密度占位性病变，减少漏诊，避免误诊，非常重要。     

血浆S-100B蛋白测定在外伤性颅内血肿诊疗中的临床意义

目的 探讨血浆S-100B蛋白在不同类型外伤性颅内血肿的诊断、分型、指导治疗中的临床价值.方法 颅内血肿116例,根据头颅CT分为硬膜外血肿(52例)、硬膜下血肿(32例)、脑内血肿(32例)三组,伤后早期(6小时内)抽取血浆测定S-100B蛋白含量,伤后每24小时送检1次,动态测定(3～7天).三组两两比较.结果 脑...     

Subdural and epidural hematoma occurrence in relation to the head impact site: An autopsy study

Blunt head injury is a major public health and socioeconomic problem causing death and disability particularly among the young population throughout the world. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate if the impact site is correlated with the subdural and epidural hematoma occurrence. A retrospective analysis of consecutive autopsy cases submitted to our Department during a 5-year period was performed. The basic criterion for inclusion in the study was death due to blunt head injury. The recorded variables included the circumstances of death, the existence, and location of head injuries, the primary impact site, age, gender, and toxicological results. A total number of 683 fatal head injury cases was recorded, with most of them being male (74.1%). In 424 cases (62.1%) fatal head injuries were due to road traffic accidents. Fall (from height or on the ground) was the cause of death in 220 (32.2%) cases followed by inflicted impact-assault in 26 (3.8%) cases. A subdural hematoma was found more frequently (26.9%) than epidural (5.0%). Epidural hematomas were found only under the primary impact site, whereas subdural hematomas were coup, contrecoup, or bilateral. An epidural hematoma was found to be almost 5 times more frequent in cases in which a subdural hematoma was present. A higher proportion of subdural, as well as epidural hematoma, was found when the site of impact was the temporal region, followed by the parietal one. Sex did not exert any influence on the probability of subdural and epidural hematoma, whereas for age, a 10% increase in the probability of subdural hematoma occurrence was observed with 10-year age increase.     

外伤性颅内血肿332例分析

本文分析了从1980～1987年我院收治的外伤性颅内血肿332例。其中111例人院时已发生脑疝。本组总死亡率为16.9％。不同类型的血肿死亡率:特急型57.1％,急性型9.3％,亚急型无死亡。硬膜外血肿3.8％,硬膜下血肿39.1％,脑内血肿7.5％,多发性血肿27.9％,脑室内血肿50％。作者认为CT检查对脑室内血肿、小脑内血肿和基底节区血肿的诊断有重要意义,并强调了动态的CT观察的必要性,特别对迟发性血肿和多发性血肿尤为重要。此外,为了降低死亡率,应加强对并发症的防治和对脑损伤的治疗。     

皮质内移征在鉴别脑内与脑外占位性病变中的价值

目的:探讨皮质内移征对鉴别脑内、外病变的价值。方法:对55例脑外占位性病变,包括21例硬膜下血肿、10例硬膜下积液1、1例硬膜外血肿1、3例脑膜瘤和32例脑内胶质细胞瘤,其中21例星形细胞瘤、4例少支胶质细胞瘤、7例幕上室管膜瘤行CT平扫及增强扫描图像资料进行回顾性分析。结果:55例脑外占位性病变中49例出现脑皮质内移征,包括硬膜下血肿21例、硬膜下积液10例、硬膜外血肿11例和脑膜瘤7例;而32例脑内胶质细胞瘤,包括星形细胞瘤21例、少支胶质细胞瘤4例、幕上室管膜瘤7例均未显示脑皮质内移征。结论:皮质内移征对鉴别脑内与脑外占位性病变具有很大的价值。