一期前后联合手术固定治疗严重下颈椎骨折脱位

目的 探讨一期前后联合手术固定治疗严重下颈椎骨折脱位的效果。方法 12例严重下颈椎骨折脱位患者采用一期前后联合手术复位、减压和内固定。其中前路采用Orion带锁钢板5例，Zephir带锁钢板7例；前路减压后采用自体骨移植4例，采用钛网加自体骨移植8例；后路均采用Axis钛板螺钉，其中采用侧块螺钉4例，颈椎椎弓根螺钉8例。结果 术后随访4～18个月，神经功能均有一级以上改善，其中有3例Frankel C级患者术后接近E级。未见内植物松动、脱落及断裂者，植骨在3～4个月内融合，未出现与手术固定技术直接相关的并发症。有1例发现椎弓根螺钉紧靠椎间孔上缘进入椎体，但无神经损伤症状。结论 颈椎前后路一期联合手术固定严重下颈椎骨折脱位可使损伤节段获得早期稳定，方便术后护理和功能锻炼，有利于脊髓功能的恢复。     

早期前路减压植骨固定治疗下颈椎骨折脱位

目的观察早期前方减压植骨固定术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位的临床效果。方法采用前路手术减压、自体髂骨植骨及颈椎带锁钢板内固定治疗下颈椎骨折脱位24例，其中2例同期后路复位及减压。术后随访6～24个月，定期X线片观察损伤节段的稳定性和融合情况，以Frankle分级判定脊髓功能恢复情况。结果术后颈椎即获稳定，恢复脊柱正常序列、曲度及椎体高度，植骨在3～6个月融合，无钢板螺钉松动、断裂等并发症。术后3个月、6个月和12个月时Frankel分级分别平均改善1．15级、1．30级和1．32级。结论前路早期手术植骨内固定治疗严重下颈椎骨折脱位，可使损伤节段获得满意的复位、即刻的稳定和重建。早期手术不仅可明显改善脊髓的功能状况，还可避免因发生并发症而错过手术时机。     

一期前后联合手术减压内固定治疗严重下颈椎疾病

目的 探讨严重下颈椎疾患的一期前后联合手术的可行性和疗效。方法 全麻下一期前后路联合减压、前路带锁钢板固定及自体植骨或钛网加自体骨移植，后路侧块钢板固定9例和颈椎椎弓根固定8例。10例为严重的颈椎骨折脱位，7例为钳夹型颈椎病。结果 本组17例经3～36个月的随访，围手术期无明显并发症。脊髓功能都有不同程度改善。结论 严重下颈椎疾患的一期前后联合手术是可行的，具有稳定性好、病人康复快的优点。     

一期前后联合手术内固定治疗严重下颈椎骨折脱位

目的探讨一期前后联合手术内固定治疗严重下颈椎骨折脱位的效果。方法对11例严重下颈椎骨折脱位采用一期前后联合手术内固定治疗。其中前路采用带锁钢板结合钛网自体骨移植固定;后路均采用侧块螺钉固定。结果术后随访4~18个月,不完全损伤患者神经功能均有1级以上改善。未见内植物松动、脱落及断裂者,植骨在3~4个月内融合,未出现与手术固定技术直接相关的并发症。结论颈椎前后路一期联合手术内固定治疗严重下颈椎骨折脱位可使损伤节段获得早期稳定,方便术后护理和功能锻炼,有利于脊髓功能的恢复。对于脊髓前方有致压物的不完全脊髓损伤颈椎骨折脱位患者,选择前后联合手术入路应严格遵循前路-后路-前路的顺序进行,以免进一步加重脊髓损伤。     

颈前路带锁钢板治疗下颈椎损伤(附38例报告)

目的：研究颈前路带锁钢板在下颈椎损伤手术中的应用。方法：2000年4月-2002年4月止采用颈椎前路减压、植骨融合、带锁钢板内固定治疗下颈椎骨折脱位并颈髓损伤38例，其中单节段22例，双节段12例，三节段4例；Frankel分级：A级4例，B级12例，C级16例，D级6例。结果：术后随访6-12月，平均10.5月，38例植骨块于3月内骨性愈合，平均愈合时间为2.6月，脊髓功能均有不同程度恢复，Frankel分级平均提高1.4级，无1例有骨不连、植骨块脱出、钢板螺钉松动脱出等并发症。结论：颈前路带锁钢板是颈椎前路减压、植骨融合手术中较为安全、有效的内固定系统。     

一期前后联合手术减压内固定治疗严重下颈椎疾病

目的 探讨严重下颈椎疾患的一期前后联合手术的可行性和疗效。方法 全麻下一期前后路联合减压、前路带锁钢板固定及自体植骨或钛网加自体骨移植,后路侧块钢板固定9例和颈椎椎弓根固定8例。10例为严重的颈椎骨折脱位,7例为钳夹型颈椎病。结果 本组17例经3～36个月的随访,围手术期无明显并发症。脊髓功能都有不同程度改善。结论 严重下颈椎疾患的一期前后联合手术是可行的,具有稳定性好、病人康复快的优点。     

Ⅰ期手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突交锁32例

目的：探讨经颈椎后、前路联合手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位、关节突交锁伴脊髓损伤的方法。方法：采用一期后、前路联合手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位、关节突交锁伴脊髓损伤32例。结果：经3～26个月平均11个月的随访,临床效果按（A-SIA）神经功能评分,平均提高1～2级。骨折脱位节段完全复位,颈椎序列与曲度恢复正常,无节段性不稳,前路植骨融合均于术后12周获骨性融合。结论：采用后路复位减压植骨内固定再行前路减压内固定是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,具有创伤小、手术时间短的优点。     

一期前后路手术治疗严重下颈椎骨折脱位

目的探讨一期颈椎前后路联合手术固定治疗严重下颈椎骨折脱位的疗效。方法全麻下一期前后路联合减压复位,后路侧块固定,前路带锁钢板固定,治疗严重下颈椎骨折脱位25例。结果本组25例经7￣30个月随访,未见颈椎内固定及植骨块松脱移位,植骨在3￣4个月内融合,脊髓功能均有不同程度改善。结论一期前后路手术治疗对严重下颈椎骨折脱位是一种合理、可行的方法。具有减压彻底、稳定性好、利于脊髓功能恢复等优点。     

颈前路手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位30例疗效观察

[目的]观察早期前路减压植骨内固定术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位的临床疗效.[方法]对30例下颈椎骨折脱位采用前路手术减压、自体骨植骨及颈椎带锁钢板和或钛网内固定治疗.[结果]术后随访6～24个月,定期X线片观察损伤节段的稳定性和融合情况,以Frankel分级判定脊髓功能恢复情况.术后颈椎即获稳定,恢复脊柱正常序列、曲度及椎体高度,植骨在3～5个月融合,无钢板螺钉松动、断裂等并发症.术后神经功能获得不同程度的改善.[结论]早期前路减压植骨内固定术治疗严重下颈椎骨折脱位,不但可充分减压、使损伤节段获得满意的复位、得到即刻的稳定和重建,而且可防止继发性脊髓损伤,改善脊髓的功能状况,还可避免因发生并发症而错过手术时机.     

一期后路经关节螺钉联合前路钢板固定治疗下颈椎骨折脱位

目的 探讨一期后路经关节螺钉联合前路钢板固定技术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位的效果. 方法 自2005年10月至2007年5月对12例下颈椎骨折脱位患者采用一期前后路联合手术.单纯脱位者,先行后路复位经关节突螺钉固定,再改行前路椎间隙减压,植骨融合,钢板内固定;椎体骨折伴脱位者,前路先行椎体次全切除,植骨融合,钢板内固定,然后行后路经关节螺钉固定脱位节段,小关节间行植骨融合.术前ASIA分级:A级21例,B级6例,C级3例,D级1例. 结果 12例患者获6～21个月(平均14.8个月)随访,椎间及小关节间植骨全部愈合.无螺钉松动及神经、血管并发症.术后除1例完全性瘫痪患者神经功能无恢复外,其余11例均有一级以上恢复.术后ASIA分级:A级1例,B级1例,C级4例,D级4例,E级2例. 结论 下颈椎经关节螺钉联合前路钢板固定融合术,具有操作简单安全、固定可靠、植骨融合率高等优点,是治疗下颈椎骨折脱位较为理想的术式.     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.