氟桂嗪对急性脑梗死患者血小板线粒体Ca2+含量的影响

目的探讨氟桂嗪对脑缺血后血小板线粒体钙超载的影响,并研究其治疗机理.方法把急性脑梗死患者分为氟桂嗪治疗组(口服氟桂嗪5mg,每晚一次)和普通治疗组以及对照组,抽取其不同时期静脉血,用差异分离法分离血小板线粒体,FURA-3荧光法测定血小板线粒体游离Ca2+的含量.结果脑梗死后(起病24小时内、无论是否接受氟桂嗪治疗)血小板线粒体游离Ca2+浓度增加(P＜0.01);氟桂嗪治疗后第3天和7天时血小板线粒体游离Ca2+浓度降低(P＜0.05);普通治疗组血小板线粒体游离Ca2+浓度无明显变化(P＞0.05).结论氟桂嗪降低急性脑梗死患者血小板线粒体游离Ca2+含量.     

脑缺血再灌注后海马CA1区谷氨酸的表达变化及氟桂利嗪的影响

目的　观察暂短性脑缺血再灌注后沙土鼠海马区谷氨酸的表达变化以及氟桂利嗪干预的影响。方法　按照Kirino的方法 ,制作缺血再灌注模型。于缺血再灌注后 1、2、7天采取免疫组化方法检测谷氨酸表达 ,并于 7天在电镜和光镜下观察组织学变化。结果　缺血再灌注组 1天及 2天海马CA1区谷氨酸表达增高 (P <0 .0 1) ,7天恢复正常。光镜及电镜可见给药组存活的神经元数目明显多于缺血再灌注组 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　谷氨酸表达增高可能是鼠脑海马区迟发性神经元死亡的原因之一 ,氟桂利嗪可抑制谷氨酸的表达 ,对缺血的神经元起保护作用。     

小鼠皮质神经元类缺血/再灌注后氟桂利嗪对胞质内游离钙离子和神经元凋亡的实验研究

目的研究类缺血/再灌注后不同时间点神经元胞质内游离钙离子及神经元凋亡比例变化,探讨类缺血/再灌注后神经元的凋亡与神经内钙离子的关系及氟桂利嗪的治疗意义.方法利用Ca2 指示剂Flu-3/AM作为细胞内钙离子的荧光探针负载培养的神经元,共聚焦技术检测细胞内荧光强度的变化,原位末端标记法(TUNEL)观察神经元类缺血再灌注后不同时间点神经元凋亡情况.结果与类缺血/再灌注组相比,氟桂利嗪对类缺血/再灌注后神经元胞质内游离钙离子浓度增高和神经元凋亡有显著抑制作用(P＜0.05);再灌注3 h两组无显著差异.结论氟桂利嗪可明显抑制类缺血/再灌注后神经元胞质内钙离子的升高,减少神经元凋亡比例.     

葛根素预处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血-再灌注线粒体功能的影响

目的观察葛根素对大鼠局灶性脑缺血-再灌注损伤后线粒体功能的影响。方法健康成年雄性SD大鼠40只,随机分成5组(n=8):假手术组、脑缺血-再灌注组、葛根素预处理24h 100mg组、葛根素预处理24h 200mg组和葛根素预处理24h 400mg组,其中葛根素预处理24h组于脑缺血前24h给予相应剂量葛根素腹腔注射行单次预处理,采用大脑中动脉线栓法建立局灶性脑缺血-再灌注模型,缺血90min,再灌注24h后,测定缺血侧海马线粒体内游离MDA、SOD、Na+-K+-ATP酶及Ca2+-ATP酶活性。结果与脑缺血-再灌注组相比,葛根素预处理-24 h100mg组、葛根素预处理-24h 200mg组及葛根素预处理-24h 400mg组大鼠脑线粒体内MDA含量明显下降,SOD、Na+-K+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase活性明显升高(P<0.05),而在葛根素预处理3个剂量组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。结论葛根素预处理对脑缺血-再灌注后线粒体损伤具有非剂量依赖性保护作用。     

氟桂嗪对急性脑梗死患者血小板线粒体Ca^2＋含量的影响

目的：探讨氟桂嗪对脑缺血后血小板线粒体钙超载的影响，并研究其治疗机理。方法：把急性脑梗死患者分为氟桂嗪治疗组（口服氟桂嗪5mg,每晚一次）和普通治疗组以及对照组，抽取其不同时期静脉血，用差异分离法分离血小板粒体，FURA－3荧光法测定血小板线粒体游离Ca^2 的含量。结果：脑梗死后（起病24小时内，无论是否接受氟桂嗪治疗）血小板线粒体游离Ca^2 浓度增加（P＜0．01）；氟桂嗪治疗后第3天和7天时血小板线粒体游离Ca^2 浓度降低（P＜0．05）。普通治疗组血小板线粒体游离Ca^2 浓度无明显变化（P＞0．05）.结论：氟桂嗪降低急性脑梗死患者血小板线粒体游离Ca^2 含量。     

脑缺血后处理对缺血再灌注脑组织线粒体通透性转换的影响

目的观察线粒体通透性转化在脑缺血后处理干预下的改变情况。方法采用SD大鼠局灶脑缺血模型,设立假手术组、缺血/再灌注组、缺血后处理组及延迟缺血后处理组。于大脑中动脉缺血30min,再灌注30min后检测脑组织中丙二醛含量和线粒体通透性转换的改变情况,再灌注24h后检测脑梗死面积。结果脑缺血后处理组脑梗死面积明显减少(P<0.05),脑组织中丙二醛含量减少(P<0.05),线粒体通透性转换减轻(P<0.05);延迟脑缺血后处理组与缺血再灌注组相比无明显改变。结论脑缺血后处理有明显的脑保护作用,但其保护作用有时间依赖性,其机制可能与抑制线粒体通透性转换孔开放有关。     

低氧预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后梗死体积和血脑屏障通透性的影响

目的　探讨低氧预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法　将SD大鼠分为 3组 ,即假手术组、缺血再灌注组、缺氧预处理 +缺血再灌注组。连续吸入 8%O2 +92 %N2 3h作缺氧预处理 ,12h后再经插线左大脑中动脉栓塞 (MCAO)制作缺血再灌注模型 ,到相应时间点后观察缺氧预处理对MCAO大鼠的行为、脑含水量、血脑屏障通透性和脑梗死体积的影响。结果与缺血再灌注组相比 ,缺氧预处理组大鼠的行为明显改善 ,脑伊文思蓝 (EB)含量、脑含水量 (P <0 0 5 ) ,脑梗死体积缩小。结论　低氧预处理降低缺血再灌注脑组织血脑屏障通透性 ,抑制脑水肿 ,缩小梗死体积 ,对缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血预处理后XBP-1表达的变化

目的 观察缺血预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后X盒结合蛋白1(XBP-1)mRNA及其蛋白表达的影响.方法 SD大鼠60只,随机分为假手术组(SO)、脑缺血再灌注组(MCAO)、脑缺血预处理组(BIP)3组,每组按照再缺血后12h、1d、2d、3d4个时间点分为4个亚组.采用二次线栓法制备大鼠局灶性脑缺血预处理模型,用实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot法观察再缺血后各个时间点XBP-1 mRNA及其蛋白的表达变化.结果 MCAO组XBP-1 mRNA及其蛋白表达均于缺血再灌注后12h开始明显上升,24h达高峰(P＜0.01),随再灌注时间延长其表达逐渐下降,但仍保持较高表达水平(P ＜0.01);BIP组较MCAO组XBP-1 mRNA及其蛋白表达明显升高(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 脑缺血预处理可能通过诱导XBP-1表达发挥其神经保护作用.     

七氟醚预处理对脑缺血再灌注损伤后星形胶质细胞缝隙连接的影响

目的探讨七氟醚预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后星形胶质细胞缝隙连接蛋白43(CX-43)以及缝隙连接超微结构的影响。方法雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血对照组(对照组)和七氟醚预处理组。采用线栓法制备大脑中动脉栓塞(MCAO)模型。脑缺血再灌注24 h后,采用透射电镜观察星形胶质细胞间缝隙连接超微结构的改变;脑缺血再灌注24和72 h后,免疫荧光染色和蛋白免疫印迹法检测缺血侧脑组织内CX-43的表达。结果脑缺血再灌注24 h后,对照组仅残留少量缝隙连接,七氟醚预处理组细胞间缝隙连接超微结构完整。脑缺血再灌注24 h后,对照组CX-43含量显著低于七氟醚预处理组(P0.05)。结论七氟醚预处理可能通过减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤后缝隙连接的破坏和CX-43的缺失起到神经保护作用。     

两次线栓法构建脑缺血耐受模型大鼠血脑屏障通透性改变与基质金属蛋白酶9的表达☆

背景：诸多研究证实,短暂性脑缺血预处理可诱导脑缺血耐受。然而,脑缺血耐受的内源性保护机制尚未明确。 目的：观察脑缺血预处理诱导脑缺血耐受大鼠再灌注不同时间窗血脑屏障通透性改变及基质金属蛋白酶9表达的变化。 方法：将Wistar大鼠随机分为3组,缺血预处理组采用线栓法阻塞大脑中动脉10 min建立局灶性缺血预处理模型,分别在缺血预处理后1,3,7,14,21 d进行再次缺血2 h;模型组不进行缺血预处理,假手术组不阻塞血管。于再灌注22 h进行神经功能检测,采用TTC染色测定脑梗死体积,通过测定渗出血管外的伊文思蓝含量来评价血脑屏障通透性的变化,免疫组织化学和原位杂交法检测基质金属蛋白酶9蛋白及mRNA的表达。 结果与结论：与模型组比较,缺血预处理组1,3,7 d亚组的神经功能评分、脑梗死体积、血脑屏障通透性、脑含水量以及基质金属蛋白酶9蛋白和mRNA表达均明显减小/降低(P < 0.05或P < 0.01),其中以3 d亚组降低最为明显。提示缺血预处理诱导了脑缺血耐受,预缺血诱导的血脑屏障通透性改变以及基质金属蛋白酶9表达减低在脑缺血耐受中发挥重要作用。     

阿司匹林对沙土鼠全脑缺血-再灌注后脑内一氧化氮合酶及一氧化氮的影响

目的观察阿司匹林对沙土鼠全脑缺血-再灌注后的脑保护作用及其与脑内一氧化氮合酶及一氧化氮水平变化的关系。方法采用夹闭双侧颈总动脉的方法,制备沙土鼠短暂性全脑缺血-再灌注模型。27只健康雄性蒙古沙土鼠随机分为假手术组、脑缺血-再灌注组和阿司匹林治疗组,观察缺血7min再灌注24h后沙土鼠脑组织的病理学改变,以及一氧化氮合酶与一氧化氮水平的变化。结果病理学检查结果显示,沙土鼠脑缺血7min再灌注24h后海马CA1区缺血性损害明显,脑组织内一氧化氮合酶及一氧化氮水平显著升高(P<0.01);与脑缺血-再灌注组相比,阿司匹林治疗组沙土鼠的病理损害较轻,一氧化氮合酶与一氧化氮水平明显下降(P<0.01)。结论阿司匹林可显著减轻脑缺血-再灌注后的脑损伤,其作用机制可能与抑制一氧化氮合酶与一氧化氮水平上升有关。     

疏血通对沙土鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其对NO、NOS含量的影响

目的　探讨疏血通对沙土鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法　 4 8只成年雄性沙土鼠随机分成假手术组、缺血再灌注组和治疗组 ,阻断双侧颈总动脉 7分钟后血液复流 ,制成沙土鼠脑缺血再灌注模型。每组随机取 8只沙土鼠于再灌注后 2 4小时处死 ,分离出海马区及额顶部脑组织 ,作脑组织匀浆。测定脑组织匀浆中的NO、NOS含量 ,同时对再灌注后 12小时、3天、7天海马区的病理学改变进行观察。然后比较假手术组、缺血再灌注组和治疗组上述指标的变化。结果　缺血再灌注后 12小时治疗组较缺血再灌注组海马CA1区神经元变性、坏死程度明显减轻 ,随再灌注时间的推移两组变性、坏死及形态不规则的神经元均逐渐增多 ;超微结构显示治疗组细胞器、细胞核及细胞内膜系统的损伤性改变较缺血再灌注组明显减轻。治疗组NO、NOS含量则明显低于缺血再灌注组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而缺血再灌注组NO、NOS含量明显高于假手术组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;治疗组与假手术组NO、NOS含量差别无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　疏血通可能通过抑制NO合成来对脑缺血再灌注损伤发挥保护作用。     

Electron microscopic investigation of the cerebral cortex after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in the gerbil

Prompt dendritic damage has been observed in the hippocampus of the gerbil brain after transient cerebral ischemia. In the present study, we studied the frontoparietal cortex of the gerbil brain electron microscopically after brief bilateral carotid occlusion to assess the vulnerability of dendritic processes. After ischemia for 5 min, there was swelling of the periphery of dendrites accompanied by swelling of mitochondria, cytoplasmic vacuolation and disintegration of microtubules in layer I, which spread to layer III after ischemia for 20 min. After reperfusion for 3-24 h following ischemia for 20 min, swelling in the periphery of dendrites and of mitochondria inside receded but vacuole formation and disintegration of microtubules propagated proximally. In neuronal perikarya, polyribosomal disaggregation was observed after ischemia for 20 min and persisted thereafter, while fragmentation of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and microvacuolation occurred after reperfusion for 3 h. Electron-dense clumping of neuronal perikarya was observed after reperfusion for 6 h particularly in layers III and Vb, which increased in number for up to 72 h. The observed progressive damage in dendrites may be common to neurons vulnerable to cerebral ischemia and may significantly contribute to development of delayed neuronal death.     

缺血后处理对糖尿病大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤线粒体的影响

目的观察缺血后处理(I-Post)对糖尿病大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤线粒体超微结构和功能的影响,探讨I-Post诱导的脑保护的可能机制。方法采用链脲佐菌(STZ)腹腔注射建立糖尿病大鼠模型,在此基础上通过线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞/再灌注模型。SD糖尿病大鼠随机分为4组(n=10),空白对照组、假手术组、缺血再灌注组(I/R组)、缺血后处理组(I-Post组)。于缺血90min再灌注6h后电镜下观察线粒体超微结构、测定缺血侧脑组织线粒体中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、丙二醛(MDA)、Na+/K+-ATPase和Ca2+-ATPase活性。结果缺血后处理能明显减轻I/R引起的线粒体超微结构的损伤,提高线粒体SOD、GSH-Px、Na+/K+-ATPase和Ca2+-ATPase的活性(P<0.05或0.0),降低MDA的含量(P<0.05)。结论线粒体可能在I-Post诱导的脑保护中起关键性作用,I-Post诱导的脑保护机制可能与SOD、Na+/K+-ATP酶、Ca2+-ATP酶和GSH-Px活性增加有关。     

脑缺血再灌注后线粒体氧化应激损伤的动态变化

目的探讨脑缺血再灌注后线粒体氧化应激损伤的动态变化特点。方法利用线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉缺血模型,通过线粒体分离技术测定线粒体丙二醛、三磷酸腺苷、线粒体膜电位水平,应用Realtime PCR仪测定线粒体基因(线粒体DNA)拷贝数,分析脑缺血再灌注后不同时间点缺血周围皮质线粒体的氧化应激水平及线粒体失功能的动态变化特点。结果①缺血再灌注后线粒体丙二醛水平呈渐进性增高,6 h为(4.61±0.83)nmol·mg-1 prot,72 h达(6.94±0.96)nmol·mg-1 prot,均较对照组显著升高(P0.05);②缺血再灌注6 h后mtDNA拷贝数开始下降,24 h轻度回升,72 h显著下降水平为对照组的62%(P0.01);③脑缺血再灌注后6 h线粒体三磷酸腺苷水平即显著下降,24 h出现短暂升高,再灌后72 h下降水平为对照组的42%(P0.01);④荧光探针检测显示脑缺血再灌注后线粒体膜电位持续下降,再灌注后72h线粒体膜电位水平显著下降至对照组的43%(P0.01)。结论线粒体损伤随缺血再灌注时间延长而呈渐进性加重,氧化应激损伤是构成其损伤的主要因素。缺血后脑组织线粒体存在短暂的内源性代偿修复机制,但不足以逆转氧化应激对线粒体的持续损伤。     

Citicoline decreases phospholipase A2 stimulation and hydroxyl radical generation in transient cerebral ischemia

Neuroprotection by citicoline (CDP-choline) in transient cerebral ischemia has been demonstrated previously. Citicoline has undergone several Phase III clinical trials for stroke, and is being evaluated for treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Phospholipid degradation and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are major factors causing neuronal injury in CNS trauma and neurodegenerative diseases. Oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid (released by the action of phospholipases) contributes to ROS generation. We examined the effect of citicoline on phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity in relation to the attenuation of hydroxyl radical (OH.) generation after transient forebrain ischemia of gerbil. PLA(2) activity (requires mM Ca(2+)) increased significantly (P < 0.05) in both membrane (50.2 +/- 2.2 pmol/min/mg protein compared to sham 35.9 +/- 3.2) and mitochondrial fractions (77.0 +/- 1.2 pmol/min/mg protein compared to sham 33.9 +/- 1.2) after cerebral ischemia and 2 hr reperfusion in gerbil, which was significantly attenuated (P < 0.01) by citicoline (membrane, 39.9. +/- 2.2 and mitochondria, 41.9 +/- 3.2 pmol/min/mg protein). In vitro, citicoline and its components cytidine and choline had no effect on PLA(2) activity, and thus citicoline as such is not a PLA(2) inhibitor. Ischemia/reperfusion resulted in significant OH. generation (P < 0.01) and citicoline significantly (P < 0.01) attenuated their formation (expressed as 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid/salicylate ratio; ischemia/24 hr reperfusion, 6.30 +/- 0.23; sham, 2.56 +/- 0.27; ischemia/24 hr reperfusion + citicoline, 4.85 +/- 0.35). These results suggest that citicoline affects PLA(2) stimulation and decreases OH. generation after transient cerebral ischemia.     

Picroside II Exerts a Neuroprotective Effect by Inhibiting mPTP Permeability and EndoG Release after Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats

Mitochondrial membrane permeability is closely related to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. This paper explored the neuroprotective effect of picroside II (Picr), which inhibits the permeability of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and endonuclease G (EndoG) release from mitochondria into cytoplasm after cerebral I/R in rats. After 2 h of cerebral ischemia and 24 h of reperfusion in rats with different intervention measures, the neurobehavioral function, infarction volume, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in brain tissues were observed by modified neurological severity scale (mNSS), triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The permeability of mPTP was assayed using spectrophotometry. The morphology and apoptotic cells of brain tissues were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay, respectively. The expressions of EndoG and voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) were determined by immunohistochemical assay and western blot. The Picr group exhibited clear decreases in mNSS scores, ROS content, number of apoptotic cells, mPTP permeability and expression of VDAC1, and EndoG in cytoplasm and nuclei, and the morphology of brain tissue was improved as compared with the model group (P?<?0.05). Picr could attenuate cerebral I/R injury by downregulating the expression of VDAC1 and decreasing the permeability of mPTP, thereby inhibiting EndoG release from mitochondria into cytoplasm.     

Effect of flunarizine on global brain ischemia in the dog: a quantitative morphologic assessment

The effects of flunarizine, a calcium antagonist, were evaluated in an experimental model of global brain ischemia produced by 15 min of cardiac arrest followed by resuscitation and reperfusion. One group of dogs received flunarizine (0.1 mg/kg intravenously during a 10-min period) at the onset of resuscitation. Another group of dogs underwent cardiac arrest, resuscitation, and reperfusion but did not receive flunarizine. A third group served as nonischemic control. In situ-fixed brains of all animals (nonischemic controls and the postischemic dogs after 8 h of reperfusion) were examined for anoxic ischemic injury. Quantitation of the ischemic neurons was carried out in parietal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum by using an image analysis system. Significant difference in the number of necrotic neurons between the flunarizine-treated group and the ischemic controls was noted in the hippocampus only; the mean percentage of necrotic neurons in the two groups being 14.8 +/- 9.6 and 29.3 +/- 12.1, respectively (P less than 0.05). These results indicate that flunarizine has an ameliorating effect on neuronal injury in the hippocampus that follows cardiac arrest in this experimental model of global brain ischemia. However, flunarizine was not found to be effective in reducing the ischemic neuronal damage in the cortex or the cerebellum.     

Effects of anisodamine on altered [Ca~(2+)]i and cerebral cortex ultrastructure following acute cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rabbits

BACKGROUND： Calcium ion （Ca^2＋） overload plays an important role in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Anisodamine, a type of alkaloid, can protect the myocardium from ischemia and reperfusion injury by inhibiting intracellular calcium [Ca^2＋]i overload. OBJECTIVE： To investigate effects of anisodamine on [Ca^2＋]i concentration and cortex ultrastructure following acute cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rabbits. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Randomized and controlled trial was performed at the Department of Emergency, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology from September to December 2006. MATERIALS： Forty healthy rabbits were used to establish models of acute cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Anisodamine was provided by Lianyungang Dongfeng Pharmaceutical Factory; Fura-2 was purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute; dual-wave length fluorescent spectrophotometry system and DM-300 software were provided by Bio-Rad, USA; OPTON-EM10C transmission electron microscope was product of Siemens, Germany. METHODS： Forty rabbits were randomly divided into the following groups： sham operation, ischemia, ischemia/reperfusion, and anisodamine, with ten rabbits in each group. Models of complete cerebral ischemia injury were established. In addition, blood was collected from the femoral artery of rats in the ischemia/reperfusion and anisodamine groups to induce hypotension and establish repeffusion injury models. The bilateral common carotid artery clamp was removed from the anisodamine group 20 minutes after ischemia, and anisodamine （10 mg/kg body mass） was injected via the femoral vein. Rabbits in the sham operation group underwent only venous cannulation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： [Ca^2＋]i concentration was determined using a dual-wave length fluorescent spectrophotometry system, and cortical ultrastructure was observed following uranyl-lead citrate staining. RESULTS： The levels of [Ca^2＋]i in the ischemia and ischemia/reperfusion gro