暂时闭塞肝静脉行肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗原发性肝癌时5—FU的血药？…

研究暂时闭塞肝静脉行肝动脉化栓塞（ＴＡＣＥ－ＴＨＶＯ）治疗原发性肝癌时５－ＦＵ血浆药物浓度的变化,探讨肝ＴＡＣＥ－ＴＨＶＯ的适应证。方法：２０例原发性肝癌行ＴＡＣＥ－ＴＨＶＯ术。其中巨块型肝癌５例。结节型肝癌１０例,弥漫型肝癌５例。肿瘤局限于肝右叶１５例,跨叶或弥漫生长５例,肝动－静脉瘘５例。采用高效液相色谱法测定肝右直静脉入下腔静脉口处,外周静脉５－ＦＵ血浆药物浓度。结果：肝右静脉血浆５－ＦＵ平     

彩色多普勒超声对原发性肝癌肝动-静脉瘘诊断的临床应用

目的探讨原发性肝癌患者肝动-静脉瘘(HAVF)的超声图像特征,评价超声对该病的诊断价值,建立超声诊断HAVF标准值.方法二维及多普勒超声观察临床确诊的51例原发性肝癌患者的门静脉、肝静脉、肝动脉以及肝周、肿瘤周围及瘤体内部血管走行及血流形态,测定相关形态及血流动力学指标 .以数字减影血管造影(DSA)作为金标准,确定HAVF存在的真实性.结果本组51例原发性肝癌患者超声检出HAVF 15例,其中中央型肝动脉-门静脉瘘11例,周围型肝动脉-门静脉瘘3例,肝动脉-肝静脉瘘1例.中央型肝动脉-门静脉瘘超声表现为:(1)与本组36例无HAVF患者肝动脉比较,其内径增宽[(0.43±0.08)cm vs(0.36±0.08)cm,t=2.847,P＝0.006 4];(2)彩色多普勒超声见发生瘘的静脉内出现五彩镶嵌血流束;(3)脉冲多普勒于发生瘘的静脉内可测得"高速低阻"型反向脉动样血流频谱,Vmax为(94.67±34.40)cm/s;肝动脉阻力指数减低[(0.42±0.05) vs (0.77±0.07),t=17.544,P＝0.000],搏动指数明显减低[(0.59±0.10)vs(1.68±0.42),t=9.881,P＝0.000].结论 HAVF患者肝动脉的内径、发生瘘的静脉腔内彩色及频谱多普勒指标呈特征性变化,可作为超声检测原发性肝癌HAVF标准值,以便于该病的临床诊断、治疗及治疗后随访.     

彩色多普勒超声对肝癌患者肝动-静脉瘘的诊断价值

目的评价彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)对原发性肝癌患者肝动-静脉瘘(HAVF)的诊断价值.方法对51例临床确诊原发性肝癌疑合并HAVF的患者进行CDFI检测,观察门静脉、肝静脉、肝动脉血流,观察并记录肿瘤周围及瘤体内部血流走行、形态,确定HAVF形成情况,并与DSA结果进行盲法对照.结果 CDFI诊断HAVF的敏感性、特异性、准确性、假阳性率、假阴性率、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、阳性似然比、阴性似然比、约登指数及卡帕值分别为81.25%、 94.29%、 90.20%、 5.71%、 18.75%、 86.67%、 91.67%、 14.23、 0.20、0.76及0.79.结论 CDFI诊断原发性肝癌HAVF的特异性及准确性较高,是对原发性肝癌患者HAVF早期筛选的较理想的影像学方法.     

利声显静脉声学造影反向脉冲肝灰阶增强成像提高肝肿瘤检出的应用研究

目的 探讨声学造影反向脉冲灰阶灰阶增强与血流成像在肝肿瘤检出中的应用。方法 35例肝肿瘤，手术治疗23例，射频治疗5例，7例广泛转移及多病灶而未行创伤性治疗。采用Levovist2.5g，稀释至7ml，经肘静脉微泵连续静脉注射，2ml/min，低机械指数（MI0.4)观察血流成像，高机械指数（MI1.3)灰阶增强成像，间歇手控，间隔时间10-20s。结果 14例转移性肝癌中12例肿瘤边缘肝组织回声明显增强，8例肿块内回声无增强，表现为低回声，与造影灰阶增强前对照3例发现新病灶，最小病灶3mm左右；18例原发性肝癌周围肝组织回声增强表现多样化，16例肿瘤内回声不均匀增强，4例发现新病灶，血流成像发现转移性肝癌与原发性肝癌明显不同；另3例（结节性增生伴癌变、血管平滑肌脂肪瘤恶变、肝腺瘤）均显著丰富的造影剂信号。结论 经静脉声学造影反向脉冲灰阶增强成像可提高肿瘤的检出，血流成像对鉴别原发性肝癌及转移性肝癌有一定价值。     

CO2肝动脉超声造影在诊断肝动—静脉瘘中的应用

对２２例原发性肝癌患者应用ＣＯ２肝动脉超声造影，结果发现５例在超声造影时见门静脉主干及／或左右分支内见微气泡流动，诊断为中央型肝动脉－门静脉瘘；１例在肝周围实质内有二条紧邻的平行光带流动，诊断为周围型肝动脉－门静脉瘘；２例肝静脉及下腔静脉肝后段内有微气泡流动，诊断为肝动脉－肝静脉瘘。而和Ｘ线血管造影作对照研究，则发现Ｘ线血管造影时，动脉相门脉主干早显者３例（属超声造影诊断的５例之中）；呈双轨征者３例；２２例Ｘ线血管造影时均未见肝静脉显影。由此可见，对周围型肝动脉－门静脉瘘，Ｘ线血管造影较为敏感。而对中央型肝动脉－门静脉瘘及肝动脉－肝静脉瘘，则ＣＯ２肝动脉超声造影较为敏感。因此，作者认为，ＣＯ２肝动脉超声造影对诊断肝动－静脉瘘有较大的价值，如果同Ｘ线血管造影相结合，可明显提高肝动－静脉瘘的检出率。     

原发性肝癌肝-动静脉瘘的彩色多普勒超声检测

目的评价超声在原发性肝癌患者伴发肝动静脉瘘（HAVF）的应用价值。方法超声观察83例临床确诊原发性肝癌患者门静脉、肝动脉、肝静脉、肝周以及肿瘤周围和内部血管走行及血流状态,对疑为HAVF的病例与数字减影血管造影（DSA）结果对照,确定HAVF存在的真实性。结果本组83例原发性肝癌患者超声检出HAVF 25例,准确率88%,假阳性率12%。结论彩色多普勒超声可作为检测原发性肝癌HAVF的有效方法。     

介入治疗原发性肝癌合并动-静脉瘘46例临床分析

目的 回顾性分析原发性肝癌合并动-静脉瘘介入治疗的方法及疗效.方法46例合并动-静脉瘘的原发性肝癌行介入化疗栓塞治疗,观察瘘口封闭情况及预后.结果均治疗成功,无严重并发症发生.总有效率95.65%,1年生存率75.09%.结论介入治疗肝癌合并动-静脉瘘安全有效.     

腹腔镜肝切除术25例临床分析

目的 研究腹腔镜肝切除的手术操作技术和适应证.方法 分析2006年5月～2009年6月行腹腔镜肝切除术25例患者的临床资料.其中,原发性肝细胞癌15例,肝海绵状血管瘤3例,肝内胆管结石7例,肝功能Child-Pugh评分A级21例,B级4例;甲胎蛋白[AFP(+)]8例,位于肝脏边缘或右肝表面的肿瘤行肝脏局部切除,结石患者行规则性肝切除术.结果 25例均成功完成腹腔镜肝切除术,无中转开腹.平均手术时间148 min(60～340 min),术中平均出血量260 mL.除小量胆漏外,25例患者均未出现其他与手术相关的并发症.术后平均住院时间8.5 d(7～20 d).结论 合理选择手术适应证,可以安全地进行腹腔镜肝叶切除术.     

肝癌合并肝动-静脉瘘的多排螺旋CT表现与血管造影对照观察

目的对比分析肝癌合并动-静脉瘘（AVF）的多排cT和肝动脉血管造影的影像学表现,加深其对CT作用与限度的认识。方法回顾性分析42例肝癌病例的CT及肝动脉血管造影影像学资料,所有病例均经肝动脉造影证实合并有AVF,CT扫描为16排螺旋CT增强三期动态扫描。结果42例肝癌患者的CT表现：17例有肝动脉-门脉瘘（HAPVF）（40．5％）（其中中央型动-门静脉瘘10例（23．8％）,动脉期门静脉主干或分支早期显影,肝实质强化;周围型动-门静脉瘘7例（16．7％）,动脉期出现门静脉二级以上分支显影,有时可与动脉伴行呈“双轨征”,肝实质楔形、三角形和不规则形强化）;肝动-肝静脉瘘（HAHVF）5例（11．6％）（动脉期肝静脉主支显影）;混合型肝动脉-门脉瘘合并肝动脉-肝静脉瘘3例（7．1％）（上述征象同时出现）;17例CT未见AVF（40．5％）（在肝动脉造影证实存在动静脉瘘,CT检查中未见上述特征出现）。结论动脉期门静脉及肝静脉提前显示及相应肝实质异常强化是肝癌合并AVF的特征表现,也是诊断肝癌的重要参考依据之一。提高多排螺旋CT对肝癌患者的动脉期扫描时间分辨率,可降低其合并AVF显示的假阴性率。     

利声显对肝肿瘤血流信号和肝实质区回声增强作用的研究

目的:评价新型利声显对不同肝肿瘤的彩色多普勒信号和肝实质区回声的增强作用。材料和方法:肝肿瘤患者共44例,其中原发性肝癌35例、继发性肝癌5例、肝血管瘤3例、肝硬化结节1例。使用HP Sonos 2500型彩超仪,控头频率2.5MHz。将利声显稀释为浓度为300mg/ml的溶液,由外周静脉注入,持续观察肿瘤彩色多普勒信号增强程度及肝脏实质区回声。结果:彩色多普勒信号增强情况为:32例原发性肝癌和1例较大胆囊转移癌明显增强,3例原发性小结节型肝癌、4例转移性结节性肝癌、2例肝血管瘤轻度增强,肝硬化结节无增强。肝实质区图像清晰度改善,于4例原发性肝癌患者的肝区内又测及新的小病灶。结论:利声显可增强肝肿瘤的血流信号,且不同肝肿瘤的增强程度有差异。它对判断肿瘤的血供情况、初步分析肿瘤的病理性质,提高超声诊断的敏感性很有益处。     

Incorporation of 5-fluorouracil into rat liver tumor and normal tissues and the liver nucleotide profile after administration by the hepatic artery during portal venous branch ligation

A therapeutic dose of labelled 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was infused via the hepatic artery during 30 min with or without ligation of the left portal venous branch in Wistar rats with a secondary liver cancer in the left lateral lobe. After another 60 min, the incorporation of 5-FU into the acid soluble fraction (ASF), ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), was determined in tumor, ligated and unligated liver lobes, small intestine, kidney, and bone marrow. The liver nucleotide profile was examined with isotachophoresis. Portal venous branch ligation (PVBL) caused the following changes, compared with the unligated control group: in the tumor, the incorporation of 5-FU into RNA and DNA decreased and the ratio RNA/acid-soluble fraction labelling decreased. The incorporation increased in intestinal and bone marrow RNA. It was unchanged in liver and kidney. The ratio of tumor to peripheral normal-tissue (small intestine, bone marrow, and kidney) labelling of RNA and DNA decreased. Liver nucleotides (F) UTP, (F)UDP-glucuronic acid, (F)UDP-N-acetylhexosamine, and NAD were lower in the ligated than in the unligated liver lobe. ATP and energy charge did not decrease significantly. In conclusion, PVBL in conjunction with hepatic arterial administration of 5-FU increased systemic drug exposure and possibly decreased hepatic tumor anabolism. It has not been examined how this interferes with the therapeutic effect.     

Wistar大鼠肝脏超声声像图表现及相关应用

目的明确Wistar大鼠肝脏声像图表现,探讨大鼠肝脏在超声医学实验研究中的应用。方法Wistar大鼠40只,利用高频探头观察肝脏二维图像;将大鼠随机分为2组,每组20只,超声监视下经皮将美蓝溶液(0.05~0.1ml/只)注入肝左外叶(组1)或右侧各分叶(组2);尾静脉团注超声造影剂观察肝脏造影过程;处死动物,检查肝叶间有无美蓝溶液渗出;摘除肝脏,测量各分叶。结果在高频探头下隐约可见大鼠肝脏各叶的纤细分界;组1无美蓝渗出,组2有5例发生渗出;所有病例可清晰显示肝脏微泡造影的动脉相、门静脉相和延迟相。结论高频探头可以区分Wistar大鼠肝脏的部分分叶,肝左外叶易于在超声下辨认,对之进行穿刺操作时,不易发生刺透现象;大鼠肝脏可用于微泡造影剂成像等超声实验研究,但其动脉相和门静脉相持续时间短,针对这两个时相的研究可能会受到一定的影响。     

大鼠右肝门静脉结扎磁共振扩散加权成像

目的探讨大鼠右肝门静脉血供阻断后磁共振扩散加权成像表现及ADC值变化。方法选取体重300g左右SD大鼠30只,肝门静脉右分支结扎术后随机分成5组,分别在术后3小时、1天、3天、7天、14天采集T1WI、T2WI、DWI及ADC图像,并杀死大鼠取得标本作病理、电镜及TUNEL染色检查。结果①病理学、TUNEL染色及电镜检查证实30只大鼠右肝细胞均发生灶性凋亡,术后3d,时开始出现,随时间延长,凋亡细胞渐增多;②术后各组肝右叶T1WI表现为片状高信号,T2WI术后3小时表现为片状低信号,以后各时间段为高信号,DWI术后3小时为片状稍高信号,此后呈小片状高信号;③各组肝右叶ADC测量值较肝左叶均下降,差别有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,rADC值随时间渐增高;④随着b值增加,各组ADC测量值渐降低,rADC值增高,DWI信噪比及敏感性降低,但特异性增加。结论大鼠肝右叶门静脉结扎除诱导肝细胞灶性凋亡,其DWI也有特征性表现,可以借助DWI及ADC值来判断肝脏血供干预手术的成败,提示灶性凋亡的存在。     

经前入路肝尾状叶切除术的技术探讨

目的探讨经前正中入路行肝尾状叶肿瘤切除的技术。方法回顾性分析自2006年至2009年,3例位于肝尾状叶腔静脉旁部肿瘤患者的临床资料。先行术中B超定位确定肝切线,以超声吸引刀(CUSA)结合钛夹、氩气刀在不阻断肝血流情况下,经肝正中裂前入路行尾状叶切除术。结果3例患者手术均顺利完成。尾状叶及肿瘤被完整地切除,肉眼无残留。1例术后有中等量右侧胸腔积液,经穿刺抽液后治愈。结论经前入路可提高肝尾状叶肿瘤的手术切除率,尤其适用于腔静脉旁部肿瘤切除,并可有效防止损伤肝静脉主干及下腔静脉。     

Portal and umbilical venous blood supply to the liver in the human fetus near term.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the contribution of the umbilical (UV) and portal (PV) veins to blood supply to the human fetal liver in a low-risk population near term, and to assess the distribution between the left and right lobes. METHODS: In 91 low-risk pregnancies with normally grown fetuses at 36 weeks of gestation we measured the distribution of blood in the UV and PV to the right and left hepatic lobes using ultrasound imaging and Doppler techniques. RESULTS: The median (10(th), 90(th) centile) total UV return was 205 (127, 294) mL/min, of which 25% (13, 47%) was shunted through the ductus venosus, 55% (35, 66%) was distributed to the left hepatic lobe, and 20% (11, 30%) was distributed to the right hepatic lobe. While the left lobe was supplied exclusively by the UV, the right lobe received 50% (20, 70%; 37 (16, 65) mL/min) of its venous blood supply from the PV. The total venous blood supply to the liver parenchyma was 185 (114, 277) mL/min; 21% (8, 34%) came from the PV supply to the right lobe and the remainder came from the UV supply to both lobes. CONCLUSIONS: The venous supply to the left lobe is from nutrient-rich UV blood; for the right lobe, half is from UV blood and half from nutrient-poor PV blood. This watershed between the portal and umbilical venous flows to the fetal liver suggests a corresponding functional dichotomy; this may be modified by hemodynamic influences, with long-term consequences.     

多层螺旋CT诊断肝移植术后肝静脉流出道梗阻

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)在诊断肝移植术后肝静脉流出道梗阻(HVO)中的价值. 方法 回顾性分析5例在肝移植术后4～102天接受肝脏MSCT动态增强扫描并经血管造影证实为HVO患者的MSCT增强特征. 结果 5例患者中,肝左静脉吻合口狭窄1例,肝中静脉吻合口狭窄(闭塞)2例,肝右静脉吻合口狭窄1例,合并肝中静脉及下腔静脉吻合口狭窄1例.5例患者CT动态增强扫描显示为典型的肝脏淤血征象.CT平扫见梗阻的肝静脉引流区肝实质密度降低(1例因有出血而呈高、低混杂密度);增强扫描动脉期病变区均未见明显强化,静脉期病变区可见轻中度强化,并可见病变区内门静脉分支显影,延迟期病变区强化程度进一步增强.静脉期或延迟期可见梗阻的肝静脉显影,显示肝静脉吻合口狭窄.5例患者均接受介入治疗,术后临床症状改善,其中2例CT复查显示肝淤血缓解、肝静脉血流通畅. 结论 MSCT动态增强扫描可明确诊断肝移植术后HVO的部位及肝脏淤血范围.     

Variations in anatomy of the middle hepatic vein and their impact on formal right hepatectomy

Background: We evaluated the incidence of variations of the middle hepatic vein (MHV) branches and their impact on formal right hepatectomy for living-donor liver transplantation.Methods: Fifty consecutive patients who underwent hepatic multidetector row computed tomography (CT) were evaluated. Three-dimensional volume rendering techniques were used to evaluate the different branching patterns of the MHV. An incision plane was constructed to simulate a formal hepatectomy along Cantlies line, immediately to the right of the MHV. The number of transected vessels was recorded by consensus of two observers.Results: In 11 patients (22%) the MHV had no major (>5 mm) branches. In 15 patients (30%) a major branch was seen draining the right lobe, and in 10 patients (20%) a major branch was seen draining each lobe. In five patients (10%) two major branches were seen draining the right lobe and a single branch draining the left lobe. The remaining nine patients (18%) had other variations, including one patient (2%) with the right hepatic vein arising from the MHV. A formal hepatectomy along Cantlies line was truly avascular in 15 patients (30%).Conclusion: A formal right hepatectomy can be performed without transecting major branches of the MHV in one-third of patients. In the remaining two-thirds, one or more major branch of the MHV will need be transected. Preoperative knowledge of these variations is critical for surgical planning.     

Doppler sonographic diagnosis of severe portal vein pulsatility in constrictive pericarditis: Flow normalization after pericardiectomy

This case report describes the noninvasive assessment of hepatic and portal vein hemodynamics in a patient with constrictive pericarditis before and after pericardiectomy. Doppler sonography of the hepatic veins demonstrated a typical W‐shaped pattern with pronounced late diastolic flow reversal that disappeared after surgery. Preoperatively, we observed severe pulsatility of the portal vein with flow reversal in systole; after pericardiectomy, portal venous flow was normal. We concluded that the high right atrial pressure in this patient might have led to increased hepatic venous outflow resistance, with subsequent trans‐sinusoidal shunting between the hepatic artery and portal vein causing severe portal vein pulsatility. After pericardiectomy and a decrease in right atrial pressure, portal vein flow normalized. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 27:84–88, 1999.     

Hepatic vein occlusion: Morphologic features on computed tomography and ultrasonography

Hepatic vein occlusion causes morphologic changes that can be demonstrated by computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound. In this study the imaging findings of acute, subacute, and chronic occlusion of the hepatic veins were analyzed retrospectively in 9 patients and correlated with the histopathologic changes. The CT findings were focal or scattered hypodense parenchymal lesions of the liver before and a patchy enhancement after intravenous bolus injection of contrast material. In none of the cases could the hepatic veins be identified. Hepatomegaly with relative enlargement of the caudate lobe was almost always observed. Ultrasonography demonstrated solid material within the major hepatic veins, intrahepatic venous collaterals, and focal parenchymal lesions, which varied with the stage of the disease: a hypoechogenic area was observed in acute hepatic vein thombosis with subsequent hemorrhagic infarction; hyperechogenic lesions corresponded with fibrotic zones in chronic disease. Ascites was shown by both methods in all patients.     

CT of agenesis and atrophy of the right hepatic lobe

Background: To identify and differentiate agenesis and severe atrophy of the right hepatic lobe on computed tomography (CT). Methods: The CT examinations of three cases of agenesis and 11 cases of severe atrophy of the right hepatic lobe were reviewed. We evaluated visibility of the three hepatic veins, the two main portal veins (including their branches if necessary), the dilated intrahepatic ducts, enlargement of the medial and lateral segments of the left lobe and caudate lobe of the liver, presence of a retrohepatic gallbladder, hyperattenuation of the atrophic liver parenchyma, posterolateral interposition of the hepatic flexure of the colon, and upward migration of the right kidney. Results: In the three cases of agenesis, no structure can be recognized as the right hepatic vein, right portal vein, or dilated right intrahepatic ducts. In the 11 cases of severe lobar atrophy, the right portal vein (or its branches) was recognized in eight cases, the right hepatic vein in four cases, and the dilated right intrahepatic ducts in 11 cases. The degree of enlargement of the lateral segment does not necessarily change inversely with the size of the medial segment and the caudate lobe. The retrohepatic gallbladder is present in eight cases (two in agenesis and six in atrophy). The phenomenon of hyperattenuation of the atrophic liver parenchyma was noted in six cases. Conclusion: Even though a retrohepatic gallbladder and a severely distorted hepatic morphology due to compensatory hypertrophy of the left and caudate lobes may raise a suspicion of agenesis of the right lobe of the liver, absence of visualization of all of the right hepatic vein, right portal vein and its branches, and dilated right intrahepatic ducts is a prerequisite of the diagnosis of agenesis of the right hepatic lobe on CT. In severe lobar atrophy, at least one of these structures is recognizable. Received: 1 March 1997/Accepted after revision: 25 June 1997