大脑中动脉及脐动脉血流检测在胎儿宫内发育迟缓预测中的意义

目的:应用彩色多普勒检测正常妊娠和胎儿宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)的脐动脉和大脑中动脉血流阻力指数PI、RI值及S/D值,探讨PI、RI及S/D值在IUGR预测中的价值.方法:应用彩色多普勒分别检测了52例正常妊娠(正常组)和IUGR患者(IUGR组)的脐动脉和大脑中动脉的血流,孕28～41周.结果:正常组和IUGR组的脐动脉和大脑中动脉血流指标均随妊娠周数的增高而降低,但IUGR组的脐动脉血流PI、RI、S/D值明显高于正常组(P<0.05).IUGR组MCA多普勒血流阻力指数RI及S/D明显小于正常组(P<0.05).孕30周后,脐动脉血流S/D值>4,提示胎儿预后不良.结论:脐动脉及大脑中动脉血流检测可为IUGR诊断提供一定的依据,对胎儿预后的估计有一定的临床价值.     

胎儿宫内发育迟缓孕妇经高压氧治疗后子宫胎盘的血流变化

目的：探讨高压氧对胎儿宫内发育迟缓（IUGR）孕妇子宫动脉及脐动脉的时间平均血流速度（TAV）及血流量（Q）的影响。方法：检测正常妊娠26例,IUGR孕妇24例的子宫动脉及脐动脉TAV、Q值,将24例伴有子宫动脉及脐动脉TAV、Q血流异常的IUGR孕妇作高压氧治疗,测定治疗前后子宫动脉及脐动脉TAV、Q的血汉动力学变化。结果：IUGR组孕妇子宫动脉及脐动脉TAV、Q值显著低于正常组（P<0.05)。经高压氧治疗后子宫动脉及脐动脉TAV、Q值显著增高（P<0.05)。结论：高压氧治疗能有效地改善IUGR孕妇的子宫胎盘血液循环,改善胎盘功能,促进胎儿生长发育。     

胎儿宫内发育迟缓孕妇经高压氧治疗后子宫胎盘的血流变化

目的：探讨高压氧对胎儿宫内发育迟缓（IUGR）孕妇子宫动脉及脐动脉的时间平均血流速度（TAV）及血流量（Q）的影响。方法：检测正常妊娠26例,IUGR孕妇24例的子宫动脉及脐动脉TAV、Q值,将24例伴有子宫动脉及脐动脉TAV、Q血流异常的IUGR孕妇作高压氧治疗,测定治疗前后子宫动脉及脐动脉TAV、Q的血流动力学变化。结果：IUGR组孕妇子宫动脉及脐动脉TAV、Q值显著低于正常组（P＜0.05）。经高压氧治疗后子空动脉及脐动脉TAV、Q值显著增高（P＜0.05）。结论：高压氧治疗能有效地改善IUGR孕妇的子宫胎盘血液循环,改善胎盘功能,促进胎儿生长发育。     

超声检测胎儿脐带绕颈脐动脉血流动力学指标的临床价值

目的检查胎儿脐带绕颈对脐动脉动力学指标:搏动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI)、收缩期血流峰值/舒张期血流峰值(S/D)的影响,探讨脐带绕颈是引起胎儿宫内缺氧的主要原因,并指出给氧的最佳时机。方法应用二维显像和CDFI进行产前常规检查,并检测出脐带绕颈、脐动脉的PI、RI、S/D值,提出诊断。结果对1020例中晚期妊娠常规超声检查中,CDFI共检测出脐带绕颈408例,其中脐动脉血流阻力指标改变占130例,呈单纯性PI增高、RI增高、S/D增高、PI和S/D两项增高,及PI、RI、S/D三项均增高等改变。结论脐带绕颈可引起胎儿宫内缺氧,主要为脑缺氧。脐动脉血流阻力指标升高,提示胎儿宫内缺氧,应引起临床重视,并尽早给予氧疗。     

彩色多普勒超声对宫内发育迟缓胎儿动静脉的血流动力学研究

目的应用彩色多普勒超声检测宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)胎儿动静脉的血流动力学参数。方法测量胎儿静脉导管和脐静脉的血流量,计算静脉导管(DV)分流率;测量胎儿脐动脉、大脑中动脉(MCA)、肾动脉的搏动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI)及脐动脉收缩期最大流速与舒张末期流速的比值(S/D),结果进行对比分析。结果与对照组比较,IUGR组胎儿脐动脉的PI、RI、S/D及肾动脉的RI显著增高,MCA的PI、RI及S/D显著减低,DV分流率显著增加,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论彩色多普勒超声通过综合监测胎儿血流动力学变化,可以全面、客观地评价胎儿的供血情况,预测胎儿宫内缺氧和IUCR情况。     

超声联合血清人绒毛膜促性腺激素、血红素加氧酶l表达对妊娠期高血压孕妇胎儿宫内缺氧预测价值分析

目的 探讨妊娠期高血压孕妇超声脐动脉血流参数联合血清人绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-HCG)、血红素加氧酶l(HO-1)对胎儿宫内缺氧的预测价值。方法 选择2019年12月至2021年4月在我院就诊的妊娠期高血压孕妇180例,根据宫内胎儿是否缺氧分为宫内胎儿缺氧组58例和宫内胎儿正常组122例。检测血清β-HCG、HO-1水平,超声检查计算搏动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI)、脐动脉血流速度峰谷比(S/D),ROC曲线分析超声联合血清β-HCG、HO-1对胎儿宫内缺氧的预测价值。结果 宫内胎儿缺氧组RI、PI、S/D、血清β-HCG水平显著高于宫内胎儿正常组,HO-1水平显著低于宫内胎儿正常组(P<0.05);超声脐动脉血流参数(RI、PI、S/D)联合血清β-HCG、HO-1预测胎儿宫内缺氧敏感度为96.55%,特异度为94.26%,显著高于其单独检测(P<0.05)。结论 妊娠期高血压患者脐动脉RI、PI、S/D降低,血清中β-HCG高表达,HO-1低表达,且与胎儿宫内缺氧相关,联合检测对胎儿宫内缺氧具有较高诊断价值。     

脐动脉血流检测在宫内发育迟缓中的应用价值

目的探讨检测脐动脉血流S/D和PI值对胎儿宫内发育迟缓的诊断价值。方法对86例胎儿应用多普勒超声行脐动脉血流检测,分别比较S/D和PI值正常组和异常组围产儿的预后。结果脐动脉血流S/D和PI值异常组中围产儿预后不良的发生率显著高于正常组,其中小于胎龄的发生率显著高于正常组(P<0.05)。结论脐动脉血流的S/D、PI值对胎儿宫内发育迟缓的诊断具有明显价值,对围产儿的预后预测有相当重要的临床价值。     

频谱多普勒超声联合三维能量多普勒超声评估妊娠高血压综合征患者的胎盘功能

目的:探讨频谱多普勒超声联合三维能量多普勒超声评估妊娠高血压综合征(pregnancy-induced hypertension,PIH)患者胎盘功能的研究价值。方法:选取孕周为30～42周的161例孕妇,其中101例为PIH患者(重度子痫前期19例、子痫前期82例),60例为正常孕妇。采用频谱多普勒超声测量胎儿脐动脉血流参数[收缩期/舒张期血流比值(systolic velocity/diastolic velocity,S/D)、阻力指数(resistance index,RI)、搏动指数(pulsatile index,PI)]、胎儿大脑中动脉血流参数(S/D、RI、PI)及孕妇子宫动脉血流参数(S/D、RI、PI)。采用三维能量多普勒超声监测胎盘绒毛血流,采集胎盘血流灌注参数[血管指数(vascularization index,VI)、血流指数(?ow index,FI)、血管血流指数(vascularization?ow index,VFI)]。结果:PIH组胎儿脐动脉血流参数(S/D、RI、PI)增高,差异有统计学意义;孕妇子宫动脉血流参数(S/D、RI、PI)增高,差异有统计学意义;三维能量胎盘血流灌注参数(VI、FI、VFI)降低,差异有统计学意义;胎儿大脑中动脉血流参数略有变化,但差异无统计学意义。结论:胎儿脐动脉血流参数、孕妇子宫动脉血流参数及胎盘三维能量灌注参数可反映PIH患者的胎盘血流灌注情况。     

彩色多普勒超声检测胎儿脐血流在宫内窘迫诊断中的临床价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声检测胎儿脐血流对宫内窘迫诊断的临床价值,分析宫内窘迫胎儿脐血流指数特征。方法采用99SOD-VI多普勒超声脐动脉血流分析仪检测300例分娩孕妇脐动脉收缩末期峰值(S)、舒张末期峰值(D)、搏动指数(PI)和阻力指数(RI),比较宫内窘迫胎儿及无宫内窘迫胎儿脐血流指数,以及同一时期S/D值。结果 S/D≥3.0孕妇(48例)宫内窘迫发生率83.33%,<3.0孕妇(252例)宫内窘迫发生率1.98%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。发生宫内窘迫的胎儿临产前脐血流S/D值与无宫内窘迫胎儿差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),潜伏期、活跃期和第2产程S/D值开始呈逐渐上升趋势,潜伏期S/D、PI和RI值均显著高于无宫内窘迫的胎儿(P<0.05),而无宫内窘迫的胎儿无明显变化,二者比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论彩色多普勒超声检测胎儿脐血流能有效筛查胎儿宫内窘迫,有利于早期诊断和治疗,值得临床推广应用。     

宫内发育迟缓胎儿静脉血流频谱的超声监测临床价值分析

目的研究超声监测宫内发育迟缓胎儿(IUGR)静脉血流频谱的临床价值。方法选取2013年1月至2015年6月接受常规产前超声检查的孕妇120例,其中,45例IUGR作为IUGR组,另75例正常孕妇为对照组。应用彩色多普勒超声监测并比较两组胎儿肾动脉、脐动脉、大脑中动脉(MCA)血流频谱参数,脐静脉(UV)以及静脉导管(DV)血流频谱参数。结果 IUGR组的肾动脉动脉阻力指数(RI)、脐动脉RI、动脉搏动指数(PI)及收缩期峰值流速与舒张末期流速之比(S/D)均高于对照组,大脑中动脉(MCA)的RI、PI以及S/D均低于较对照组,组间比较差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组肾动脉的PI及S/D比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);IUGR组胎儿的静脉导管血流量(QDV)、下腔静脉返流分数及QDV/脐静脉血流量(QUV)较对照组提高,QUV则明显降低,组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论超声监测IUGR胎儿静脉血流频谱变化有利于动态评估胎儿宫内血供情况具有重要意义,能够预测和评估胎儿宫内缺氧缺血情况以及IUGR发生情况,值得临床推广应用。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.