立体学在分析人延髓脑桥毛细血管网密度的初步应用

采用立体学方法对5例人延髓脑桥毛细血管密度作了观测。结果表明:核团的血管比纤维束的丰富;血管密度高的核团包括了脑桥核、下橄榄核簇等与小脑相连系的核团,及楔束核、上橄榄核和展神经核;纤维束中以被盖中央束的血管密度最高。     

大白鼠丘脑束旁核的传入纤维联系——HRP法研究

用HRP逆行传递法,研究了大白鼠丘脑束旁核的传入纤维联系。发现以下核团有细胞发出纤维投射到束旁核:脑干网状结构(以楔状核、脑桥首侧网状核和延髓网状巨细胞核为主)、中脑中央灰质、中缝核群(主要是中缝背核和中缝大核)、某些感觉中继核(主要是三叉神经脊束尾侧核)、小脑齿状核、黑质网状部、间脑某些核团(主要是未定带和下丘脑腹内侧核)以及大脑皮质(以6区为主)。根据束旁核的传入纤维联系和有关报道,对束旁核的部分功能,特别是在痛觉中的作用进行了分析。     

扣带皮质各区与丘脑局部定位的联系——HRP法、放射自显影法及Nauta法研究

采用HRP法、放射自显影及Nauta法研究了大鼠扣带皮质各区与丘脑诸核团的纤维联系及局部定位。结果表明:扣带皮质与丘脑核团有较广泛的纤维联系,并多数为往返性联系;一侧扣带皮质只接受同侧丘脑发出的纤维,但也有双侧性地投射到丘脑某些核团,如束旁核、带旁核、网状核和前内侧核等;扣带皮质的不同区域与丘脑核团的联系具有一定的局部定位关系。     

大鼠下丘脑催产素及加压素样神经元与脑啡肽样传入纤维末梢的关系

用免疫组织化学ABC双标记法,显示大鼠下丘脑各大细胞神经分泌核团中催产素样免疫反应(OT-li)、加压素样免疫反应(VP-li)神经元、亮-脑啡肽样免疫反应(L-ENK-li)和甲-脑啡肽样免疫反应(M-ENK-li)纤维末梢,并对不同神经分泌核团内脑啡肽样传入纤维末梢与OT-li及VP-li神经元的关系加以分析。结果发现,L-ENK-li及M-ENK-li纤维末梢在下丘脑各神经分泌核团中,与OT-li及VP-li神经元均有一定程度的接触关系。L-ENK-li与M-ENK-li纤维末梢在第三脑室周、前连合核、背内侧和背外侧副核、穹窿前和后核的OT-li及VP-li神经元周围最密集,在视上核、室旁核次之,在血管周细胞群内的OT-li及VP-li神经元周围密度较低。这些神经分泌性核团内L-ENK-li纤维末梢,均较M-ENK-li纤维末梢密集。表明脑啡肽能传入纤维末梢,与视上核、室旁核及各神经分泌副核(除血管周细胞群外)中的OT-li及VP-li神经元,均有不同程度的接触关系。因此,脑啡肽能传入纤维末梢可能在大细胞神经分泌系统OT-li及VP-li神经元分泌活动的调节中,起较广泛的重要作用。     

人脑桥内部的动脉供应和毛细血管构筑

采用血管灌注和透明切片,在立体解剖显微镜下对30例脑桥内部动脉的分群,经行分支和供应范围进行了观察。并应用图像分析系统测算了脑桥内部主要神经核团和纤维束的毛细血管密度。脑桥内部前正中群有三组长动脉,分别由脚间窝下端,基底沟中部和盲孔处穿入,这些动脉在向脑桥被盖部经行和分布的过程中,可形成多级直角分支,使之呈“垂柳状”外观。脑桥内部的毛细血管构筑,在透明切片上,可显示出神经结构的轮廓。其中上橄榄核的毛细血管密度最高,小脑上脚的毛细血管密度最低。     

丘脑束旁核传入纤维的起源——HRP法研究

用大白鼠8只,向一侧束旁核内注射HRP,用HRP逆行法追踪束旁核传入纤维的起源。结果在双侧脑干网状结构、同侧中央灰质、上丘中深层灰质及大脑皮质一些区出现标记细胞最多。对侧脊髓后角出现少量标记细胞。其余脑内的一些核团也可见数量不等的标记细胞。本文对套管式微玻管注射法进行讨论。认为该法较适合于向中枢小核团内注射HRP。本文对标记细胞出现较多,且较恒定,或机能意义方面与痛觉关系较密切的结构进行讨论。     

大白鼠扣带回3区向杏仁体及其他核群的纤维投射——菜豆白细胞凝集素顺行示踪研究

本文用菜豆自细胞凝集素免疫组织化学顺行示踪技术,观察大白鼠扣带回3区(Cg3)向皮质下核团的纤维投射。其投射区自前向后主要有:伏核、尾壳核内侧1/3、终纹床核、外侧视前区、带旁核、丘脑前内侧核、背内侧核、前室旁核、网状核、外侧缰核、后室旁核、束旁核及丘脑筛状核等。在丘脑下方,标记纤维密集于未定带、内囊的内侧边缘区和乳头丘脑束的周围。自这些区域,有纤维投射至下丘脑外侧区。本文着重分析了标记纤维在杏仁体的分布情况,标记纤维密集于基底外侧前核和外侧核的腹内侧亚核。从而证实Cg3皮质的纤维投射参与基底外侧核一边缘系环路,即所谓记忆环路。而杏仁体中央核仅偶见极稀疏的标记纤维。所以我们认为,Cg3皮质未参与“内脏环路”。标记纤维自注射侧经胼胝体膝至对侧半球,其投射区与注射侧的投射区一致,但标记纤维比较稀疏。     

血管活性肠肽、加压素和生长抑素免疫阳性细胞和纤维在大鼠交叉上核的分布

用免疫组化技术观察了正常和秋水仙素预处理后的血管活性肠肽、加压素和生长抑素免疫反应阳性胞体和纤维在ＳＤ大鼠交叉上核的分布。（１）血管活性肠肽：在交叉上核嘴侧部的腹外侧部有少量阳性胞体和纤维分布；在交叉上核中部，大量阳性胞体集中在腹外侧亚核，相当多的阳性纤维分布于整个核区；在交叉上核尾侧部可见少量阳性胞体和中等密度的阳性纤维。（２）加压素：在交叉上核嘴侧部和尾侧部可见中等密度的阳性胞体和纤维，以核的背内侧为多，大量阳性胞体和纤维见于交叉上核中部的背内侧亚核。（３）生长抑素：阳世胞体较少，散布于交叉上核的背内侧亚核，以核的中部为多，中等密度的阳性纤维遍及交叉上核全长。（４）双标显示血管活性肠肽、加压素和生长抑素存在于交叉上核的不同神经元之中，没有共存。     

血管活性肠肽,加压素和生长抑素免疫阳性细胞和纤维在大鼠…

用免疫组化技术观察了正常和秋水仙素预处理后的血管活性肠肽、加压素和生长抑素免疫反应阳性胞体和纤维在ＳＤ大鼠交叉上核的分布。（１）血管活性肠肽：在交叉上核嘴侧部的腹外侧部有少量阳性胞体和纤维分布；在交叉上核中部，大量阳性胞体集中在腹外侧亚核，相当多的阳性纤维分布于整个核区；在交叉上核尾侧部可见少量阳性胞体和中等密度的阳性纤维。（２）加压素：在交叉上核嘴侧部和尾侧部可见中等密度的阳性胞体和纤维，以核的     

大鼠嗅结节与丘脑的双向纤维联系—HRP法研究

应用HRP顺、逆轴突传递法研究了29例大鼠嗅结节(OT)与丘脑的纤维联系,结果如下:将HRP注入一侧嗅结节,逆行标记细胞规律性地出现在丘脑同侧室旁核(Pv),带旁核(Pt)和束旁核(Pf)。大多数例中还出现在同侧背内侧核(Tm)、后正中核(PoMn)和束旁下核(Spf)。上述各核按标记细胞的多少排列依次为:Pf、Tm、Pv、Pt、PoMn和Spf。顺行标记终末在Tm中央部和外侧缰核(Lh)中较密集,在Fv、Pt、Pf、PoMn和Spf中较稀疏。实验证明,凡发纤维至OT的丘脑核团,同时也接受OT的纤维,它们之间存在着往返纤维联系。大鼠PoMr和Spf与OT的纤维联系为本文首次报告,前人关于丘脑与嗅结节联系的分歧意见在本实验中得到了澄清;本文最后对嗅结节与丘脑联系的机能意义进行了简要讨论。     

The distribution of serotonin in the brain of Apteronotus leptorhynchus: an immunohistochemical study

The immunohistochemical distribution of serotonin (5-HT) cells, fiber tracts and terminal fields was mapped in the brain of the gymnotiform electric fish. Two major types of 5-HT cells were found: the small paraventricular organ (PVO) cells of the diencephalon, and the large raphe cells of the brain stem. Six diencephalic nuclei were identified: the nucleus preopticus periventricularis, anterior division, nucleus posterioris periventricularis, nucleus recessus lateralis medial subdivisions 1, 2 and 3, and nucleus recessus posterioris. In the brainstem, raphe centralis, between the arms of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), the raphe medialis, lateral to MLF, and the diffuse raphe posterioris, were described. Five 5-HT fiber tracts were identified. The tract rising from PVOs projected rostrally through the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). The central tegmental bundle arising from the raphe centralis-medialis complex projected rostrally and also joined the MFB. The lateral tegmental tract, the ventrolateral and the subtrigeminal tracts arose from brain stem raphe groups and innervated the brainstem nuclei. The densest 5-HT innervation occurred in the hypothalamus in the neuropil of the PVOs and in the brainstem in the interpeduncular nucleus, cranial nerve nuclei V motor, V tractus spinalis, VII, X sensory and lateral inferior olive. Electrosensory nuclei including the electrosensory lateral line lobe, the nucleus praeminentialis, dorsal torus semicircularis, optic tectum, nucleus electrosensorius and prepacemaker nucleus received light to medium 5-HT innervation. Serotonergic terminal fields appeared to be conserved across phyla with additional innervation evident in specialized sensory regions such as the electrosensory nuclei of gymnotiform and mormyriform fish.     

Mapping of enkephalins and adrenocorticotropic hormone in the squirrel monkey brainstem

An immunocytochemical technique has been used to study for the first time the distribution of fibers and cell bodies containing leucine–enkephalin (leu-enk), methionine–enkephalin (met-enk) or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the whole brainstem of the squirrel monkey Saimiri sciureus. Cell bodies containing leu-enk or met-enk were found in the superior colliculus and the formatio reticularis tegmenti mesencephali, respectively. No immunoreactive cell bodies containing ACTH were observed. Leu-enk-immunoreactive fibers were observed in 40 brainstem nuclei/tracts/regions, fibers containing met-enk were found in 38 brainstem nuclei/tracts/regions and fibers containing ACTH were found in 26 nuclei/tracts/regions. In the latter case, the density of immunoreactive fibers was always low. A high/moderate density of leu-enk- or met-enk-immunoreactive fibers were found in 18 and 16 brainstem nuclei/tracts/regions, respectively. The distribution of immunoreactive fibers containing leu-enk or met-enk was quite similar, with both leu-enk and met-enk observed in 82.5 % of the squirrel monkey brainstem nuclei/tracts/regions. This relationship is less marked for met-enk and ACTH (60.5 %) and even lower for leu-enk and ACTH (52.5 %). In 42.5 % of the nuclei/tracts/regions of the squirrel monkey brainstem (colliculus superior, substantia grisea centralis, nucleus interpeduncularis, nucleus tractus spinalis nervi trigemini, nucleus tractus solitarii, nucleus parabrachialis, formatio reticularis, substantia nigra), we observed fibers containing all three neuropeptides. The widespread distribution reported here suggests that enkephalins and ACTH can be involved in several physiological functions. The distribution of the immunoreactive fibers reported here is quite similar to that previously reported for enkephalins and ACTH in Macaca species and humans.     

亮氨酸脑啡肽样和P物质样免疫反应物在大鼠延髓迷走神经背核簇和网状结构内的分布

用PAP法研究亮氨酸脑啡肽样(L—ENK—LI)和P物质样(SP—LI)免疫反应物在大鼠延髓迷走神经背核簇和网状结构内的分布。证明在孤束核、迷走神经背核、外侧网状核外侧部及其外侧的区域内有大量的L-ENK样终末和纤维,在背侧和腹侧网状核之间的移行区内有中等量的分布,其余区内为少量。L-ENK样胞体在孤束核、咀侧腹外侧网状核、巨细胞网状核的腹侧部和α部、外侧旁巨细胞核以及中缝大核内均有许多分布,在迷走神经背核的尾侧部、背侧和腹侧网状核之间的移行区有中等量,其余区内为少量。SP样反应物的分布与L-ENK样物类似,但其终末和纤维的数量较L-ENK者略少,阳性胞体的数量除了在中缝核及外侧旁巨细胞核内侧端中的量较L-ENK样胞体多以外,在其余区内均较少。     

Response characteristics of retieulocerebellar neurones activated from spinal afferents

Summary The experiments were done on unanaesthetized, decerebrate, and decerebellate cats. Recording was made from axons originating in the lateral reticular nucleus on stimulation of various nerves, cutaneous receptors, and certain descending tracts. Excitatory and inhibitory effects were evoked from the flexor reflex afferents of receptive fields which included most of the body surface. It is concluded that the lateral reticular nucleus with respect to its afferent inflow is similar to the non-cerebellar nuclei of the reticular formation. The possibility that the reticulocerebellar tract is important in determining the background excitation of cortical neurones is discussed. The effects evoked by stimulation of descending tracts were consistent with the disclosure that the bilateral ventral flexor reflex tract is the afferent path to the lateral reticular nucleus.This investigation was supported by the Swedish Medical Research Council (Project No. 14X-606-01K). Technical assistance was given by Mr. A. Jönsson and Miss Ulla Persson.     

大鼠后索核、三叉神经感觉核神经元向小脑和丘脑的分支投射——荧光素双标记法研究

分别把EB和DAPI注入到大鼠的小脑和丘脑,于三叉神经感觉主核、三叉神经脊束核、薄束核、楔内核和楔外核中,见到有较多的EB和DAPI单标神经细胞以及少量的双标细胞。     

日本猴脑内阿片μ-受体样免疫反应物质的分布Ⅰ.间脑与脑干(英文)

通过应用识别大鼠阿片μ-受体（MOR）C末端30个氨基酸残基特异性位点的豚鼠抗体，我们对MOR-受体样免疫反应物质（MOR-likeimmunoreactivity，MOR－Li）在日本猴下位脑结构中的分布进行了免疫组织化学定位研究。经比较发现本研究的免疫组化染色结果与以往猴脑配体结合放射自显影结果基本一致。MOR－Li染色强且分布密集的部位主要位于：外侧缰核、脚间核、臂旁核、孤束核、三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核浅层等。强染色部位还见于三叉神经脊束间质核、延髓外侧网状核、后屈束、孤束和三叉神经脊束。与大鼠的结果相比较还发现，虽然MOR－Li在大鼠兰斑中染色强且分布密集，但在猴脑兰斑中几乎见不到任何阳性产物。此外，中等及低密度的MOR-Li还见于一些部位的神经毯中，如丘脑室周灰质、丘脑吻尾中线区域、中脑导水管周围灰质尾例及相邻网状结构、脑桥和延髓腹侧网状结构及下橄榄核簇。本研究结果提示大鼠和猴脑内部结构的MOR－Li分布部位存在着显著的种属差异，经与大鼠相比较，猴下位脑结构内MOR－Li的分布更局限且主要分布于与伤害性信息传递和调控有关的脑区。     

The human rhombencephalon at the end of the embryonic period proper

The human rhombencephalon at 8 postovulatory weeks (stage 23) is described and illustrated for the first time with the aid of silver-impregnated sections and graphic reconstructions. The motor and sensory trigeminal nuclei were among those studied, and the latter was found to be almost contiguous to the dentate nucleus. Fibers to the principal sensory nucleus join the mesencephalic trigeminal tract, which also seems to be connected with the motor fibers. Fine fibers from the sensory root join the tractus solitarius, which appears to receive connections from the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagal nerves. Main and accessory abducent nuclei are evident. A part (the Kappenkern des Facialisknies) of the nucleus funiculi teretis is particularly prominent. The presence of the pyramidal decussation during the embryonic period is noted for the first time. The arrangement of nuclei and tracts at 8 weeks is shown to be closely similar to that present in the newborn, and it is likely that the rapid growth of the rhombencephalon during the embryonic period proper is associated with correspondingly early functional activity.     

胆碱能神经成分在猫下脑干感觉系统中的分布

本文用avidin—biotin免疫细胞化学方法和AEC呈色法对ChAT样神经元胞体和纤维在猫下脑干各感觉系统的分布进行了观察。在薄束核、楔束核、外侧楔核和三叉神经感觉核群发现丰富的ChAT样阳性纤维;在三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核深层偶见ChAT样阳性胞体。孤束核内有少量散在的ChAT样胞体和纤维;而臂旁核则存在丰富的ChAT样阳性胞体。在上橄榄核、斜方体核、外侧丘系核、前庭内侧核和前庭上核观察到多少不等的ChAT样阳性胞体和纤维;在耳蜗核、下丘见到较多的ChAT样纤维。二叠体旁核有大量的ChAT样胞体;上丘含有ChAT样纤维。上述胆碱能神经元,根据ChAT免疫反应可分为两种,一种胞体中等大小,免疫反应染色较深,突起显示较长;另一种胞体小,免疫反应染色浅,胞起显示短。以上观察说明各感觉传导系中的胆碱能纤维,一部分可能来自各自的胆碱能中间神经元,一部分可能来自其他部位。本研究尚未发现ACh直接参与各感觉传导的证据,因此ACh对各感觉传导路可能只起调节作用。