肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的诊治：附35例报告

报告肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤３５例，其中３１例前行Ｂ超检查，２５例行ＣＴ检查，５例肾血管造影检查。手术治疗２５例，其中行全肾切除术１１例，肾部切除术６例，肿瘤剜除术８例，术后均经病理检查证实，行肾动脉栓塞术５例；定期观察５例，随访１－２例，无肿瘤恶变，无复发，结合文献对肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤术前诊断及治疗方式进行讨论。     

Renal biopsy in patients with acute renal failure and prolonged bleeding time: a preliminary report

A significant percentage of acute renal failure patients may benefit from a diagnostic renal biopsy, but this procedure carries an unacceptable risk of hemorrhagic complications. We have previously shown that red cell transfusions and 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) are effective in managing uremic bleeding. We now report the results of giving washed red cell transfusions or DDAVP to 9 patients with uremia due to acute renal failure to improve hemostasis and allow a diagnostic renal biopsy. All patients admitted to the study had prolonged bleeding time (BT), ie, more than 10 minutes, and our procedure shortened BT in all cases, though in two patients BT after the therapeutic procedure was still longer than normal. In these two, biopsy was not performed. The seven patients whose BT became normal underwent percutaneous biopsy. Only minor clinical complications were registered. Computerized tomography (CT) revealed an incidence of perirenal hematomas comparable to that usually reported in patients with normal or slightly depressed renal function who undergo renal biopsy. Our findings indicate that red cell transfusions or DDAVP can temporarily restore hemostasis, allowing a diagnostic percutaneous biopsy in patients with acute renal failure.     

Non-traumatic renal arteriopelvic fistula

PURPOSE: In the present paper, we report on a 34-year-old female with macroscopic hematuria due to a nontraumatic renal arteriopelvic fistula (APF). The patient initially presented at another hospital with asymptomatic macroscopic hematuria. Following abdominal ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) and laboratory data, no abnormal findings were seen. Therefore, the patient was referred to Teine Keijinkai Hospital for a more precise evaluation of the urinary tract and vascular abnormality. METHODS/RESULTS: Endoscopically, there was bleeding from the right ureteral orifice, so the patient was admitted for further examination. No abnormal findings were seen on urinary cytology and following an intravenous pyelogram. A selective right lower polar renal arteriogram revealed arterial extravasation directly into the pelvis before the venous phase, so APF of the kidney was diagnosed. The patient had no history of urinary tract trauma, so the APF was thought to be idiopathic. After transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) with a gelatine sponge, macroscopic and microscopic hematuria disappeared and a low-density area was seen in the middle pole of the right kidney in an abdominal CT scan 4 days after TAE. This was thought to be renal infarction due to TAE. CONCLUSIONS: After discharge, the patient had no further hematuria.     

肾活检新技术装置

目的探讨一种操作简便、成功率高、并发症少的肾活检技术。方法应用自动同步负压肾穿装置及专用穿刺针进行肾活检。结果肾活检２００例，成功率９９５％，２例出现肉眼血尿。结论自动同步负压肾穿装置具有简便易行、成功率高、并发症少等优点。     

Transcatheter arterial embolization for iatrogenic bleeding after endoscopic ultrasound-guided pancreaticobiliary drainage

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to report the incidence of massive bleeding after endoscopic ultrasound-guided transmural pancreaticobiliary drainage (EUS-TPBD) and the clinical outcomes in patients with this condition treated with transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE).

Transcatheter embolization as the new reference standard for endoscopically unmanageable upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding(UGIB) is a major medical emergency problem associated with significant morbidity and mortality.Endoscopy is considered the first method of choice to detect and treat UGIB.Endoscopic therapy usually achieves primary hemostasis,but 10%-30% of these patients have repeat bleeding.In patients in whom hemostasis is not achieved with endoscopic techniques,treatment with transcatheter angiographic embolization(TAE) or surgery is needed.Surgical intervention is usually an expeditious and gratifying endeavor,but it can be associated with high operative mortality rates.A large number of studies support the use of TAE as salvage therapy as an alternative to surgery.However,few studies have compared the results of TAE with that of emergency surgery in terms of efficiency,the frequency of repeat bleeding,and complications.Recently,Ang et al retrospectively compared the outcome of TAE and surgery as salvage therapy of UGIB after failed endoscopic treatment.There were no significant differences in 30 d mortality,complication rates and length of stay although higher rebleeding rates were observed after TAE compared with surgery.In this commentary,we discuss the advantages and drawbacks of these two therapeutic strategies for UGIB.We also attempt to define the exact role of TAE for acute nonvariceal UGIB.     

保留肾单位手术治疗肾错构瘤的探讨

目的：探讨保留肾单位手术治疗肾错构瘤的可行性和有效性。方法：采用保留肾单位手术治疗30例肾错构瘤患者,其中29例行肾部分切除术．1例行选择性动脉栓塞术。结果：30例患者共切除瘤体31个．直径2～23cm，术后无一例发生出血、尿瘘．术后肾功能相对稳定。随访1～142个月．未见肿瘤局部复发。结论：保留肾单位手术治疗肾错构瘤成功率高．有效地控制出血和保护肾脏功能是手术成功的关键。     

Two cases of hemosuccus pancreaticus in which hemostasis was achieved by transcatheter arterial embolization

Hemosuccus pancreaticus is a rare complication of chronic pancreatitis. We report two cases of hemosuccus pancreaticus in which hemostasis was achieved by transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE). The first patient was a 47-year-old man with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. He presented with upper abdominal pain and hematemesis. Upper GI endoscopy failed to detect the source of bleeding, but computed tomography (CT) showed a hypervascular area about 3cm in diameter in a pseudocyst at the pancreatic tail. Angiography revealed a pseudoaneurysm in the caudal pancreatic artery. Hematemesis was considered to be due to rupture of the pseudoaneurysm. TAE of the splenic artery was performed selectively, and this successfully stopped the bleeding. The second patient was a 52-year-old man with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. He presented with hematemesis. Upper GI endoscopy detected bleeding from the papilla of Vater. CT showed hemorrhage in a pseudocyst at the pancreatic body. Angiography revealed angiogenesis around the pseudocyst. Hematemesis was considered to result from rupture of the pseudoaneurysm. TAE of the dorsal pancreatic artery and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery was performed and hemostasis was achieved. We conclude that TAE is a minimally invasive and highly effective treatment for hemosuccus pancreaticus.     

超声引导在经皮肾穿活检中的价值

目的探讨超声引导在经皮肾穿刺活检术中的应用价值。方法42例疑似肾脏弥漫性病变的患者,超声引导下进行经皮肾穿刺活检术,获取肾组织进行病理检查。结果每次穿刺获取肾组织长度(14.21±3.19)mm。每例光镜下肾小球数目(15.21±3.35)个,成功率100%。1例术后出现肾周血肿。结论超声引导能提高取材成功率,减少并发症,在经皮肾穿刺活检术中具有重要的临床实用价值。     

肾癌患者治疗方法的选择

目的:探讨肾细胞癌的不同手术方式、术前肾动脉栓塞及免疫治疗的临床应用价值。方法:回顾性分析179例肾细胞癌患者的临床资料。对患者的临床资料分组进行对比,并对治疗效果和随访结果作进一步统计学分析。结果:小肾癌行肾癌根治术与保留肾组织手术效果比较,在手术时间、术后住院时间、术后5年生存率上差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);78例术前行选择性肾动脉栓塞者,手术证实栓塞效果满意。结论:保肾单位手术是治疗局限性小肾癌的有效手段;较大的肾癌术前进行肾动脉栓塞术便于手术切除病灶,提高了肿瘤的切除率;免疫治疗是继手术治疗之后的又一种主要临床治疗方式,尤其肿瘤疫苗的出现,对于晚期肾癌及转移癌效果明显。     

Gluteal Soft Tissue Necrosis After Transcatheter Angiographic Embolization for Pelvic Fracture: a Report of Two Cases

Abstract In this paper, two cases of the gluteal soft tissue necrosis after pelvic fractures will be discussed. In the case of a 29-year-old man, a localized area of skin necrosis on the buttock appeared after transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) of the right internal iliac artery (IIA). In the second case, a 52-year-old man, who was treated using TAE of the bilateral IIA's, developed an extensive area of necrosis in the gluteus maximus muscle with subsequent severe infection. In both cases, complete excision of the necrotic tissue and reconstructive flap surgery were imperative. Gluteal soft tissue necrosis is clinically important as one of the serious complications of TAE.     

Arterial embolization hyperthermia in porcine renal tissue

BACKGROUND: Arterial embolization hyperthermia (AEH) consists of arterially embolizing tumors with ferromagnetic particles that generate hysteretic heating on exposure to an alternating magnetic field. It was the objective of this study to evaluate AEH using the kidney of a large animal as a tumor model. METHODS: Between 50 and 400 mg of ferromagnetic microspheres (32 microm in diameter) was arterially infused into the kidneys of three pigs. Temperature probes were inserted into renal tissue, skin, and subcutaneous fat. Each subject was then exposed to an alternating magnetic field for 5 min, while under a general anesthetic. A femoral artery catheter was used to monitor the cardiac pulse. Three days after treatment the renal tissue was chemically analyzed for iron content, which was then correlated with tissue heating rates. RESULTS: There was a linear relationship between heating rate and iron concentration (N = 18, correlation = 0.72, P < 0.001) that suggested tissue iron concentrations in the range of 1.55 to 4.05 mg/g would yield tissue heating rates of 0.5 to 1.0 degrees C/min. No temperature increases were detected in control renal tissue (N = 6). The median increase in skin temperature after 5 min of heating was 0.8 degrees C (N = 6, min = 0.7 degrees C, max = 1.3 degrees C), and that in subcutaneous fat was 1.1 degrees C (N = 6, min = 0.8 degrees C, max = 1.2 degrees C). There was no detectable stimulation of cardiac or skeletal muscle or peripheral nerves during treatment. All subjects had uneventful 3-day posttreatment survivals. CONCLUSION: This study has shown that AEH can target deep-seated, vascularized tissue in a large animal with therapeutic temperatures (> 42 degrees C), and that the treatment is safe and well tolerated. Further assessment of treatment schedules should allow for a human trial in the near future.     

Outcomes of small renal mass needle core biopsy, nondiagnostic percutaneous biopsy, and the role of repeat biopsy

Background

Percutaneous needle core biopsy has become established in the management of small renal masses ≤4 cm (SRMs). Recent series have reported success rates of ≥80%. Nondiagnostic results continue to be problematic.

Objective

To determine the results of SRM biopsy and the outcomes of nondiagnostic biopsy and repeat biopsy.

Design, setting, and participants

Patients undergoing renal tumor biopsy (RTB) for suspected renal cell carcinoma (RCC) were included in a prospectively maintained database.

Measurements

The database was analyzed retrospectively to determine the pathology and outcomes of SRM biopsy. Outcomes of patients with nondiagnostic biopsy were determined. Patients undergoing repeat biopsy were identified and their outcomes analyzed.

Results and limitations

Three hundred forty-five biopsies were performed (mean diameter: 2.5 cm). Biopsy was diagnostic in 278 cases (80.6%) and nondiagnostic in 67 cases (19.4%). Among diagnostic biopsies, 221 (79.4%) were malignant, 94.1% of which were RCC. Histologic subtyping and grading of RCC was possible in 88.0% and 63.5% of cases, respectively. Repeat biopsy was performed in 12 of the 67 nondiagnostic cases, and a diagnosis was possible in 10 (83.3%). Eight lesions were malignant and two were oncocytic neoplasms. Pathology was available for 15 masses after initial nondiagnostic biopsy; 11 (73%) were malignant. Larger tumor size and a solid nature on imaging predicted a successful biopsy on multivariate analysis. Grade 1 complications were experienced in 10.1% of cases, with no major bleeding and no seeding of the biopsy tract. There was one grade 3a complication (0.3%).This is a retrospective study and some data are unavailable on factors that may affect biopsy success rates. Repeat biopsy was not standard practice prior to this analysis.

Conclusions

RTB can be performed safely and accurately in the investigation of renal masses ≤4 cm. A nondiagnostic biopsy should not be considered a surrogate for the absence of malignancy. Repeat biopsy can be performed with similar accuracy, providing a diagnosis for most patients.     

超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗儿童重度闭合性多处肾碎裂伤一例并文献复习

目的评价超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗儿童重度闭合性多处肾碎裂伤伴活动性出血的有效性。 方法回顾性分析于2020年9月1日在我科经肾动脉超选择性栓塞等综合治疗重度闭合性多处肾碎裂伤伴活动性出血1例的儿童临床资料。 结果该儿童经超选择性肾动脉栓塞等综合治疗后出血完全停止,患肾的绝大部分组织和功能得以保存,最终治愈出院。术后3个月随访该儿童患肾功能良好,肾周血肿基本吸收,无血尿复发及尿性囊肿等并发症。 结论超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗重度闭合性多处肾碎裂伤伴活动性出血的儿童具有显著的临床疗效,避免不必要的医源性肾切除术,最大程度地保护肾脏实质与肾功能。     

Pediatric renal biopsy in the ambulatory care environment

The use of pediatric ambulatory care facilities to perform invasive procedures that have low morbidity is increasingly popular. Over a 2-year period, 46 pediatric renal biopsies were performed in an ambulatory care setting at the Winnipeg Children's Hospital, with the patient discharged the same day. There were no serious complications and adequate tissue was obtained in 45 cases. Renal biopsy may be safely performed on an outpatient basis on carefully selected patients by experienced operators in properly equipped facilities.     

后腹腔镜下选择性肾动脉栓塞与肾动脉阻断行肾错构瘤剜切除术的比较

目的比较后腹腔镜下选择性肾动脉栓塞与肾动脉阻断行肾错构瘤剜切除术的安全性及有效性。 方法分析我院2010年1月至2015年12月行腹腔镜下肾错构瘤切除患者的临床资料,共163例,其中选择性肾动脉栓塞后肿瘤吸引及剜除33例,肾动脉阻断肿瘤切除130例,术中行冰冻检查27例,比较两种术式在手术时间、术中出血、术后出血、住院时间等方面的差异。 结果所有病例一期在腹腔镜下完成肿瘤切除,介入后肿瘤剜除或吸出33例,术中出血（ml）、手术时间（min）、术后住院时间（d）和费用（万元）分别为：（41±13）、（47±15）、（3.50±0.24）、（1.63±0.29）;动脉阻断组130例,相应指标分别为：（83±23）、（103±22）、（4.50±0.31）、（1.23±0.35）,术后出血7例,栓塞止血3例,两组比较,介入组优势明显,差异显著（P<0.05）。术后病理诊断透明细胞癌5例（3.1%）,术前、术后总肾功能差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,随访期间均无肿瘤复发。 结论肾错构瘤选择性肾动脉栓塞后腹腔镜下切除,可以有效降低手术难度、缩短手术时间、减少术中及术后出血风险,有条件的医疗机构值得借鉴。     

Successful Resection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Bronchobiliary Fistula Caused by Repeated Transcatheter Arterial Embolizations: Report of a Case

Bronchobiliary fistula (BBF) is a rare but life-threatening condition. We herein describe a rescued case of a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who developed BBF as a late complication of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE). A 66-year-old man underwent repeated TAE for a large HCC during a 3-year period. Massive biliptysis developed after the last treatment and bronchoscopy proved the presence of BBF. Radiological studies exhibited a necrotic HCC in the right liver with a tumor thrombus protruding into the common bile duct. Localized pneumonia was also present in the right lung. A right hemihepatectomy with a bile duct tumor thrombectomy and a right lower lobectomy of the lung were performed. He is presently doing well at 6 months after surgery. Increased intraluminal pressure of the biliary system due to obstruction by the tumor thrombus is considered to have led to the rupture of the liver abscess into the bronchus, thus creating a BBF. This is the first successfully resected case of HCC associated with BBF.     

四川地区肾活检2330例临床病理分析

目的：探讨四川地区肾穿刺活检病理类型的分布特点以及疾病谱的变迁。方法回顾性分析2330例肾活检患者的临床病理资料,分析本地区肾脏疾病的临床病理特征。结果2330例肾活检患者中,男女比例为1∶1.15,发病高峰年龄为20~40岁。2330例患者中,原发性肾小球疾病1896例（占81.37%）,常见的病理类型依次为 IgA 肾病820例（占35.19%）、系膜增生性肾小球肾炎372例（占15.97%）、膜性肾病298例（占12.79%）、微小病变肾病200例（占8.58%）和局灶节段性肾小球硬化症78例（占3.35%）;继发性肾小球疾病367例（占15.75%）,以狼疮性肾炎最常见（134例,占5.88%）,其次为紫癜性肾炎127例（占5.45%）、糖尿病肾脏疾病35例（占1.5%）和淀粉样变性肾病20例（占0.86%）;肾小管间质疾病50例（占2.15%）;遗传性肾病17例（占0.73%）。2330例肾脏疾病患者的临床表现依次为肾病综合征1015例（占43.56%）、慢性肾炎综合征681例（占29.22%）、急性肾炎综合征392例（占16.82%）、隐匿性肾小球肾炎121例（占5.29%）、慢性肾衰竭72例（占3.09%）、急性肾衰竭47例（占2.02%）。近年来,膜性肾病构成比呈逐渐增加趋势。结论本地区肾脏疾病多见于青壮年,以原发性肾小球疾病最常见,其中 IgA 肾病和系膜增生性肾小球肾炎是最多见的病理类型,膜性肾病的检出率有增高趋势。继发性肾小球疾病以狼疮肾炎和紫癜性肾炎最常见。     

超选择性肾动脉栓塞术在微创经皮肾穿刺取石术后出血中的应用

目的:评价超选择性肾动脉栓塞术用于治疗微创经皮肾穿刺取石术(MPCNL)后出血保守治疗无效的患者的治疗效果.方法:回顾性分析2003年12月～2007年12月以来300例MPCNL患者的临床资料,5例术后出觋严重出血,男3例,女2例,年龄15～57岁,平均43岁,保守治疗无效后对其均进行超选择性肾动脉栓塞术.结果:5例患者DSA显示,4例为穿刺扩张通道小动脉出血,1例为弥漫性小血管出血;5例患者栓塞后1～4天出血均得到有效控制,随访期间无再次血尿及其他严重并发症.结论:超选择性肾动脉栓塞术是治疗微创经皮肾穿刺镜取石术后严重出血的一种安全、有效的方法.     

急性肾功能衰竭误漏诊原因分析及肾活检的意义

目的：探讨急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）误漏诊原因,提高ARF诊断水平。方法：分析入院前诊断与肾活检与肾活检后诊断的符合率,寻找误漏诊原因。结果：经肾活检证实68例ARF病例中20例（29．6％）存在病因误诊,包括急性肾小球肾炎（AGN）、急进性肾炎（RPGN）、 急性肾小管坏死（ATN）、膜增生性肾小球肾炎（MPGN）、原发性肾病综合征伴特发性急性肾功能衰竭（NS＋IARF）、狼疮肾炎（LN）、急性间 质性肾炎（AIN）、慢性肾炎急性发作等之间混淆。有30．9％（21／68）例改变了治疗方案,35．3％（24／68）部分改变了治疗方案,33．8％（23／68）按原方案治疗。结论：临床上有相当部分ARF的病因被误诊,在诊断困难时应及时肾活检,以免延误治疗。