抗苗勒管激素与多囊卵巢综合征的相关性研究

目的：探讨抗苗勒管激素与多囊卵巢综合征的相关性。方法：选取2011年3月至2011年9月聊城市东昌府区妇幼保健院生殖健康科门诊就诊的PCOS患者47例为PCOS组,健康女性40例作为对照组,分别行AMH、卵泡刺激素（FSH）、黄体生成素（LH）、总睾酮（T）测定。结果：PCOS组年龄与对照组无明显差异,体重、BMI均高于对照组（P〈0．05）,差异有统计学意义,T、LH、AMH明显升高（P〈0．05）,差异有统计学意义。结论：AMH通过对雄激素的调节作用及／或通过其它作用在PCOS的发病中起一定作用。     

多囊卵巢综合征患者降调后抗苗勒管激素水平对妊娠结局的预测价值

【目的】探讨多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）患者降调后抗苗勒管激素（AMH）水平对妊娠结局的预测价值。【方法】行体外授精／卵胞浆内单精子注射一胚胎移植（IVF／ICSI-ET）PCOS患者37例（PCOS组）,同期单纯输卵管因素不孕行IVF／ICSI-ET患者37例（对照组）,因发生卵巢过度刺激综合征（0HSS）或为避免发生OHSS而取消或放弃移植的患者为取消组。所有患者均使用黄体期长效促性腺激素释放激素激动剂（GnRH-a）方案,降调节后月经来潮d2～d。测血清AMH、性激素水平,阴道B超检查窦卵泡计数（AFc）。【结果】降调节后两组AMH、雄激素（T）、AFC、获卵数、受精卵数比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）,妊娠率比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）;PCOS患者取消组AMH水平显著高于阴性妊娠结局组及阳性妊娠结局组（P〈0．05）;发生OHSS的PCOS患者AMH水平显著高于未发生OHSS组（P一0．02）;PC0s组降调节后AMH水平与T、AFC、HCG注射日雌二醇（E2）水平相关系数分别为0．524、0．352、0．524（P〈0．05）;对照组AMH与AFC、HCG注射日E2水平、获卵数、受精卵数、优质胚胎数相关系数分别为0．608、0．418、0．639、0．675、0．581（P〈0．05）。【结论】降调后AMH水平能反映正常卵巢女性降调后窦卵泡水平,提示注射HCG日E。峰水平,预测超促排卵（COH）中促性腺激素（Gn）使用量,获卵数,受精卵数,优质胚胎数。对PCOS患者,调后低水平AMH提示妊娠阴性结局可能,高水平则发生OHSS风险增加。     

抗缪勒氏管激素在多囊卵巢综合征诊断中的价值

目的研究抗苗勒管激素（AMH）与多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）激素特征的关系及使用ROC曲线法评价AMH对PCOS的诊断价值。方法576例PCOS患者血清AMH、卵泡刺激素（FSH）、黄体生成素（LH）、睾酮（T）、雌二醇（E2）水平用电化学发光法检测,并与503例月经周期正常妇女进行对照。用SPSS绘制ROC曲线及统计分析。结果（1）PCOS组血清激素（中位数）AMH 10.46 ng/ml、E2 40.92、LH 6.67、T 0.78水平,明显高于对照组AMH 3.65 ng/ml、E2 35.97、LH 6.45、T 0.48,且差异均具有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;PCOS组FSH 5.14明显低于对照组（6.45）,且差异具有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;（2）Pearson相关分析显示PCOS组AMH与T、LH均呈正相关（相关系数分别为0.276,0.221,P < 0.05）;与FSH呈负相关（r=-0.113,P < 0.05）;与年龄、E2无明显相关;（3）以AMH诊断PCOS的ROC曲线下面积为0.926,面积的标准误为0.008,差异有显著意义（P=0.000）;以AMH 6.99 ng/ml为PCOS诊断界值时,敏感性84%,特异性92%,诊断效能较高/价值明显高于E2、FSH、LH、T及年龄等其他指标。结论PCOS患者血清AMH显著升高,其升高可能与激素紊乱和卵泡发育异常有关。      

炔雌醇环丙孕酮联合营养干预对PCOS患者的疗效及对患者AMH水平和排卵率的影响

目的探究炔雌醇环丙孕酮联合营养干预对多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者的疗效及对患者抗苗勒管激素(AMH)水平和排卵率的影响。方法前瞻性选择2016年5月至2019年5月西安交通大学第一附属医院东院收治的105例PCOS患者,按照随机数字表法将患者分为对照组(n=50)和联合治疗组(n=55)。对照组患者口服炔雌醇环丙孕酮,联合治疗组患者口服炔雌醇环丙孕酮并接受营养干预。比较两组患者血清中的雌二醇(E2)、促卵泡刺激素(FSH)、促黄体生成素(LH)、AMH、成熟卵泡数、排卵率以及妊娠率。结果治疗前,联合治疗组患者E2、FSH、LH分别为193. 28±30. 67 pmol/L、5. 73±0. 27 IU/L、16. 49±2. 64 IU/L,对照组患者E2、FSH、LH分别为198. 37±31. 75 pmol/L、5. 72±0. 37 IU/L、16. 35±2. 36 IU/L;治疗后,联合治疗组患者E2、FSH、LH分别为520. 46±31. 46 pmol/L、6. 75±0. 31IU/L、8. 61±0. 67IU/L,对照组患者E2、FSH、LH分别为423. 52±27. 53 pmol/L、5. 98±0. 51 IU/L、9. 85±0. 89 IU/L。治疗前,两组患者E2、FSH、LH水平无显著差异(P 0. 05)。治疗后,联合治疗组患者的E2、FSH水平均显著性高于对照组,LH水平显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。治疗后,联合治疗组成熟卵泡数、排卵率以及妊娠率分别为1. 67±0. 36个、87. 27%、36. 36%,对照组成熟卵泡数、排卵率以及妊娠率分别为1. 35±0. 34个、66. 00%、18. 00%。联合治疗组患者的成熟卵泡数、排卵率以及妊娠率均显著高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。治疗前,联合治疗组和对照组AMH水平分别为30. 38±2. 98 ng/ml、30. 43±3. 12 ng/ml,治疗后,联合治疗组和对照组AMH水平分别为18. 28±2. 57 ng/ml、23. 35±2. 85 ng/ml。治疗前,联合治疗组和对照组患者的血清中AMH水平差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05);治疗后,联合治疗组和对照组患者血清中AMH水平均显著低于同组治疗前,且联合治疗组患者血清中AMH水平显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论与单纯口服炔雌醇环丙孕酮相比,炔雌醇环丙孕酮联合营养干预治疗PCOS患者能更有效地降低AMH水平,更有效地升高PCOS患者的成熟卵泡数,提高PCOS患者的排卵率以及妊娠率。     

抗苗勒管激素联合性激素检测对诊断多囊卵巢综合征的临床价值

目的 探讨抗苗勒管激素（AMH）联合性激素检测对诊断多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）的价值。方法 选取本院就诊的65例PCOS为研究组,同期健康体检的65例正常女性为对照组,采集受检者的血液并分离血清,检测血清AMH与性激素指标,性激素指标水平包括卵泡刺激素（FSH）、黄体生成素（LH）、雌二醇（E2）、睾酮（T）。对比各组检测结果并且评价诊断方式的敏感度与特异度。结果 研究组在AMH、LH、T检测水平上显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,两组在FSH、E2检测结果比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;研究组不同年龄组的血清AMH检测结果差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,对照组随着年龄增加,AMH检测结果逐降低,对照组AMH检测结果同年龄呈负相关;AMH联合LH/FSH诊断PCOS的敏感度高于单一AMH或单一LH/FSH。结论 应用AMH联合性激素检测用于诊断PCOS的敏感度高,值得推广。     

多囊卵巢综合征患者卵泡刺激素对卵巢颗粒细胞分泌抗苗勒管激素的影响

目的研究卵泡刺激素（FSH）对多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）患者卵巢颗粒细胞分泌抗苗勒管激素（AMH）的影响。方法选择2009年5月至2010年5月PCOS患者30例,从其直径为8～10mm的窦卵泡中分离颗粒细胞,平均分成未经FSH刺激的颗粒细胞组（PCOS组为A组）15例和体外添加外源性的FSH刺激组[（PCOS＋FSH组为B组）]15例,分别采用ELISA法和实时荧光定量PCR技术,检测培养液中颗粒细胞分泌的AMH水平,及AMHmRNA表达水平;检测卵巢颗粒细胞中AMH启动子的活性。结果培养液中颗粒细胞分泌的AMH水平,A组为（12．3±3．1）μg／L,B组为（7．64±0．9）μg／L,A组与B组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。A组AMH mRNA表达水平为（3．1±1．1）,B组为（1．9±0．6）,A组与B组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。颗粒细胞中AMH启动子的活性A组为（11．8±2．0）,B组为（7．9±2．7）,A组与B组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。结论卵泡刺激素可通过抵制PCOS患者卵巢颗粒细胞中AMH的启动子活性及其mRNA表达,抑制抗苗勒管激素的过度分泌,从而促进卵泡的生长发育。     

二甲双胍联合罗格列酮治疗多囊卵巢综合征40例疗效观察

【目的】探讨二甲双胍联合罗格列酮治疗多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）临床疗效。【方法】选择PCOS患者80例，随机分为二甲双呱联合罗格列酮治疗（治疗组）和单用二甲双呱治疗（对照组）两组，每组40例。疗程均6个月。检测并比较两组患者血清性激素水平、空腹血糖及胰岛素水平，观察卵巢的变化。【结果】治疗组治疗后促黄体生成素（LH）、睾酮（T）、空腹血糖、胰岛素、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数（HomaIR）、卵巢体积和卵泡数与治疗前及对照组治疗后比较均有显著性差异（P〈0．05）；治疗后两组促卵泡素（FSH）水平均有升高，但与治疗前比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）；治疗组治疗前后HomaIR及卵巢改善显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。【结论】两种药物联合使用治疗PCOS疗效可靠，值得临床推广。     

暖巢煲联合达菲林治疗PCOS不孕患者的疗效观察

【目的】探讨暖巢煲联合达菲林治疗多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)不孕患者的临床疗效。【方法】选取2019年7月至2021年7月在本院诊治的82例PCOS不孕患者,按照随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组41例。对照组采用达菲林治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加用暖巢煲治疗。比较两组排卵率、妊娠率、治疗有效率及治疗前后卵巢体积、双侧窦卵泡数和促黄体生成素(LH)、促卵泡生成素(FSH)、雌二醇(E_(2))、睾酮(T)、催乳素(PRL)水平。【结果】治疗后,两组卵巢体积及双侧窦卵泡数均显著低于治疗前,且观察组均显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组排卵率、妊娠率、总有效率均高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组治疗后LH、T、PRL水平均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。【结论】暖巢煲联合达菲林治疗PCOS不孕患者,可调节PCOS不孕患者性激素水平,提高患者排卵率及妊娠率,值得临床推广应用。     

二甲双胍联合克罗米芬治疗多囊卵巢综合征前后AMH、FSH和LH水平的变化及意义

目的探讨二甲双胍联合克罗米芬治疗多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)前后抗苗勒管激素(AMH)、促卵泡生成素(FSH)和黄体生成素(LH)水平的变化及意义。方法选择2014年2月至2016年2月该院收治的90例PCOS患者为研究对象,采用系统随机化法分为对照组和观察组,每组45例。对照组使用克罗米芬进行治疗,观察组使用二甲双胍联合克罗米芬进行治疗。对比分析两组患者治疗前后临床症状改善情况及血清激素(FSH、LH、LH/FSH、T、E2及AMH)水平;对比分析两组患者治疗后的卵泡相关指标、排卵率、妊娠率及早孕流产率。结果治疗前,两组患者临床症状发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者临床症状发生率较治疗前明显降低(P0.05),且观察组患者临床症状发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗前,两组患者血清FSH、LH、LH/FSH、T、E2及AMH水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,两组患者血清FSH、LH、LH/FSH、T、E2及AMH水平与治疗前相比明显改善(P0.05);且观察组患者这些血清激素水平改善情况明显优于对照组患者(P0.05)。治疗后,观察组患者卵巢体积及窦卵泡个数明显少于对照组(P0.05)。观察组患者的优势卵泡个数明显多于对照组患者(P0.05)。观察组患者治疗后的妊娠率为60.00%,明显高于对照组患者的8.96%(P0.05)。两组患者排卵率及早孕流产率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论二甲双胍联合克罗米芬对PCOS患者进行治疗,对患者的临床症状及激素水平具有明显的改善作用,同时还能明显提高患者的排卵率及妊娠率,能促进患者卵泡相关指标的恢复。     

血清抗苗勒氏管激素检测在多囊卵巢综合征中的临床应用

目的评价分析抗苗勒氏管激素(AMH)检测在多囊卵巢综合征中的临床应用价值。方法分别检测480例多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者和500例健康女性的抗苗勒氏管激素(AMH),比较AMH在PCOS患者和健康人群中的结果。结果 PCOS患者组血清AMH、血清黄体生成素(LH)、睾酮(T)明显高于对照组,且差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而雌二醇(E_2)促卵泡激素(FSH)与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);随着年龄的增加,AMH水平呈显著下降趋势。结论 AMH水平在PCOS患者中显著高于健康者,并且AMH的水平随着年龄的增加而下降。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.