胎儿心脏畸形超声筛查漏诊误诊原因分析

目的 探讨如何更好使用超声心动图筛查中晚孕胎儿心脏畸形,避免漏诊.方法 超声筛查中晚期孕妇7020例,对检出的胎儿心脏畸形及可疑先天性心脏病者进行每4周一次追踪观察,对产前超声未发现心脏结构异常的胎儿进行每8周一次追踪观察,出生后每6个月一次追踪观察,至出生后6～12个月.所有异常胎儿均经尸检、出生后手术结果证实(部分术前行心血管造影).对比分析同类畸形产前超声诊断正确的经验与超声漏诊的教训.结果 通过引产后病理证实或出生后心血管造影和(或)手术证实的53例心脏大血管异常中,产前超声检出并诊断正确43例,误诊2例,漏诊8例.误诊2例包括1例肺动脉瓣闭锁和1例法洛四联症.产前超声漏诊8例包括6例小于5 mm的室间隔缺损和2例下腔静脉异位引流.产前超声筛查胎儿心脏大血管畸形正确率为81.1％ (43/53).结论 采用高频探头、图像的缩放功能以及注重右室流出道-肺动脉长轴切面和静脉-心房连接关系的扫查是避免漏诊或不全面诊断的重要因素.     

二维超声"三切面"法筛查胎儿先天性心脏畸形

目的 探讨应用二维超声"三切面"法筛查胎儿先天性心脏畸形的可行性及局限性. 方法 以四腔心、左心室、右心室流出道为筛查切面,筛查胎儿先天性心脏畸形.疑有异常者送上级医院行系统超声心动图检查,并追踪随访,与引产后尸检或出生后超声心动图对照. 结果 本法筛查获得较清晰的胎儿心脏二维结构图像.12 046例受检胎儿中,正确诊断胎儿心脏异常19例,误诊1例,漏诊2例,产前诊断符合率86.36%. 结论 应用二维超声采用四腔心加左右心室流出道切面法检查可清楚直观地观察胎儿心脏解剖结构,方法 简便可靠.     

胎儿心脏畸形筛查中五横切面检查法的应用效果研究

目的分析五横切面检查法在胎儿心脏畸形产前筛查中的应用效果。方法从2012年7月-2015年7月我院收治的产前常规检查孕妇中,抽取5500例采用五横切面筛查法的产妇作为研究对象。比较五横切面检查结果和产后或尸检确诊结果,并计算五横切面筛查的准确性。结果在5500例孕妇中,五横切面筛查检出胎儿心脏畸形34例,检出率为0.62%。其中17例孕妇正常妊娠、16例引产、1例胎儿死亡,经产后或尸检确诊。胎儿经产后或尸检确诊显示,五横切面筛查漏诊4例、误诊3例。计算可知阴性预测值为5469/5473=99.9%,阳性预测值为31/34=91.2%,特异性为5469/5472=99.9%,敏感性为31/35=88.6%。结论产前常规检查时,五横切面检查法在胎儿心脏畸形筛查中的准确性高,推荐临床应用。     

胎儿心脏畸形在高危与低危孕妇中超声检出率的研究

目的 通过比较胎儿心脏畸形在高危与低危孕妇人群中的超声检出率,为制定胎儿心脏超声筛查的策略提供依据.方法 将7165例受检孕妇分为高危组(2147例)和低危组(5018例).以四腔心、左右室流出道为主要筛查切面,对疑有异常者行详细超声心动图检查.统计分析两组胎儿心脏畸形的超声检出率以及有关危险因素的分布.结果 共检出胎儿心脏畸形95例(1.33%),其中高危组检出32例(1.49%),高龄妊娠位居高危因素的第一位.低危组检出63例(1.26%).高危组与低危组孕妇其胎儿心脏畸形的超声检出率比较差异无统计学意义(X2=0.635,P=0.426).对23例心脏畸形胎儿进行了脐血或羊水穿刺染色体检查,其中染色体异常11例(47.83%).结论 胎儿心脏畸形在高危与低危人群中的超声检出率相近,应提倡对所有胎儿行心脏超声筛查,以便在产前尽早发现胎儿严重的心脏畸形.     

不同切面超声心动图诊断胎儿心脏畸形的临床研究

目的探讨不同切面超声心动图诊断胎儿心脏畸形的价值。方法对1341例孕妇行胎儿超声心动图检查,采用二维、彩色及频谱多普勒从常规取胎儿四腔心、五腔心、左心室流出道及右心室流出道长轴、大动脉短轴、主动脉弓及动脉导管弓长轴等切面观察胎儿心脏解剖结构及血流状况。并与引产后的尸检结果进行对照。结果本组共检出胎儿先天性心脏畸形30例,经引产后胎儿尸体解剖和产后新生儿随访证实与产前完全相符合28例,占93．33％（28／30）,有2例复杂性畸形与产前诊断基本相符合,占6．67％（2／30）。在出生后的新生儿中发现2例室间隔缺损,1例房间隔缺损漏诊,漏诊率为9．09％（3／33）。畸形类型包括室间隔缺损3例,房间隔膨胀瘤3例,心内膜垫缺损1例,单心室4例,大动脉转位2例,右室双出口2例,永存动脉干2例,左心室发育不良3例,右心室发育不良2例,三尖瓣闭锁2例,三尖瓣下移畸形2例,肺动脉闭锁1例,严重心律失常3例。产前超声诊断符合率为90．91％（30／33）。结论不同切面超声心动图可用于产前胎儿心脏畸形的诊断。     

妊娠晚期筛查胎儿心脏畸形的常见胎位主要切面法

目的探讨超声筛查胎儿心脏畸形的快速、准确的检查方法。方法在常规的胎儿心脏筛查工作中,根据常见胎位正常胎儿心脏主要切面的声像图特点结合各扫查方法,判断心脏各切面与上述常见胎位正常胎儿心脏的主要切面有无不同及异常,有异常者进一步做胎儿超声心动图详细检查确诊。结果4526例胎儿中经引产后病理或新生儿超声心动图证实有先天性心脏畸形者25例,产前超声共检出心脏畸形16例(复杂先心病15例),漏诊室间隔缺损9例(生后证实均<5mm),检出率64%(16/25),而其中严重复杂的心脏畸形的检出率为100%(15/15)。其他病例经临床或新生儿超声心动图证实未见明显心脏畸形。结论常见胎位主要切面扫查法是产科超声医生筛查胎儿严重心脏畸形时的一种快速、较准确的筛查方法。     

胎儿心脏三血管气管平面在先天性心脏病筛查中的价值

目的 探讨胎儿三血管气管平面的声像图特点及其筛查胎儿先天性心脏病的价值。方法 回顾性分析2003年4月至2005年4月1212例接受产前胎儿心脏超声筛查孕妇资料，取胎儿心脏检查的常规6个标准切面，然后在四腔心切面的基础上缓慢平行向胎儿头侧移动探头即可显示上纵隔横切面，即三血管气管平面，再叠加彩色多普勒血流显像，观察各房室及大动脉血流分布和血流方向。结果 1212例胎儿超声心动图检出胎儿心脏结构异常47例，22例合并心外畸形。33例在本院引产，20例尸检，其中18例尸检与产前超声诊断相符，1例单心房单心室并大动脉位置正常误诊为单心房单心室并大动脉转位，1例单心房单心室并永存动脉干误诊为完全性心内膜垫缺损并永存动脉干。15例胎儿抽脐带血检查染色体，3例染色体异常。结论 三血管气管平面在筛查胎儿大动脉和心室流出道异常的先天性心脏病中有重要作用。     

产前常规胎儿超声心动图检查的临床价值

目的探讨产前常规胎儿超声心动图检查的临床意义。方法对4636例22～40周胎儿行常规胎儿超声心动图检查。结果超声心动图检出胎儿先天性心脏畸形16例,漏诊3例,误诊1例;检出心脏微小异常病例185例。结论胎儿超声心动图检在产前胎儿心脏畸形和微小的筛查中具有较高的临床价值。     

胎儿先天性心脏畸形的产前超声筛查

目的探讨胎儿先天性心脏畸形产前超声筛查的价值。方法对12 469例胎儿进行了系统性超声心动图检查,观察胎儿上腹部横切面、四腔心切面、左(右)室流出道切面、三血管切面、主动脉弓和肺动脉弓切面等二维及彩色血流图。按Rustico等分类将心脏畸形分为严重畸形和非严重畸形。结果 79例先天性心脏畸形中,产前超声检出52例(65.8%)。严重心脏畸形39例,超声检出36例,假阴性3例;非严重心脏畸形40例,超声检出16例,假阴性24例,假阳性3例。产前超声检出严重、非严重心脏畸形敏感性分别为92.3%、40.0%,特异性100%、99.9%,阳性预测值100%、84.2%,阴性预测值99.9%、99.6%。产前超声检出52例心脏畸形中,28例(53.8%)四腔心切面异常;20例流出道切面和三血管切面异常。17例(32.6%)伴1处或多处心外畸形。结论产前超声心动图可准确检出胎儿严重心脏畸形,而非严重畸形容易漏诊。     

彩色超声心动图在胎儿先天性心脏病产前筛查中的临床应用价值

目的：探讨彩色超声心动图在胎儿先天性心脏病产前筛查中的临床意义。方法：通过彩色超声心动图对1660例孕妇进行产前筛查,观察胎儿四腔心切面、左右室流出道切面、主动脉弓切面、动脉导管弓切面、三血管气管切面及上下腔静脉长轴切面。结果：发现胎儿先天性心脏病8例,其中完全性心内膜垫缺损2例,室间隔缺损2例,房间隔缺损1例,肺动脉瓣狭窄1例,法洛氏四联征1例,右室双出口1例。通过出生后随访,漏诊房间隔缺损1例,特异性86%,敏感性100%,另1例合并其它器官畸形行引产,因家属不同意尸检未得到证实。结论：应用彩色超声心动图对胎儿先天性心脏病的产前筛查是准确、可行的,对提高出生人口素质,降低出生婴儿死亡率起重要的作用。     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

甲状旁腺功能减退性心肌病的系统综述

目的 甲状旁腺功能减退（甲旁减）性心肌病是一种罕见的心脏疾病,为扩张型心肌病中少数可逆转的一种,常被误诊为不明原因或难治性心力衰竭。本文旨在探寻甲旁减性心肌病的规律性特征。方法 检索Pubmed、SinoMed、万方数据库中符合标准的甲旁减性心肌病病例,采用统计分组法对纳入研究的文献进行分析,依据系统综述和meta分析优先报告条目（PRISMA声明）进行报告。结果 在我们筛查出的41例患者中,女性居多（68.29%）,平均年龄为45.5岁,各年龄段均有发病。甲旁减性心肌病最常见的病因为特发性甲旁减（78.05%）,颈部手术导致的甲旁减性心肌病次之（17.07%）。患者均以心力衰竭就诊,伴不同程度的低钙血症。51%的患者有神经肌肉兴奋性增加的病史,90%的患者左心室射血分数降低。该病误诊漏诊率较高,仅36%的患者于入院后即明确诊断为甲旁减性心肌病。低血钙的纠正是治疗的关键,90%的患者心脏功能在血钙浓度正常化后恢复至正常。结论 对所有不明原因或难治性心力衰竭患者都应警惕甲旁减性心肌病的可能。     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

动态心电图临床操作标准化方法

动态心电图,又称Holter或Holter检查,是一种评价各种心脏病患者心电图异常的简便、高效、准确、安全的无创检查,广泛用于心律失常的相关症状评价,心肌缺血的诊断,心脏病患者的预后和日常生活能力评估,药物疗效评价,起搏器等埋藏式心脏电治疗装置监测等领域。目前动态心电图已广泛用于于临床各级医疗机构,为了更好地发挥其作用,有必要对该项技术进行规范化培训。本文参考相关指南、共识及专家建议,结合作者经验,撰写动态心电图临床操作标准化方法供临床使用时参考。     

经颅黑质超声诊断帕金森病的临床评价

目的 通过对帕金森病患者及正常对照组进行经颅超声(transcranial sonography,TCS)检查,结合帕金森病患者的Hoehn Yahr（H Y）分级及帕金森病统一评分量表评分结果,了解我国大陆地区帕金森病患者有无黑质(substantia nigra, SN)回声增强表现。方法 对入选对象进行TCS检查,并对检查结果进行评价。结果 帕金森病患者 SN阳性率明显高于正常对照者（P＜0.05）。帕金森病SN异常组 H Y 分期明显高于帕金森病SN正常组(P＜0.05),表明帕金森病患者SN高回声面积与H Y分期相关。TCS检查对帕金森病的敏感性为80.5%,特异性为79.9%。结论 我国帕金森病患者SN强回声检出率显著高于对照组,说明我国帕金森病患者也存在SN回声增强这一现象,与国内外报道相一致。TCS检查对帕金森病的诊断具有一定的意义,敏感性及特异性较高。     

Effects of intravenous anesthetic agents on middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity during induction of general anesthesia

Objective. Our objective was to quantify the effects of intravenous anesthetics on values measured by or derived from transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) during induction of general anesthesia.Methods. We recorded blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery (V-MCA) before, during, and after induction of general anesthesia in six groups of young patients without intracranial pathology (n=10 each) using TCD. Patients were randomized to receive either 2 mg/kg propofol, 1.5 mg/kg methohexital, 5 mg/kg thiopental, 0.3 mg/kg etomidate, 2 µg/kg fentanyl and 0.15 mg/kg midazolam, or 1.5 mg/kg ketamine and 0.15 mg/kg midazolam intravenously. At 2 min after injection, each patient was intubated and given isoflurane 0.8% and nitrous oxide 66% in oxygen. Ventilation was set to achieve an end-tidalPco ₂ of 40 mm Hg. V-MCA, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, hematocrit, andPco ₂ (venous samples) were measured before and 1, 3, 5, 10, and 30 min after induction of anesthesia.Results. The preinduction data were not different between groups. At 1 min after injection, propofol, thiopental, methohexital, and etomidate significantly decreased V-MCA. TCD values were only slightly affected following fentanyl/midazolam. Ketamine/midazolam induced a modest rise in V-MCA. After endotracheal intubation, V-MCA increased in all groups, and slowly declined thereafter.Conclusions. Under the circumstances of our study, values derived from TCD measurements responded differently to the agents used to induce general anesthesia in nonneurosurgical patients.     

儿童中枢神经系统感染脑脊液主要病原菌的构成及耐药性的监测

目的探讨儿童中枢神经系统感染脑脊液病原菌的构成及耐药性。方法全自动细菌鉴定仪VITEK32进行细菌鉴定和药敏实验并结合K B药敏实验法,根据美国临床和实验室标准协会(CLSI)标准进行结果判读。结果住院患儿中枢神经系统感染脑脊液标本1 990份共分离病原菌181株,检出阳性率9.1%（181/1 990）。细菌检出率95.0%（172/181）,真菌检出率5.0%（9/181）,其中肺炎链球菌19.3%（35/181）,表皮葡萄球菌18.8%（34/181）,大肠埃希菌17.1%（31/181）。3种主要细菌的分离率较高,主要集中分布在1岁以内患儿。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β内酰胺酶（ESBLs）检出率较高,分别为41.9%（13/31）和50.0%（3/6）。主要的革兰阴性细菌大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对厄它培南和亚胺培南耐药率为0,未发现耐万古霉素的革兰阳性细菌。结论对中枢神经系统感染患儿脑脊液进行培养和药敏实验,根据药敏结果合理选用抗生素,对降低细菌的耐药和提高药物的敏感性,临床合理使用抗菌药物有指导作用。     

吗啡、氯胺酮联合用于术后镇痛临床观察

目的 :比较吗啡、氯胺酮联合与吗啡单独使用用于术后镇痛的临床效果。方法 :30例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ的腹部手术全麻病人随机分为两组 ,术后使用吗啡静脉自控镇痛并分别加氯胺酮静脉输注 (氯胺酮组 )和生理盐水静脉输注(生理盐水组 )。观察两组的视觉模拟评分 (VAS) ,吗啡消耗量和发生的