动静脉内瘘顺血流方向穿刺的临床观察

[目的]探讨不同动静脉内瘘穿刺方法对维持性血液透析病人内瘘并发症发生率的影响.[方法]选择糖尿病肾病维持性血液透析病人42例,随机分为观察组和对照组,分别采用顺血流方向和逆血流方向两种不同的穿刺方法,观察两组内瘘并发症发生及创面延期愈合情况.[结果]观察组血管瘤、内瘘狭窄、创面延期愈合发生率明显低于对照组（P〈0.05）.[结论]对糖尿病肾病维持性血液透析病人采用顺血流方向穿刺动静脉内瘘,可有效保护动静脉内瘘,促进穿刺处创面愈合,减少并发症发生.     

动静脉内瘘顺血流方向穿刺的临床观察

[目的]探讨不同动静脉内瘘穿刺方法对维持性血液透析病人内瘘并发症发生率的影响.[方法]选择糖尿病肾病维持性血液透析病人42例,随机分为观察组和对照组,分别采用顺血流方向和逆血流方向两种不同的穿刺方法,观察两组内瘘并发症发生及创面延期愈合情况.[结果]观察组血管瘤、内瘘狭窄、创面延期愈合发生率明显低于对照组(P<0.05).[结论]对糖尿病肾病维持性血液透析病人采用顺血流方向穿刺动静脉内瘘,可有效保护动静脉内瘘,促进穿刺处创面愈合,减少并发症发生.     

老年尿毒症患者建立鼻烟窝动静脉内瘘应用于血液透析的临床研究

目的探讨老年尿毒症患者建立鼻烟窝自体动静脉内瘘的临床特点。方法比较老年和青年尿毒症患者建立鼻烟窝自体动静脉内瘘应用于血液透析的临床疗效。结果本组232例鼻烟窝动静脉内瘘中,老年鼻烟窝动静脉内瘘为104例(44.8%),青年鼻烟窝动静脉内瘘为128例(55.2%);两组患者的平均血管吻合口内径,透析时的平均血流量,内瘘的平均成熟时间,内瘘用于透析的平均时间,内瘘1个月、1年、2年和3年通畅率,血栓形成、动脉瘤、肿胀手综合征和窃血综合征的发生率均无显著差异。结论自体鼻烟窝动静脉内瘘为老年尿毒症血液透析患者的最佳选择之一,值得推广。     

手鼻烟窝部动静脉内瘘在血液透析中的临床应用研究

目的探讨鼻烟窝动静脉内瘘在维持性血液透析中的临床应用.方法采用显微外科技术对169例慢性肾功能衰竭血液透析患者行直接动静脉内瘘术,分别为鼻烟窝部83例,前臂远端腕部86例(Cimino瘘),比较两组内瘘成熟时间、血流量、近远期通畅率及并发症等.结果两组在内瘘成熟时间、血流量上无显著差异(P>0.05).鼻烟窝瘘和Cimino瘘的通畅率分别为:4周96.4%和95.3%(P>0.05),1年为92.6%和80.7%(P<0.05),2年为86.7%和72.2%(P<0.05),3年为81.4%和63.0%(P<0.05).鼻烟窝瘘及Cimino瘘栓塞发生率分别为 18.6% 和 37.0%(P<0.05), 动脉瘤发生率分别为 14.3% 和 30.1%(P<0.05).结论鼻烟窝动静脉内瘘制作简便、远期通畅率高、并发症少,保留了近端血管以备重建内瘘,是血液透析最佳的永久性血管通路.     

鼻烟窝和前臂动静脉内瘘应用于慢性肾功能衰竭维持血液透析214例:哪种方法更适合肾移植前的永久血管通路

背景:肾移植前采用前臂头静脉和桡动脉成功建立动静脉内瘘可成为维持血液透析良好的血管通路.目的:比较鼻烟窝和前臂动静脉内瘘在血液透析中的临床效果.方法:将214例慢性肾功能衰竭患者以抽签法随机分为鼻烟窝组(n=118)和前臂组(n=96),分别建立鼻烟窝和前臂动静脉内瘘,观察比较两组手术成功率、内瘘成熟时间、血流量、近远期内瘘通畅率及并发症的发生率.结果与结论:两组在手术成功率、内瘘成熟时间、和血流量上差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05).两组近期内瘘通畅率虽无显著差异,但鼻烟窝组两三年远期通畅率显著高于前臂组(P<0.05).并且鼻烟窝组假性动脉瘤发生率及充血性心力衰竭的发生率显著低于前臂组(P<0.05).两组均未发生切口感染、肿胀综合征及窃血综合征(P>0.05).与前臂动静脉内瘘相比,鼻烟窝动静脉内瘘建立更简单,远期通畅率更高,并发症较少,使用时间更长,是肾移植前血液透析首选的永久性血管通路.     

糖尿病肾病维持性血液透析病人实施以亚麻酸膳食为主的综合护理对动静脉内瘘的影响

[目的]探讨糖尿病肾病维持性血液透析病人强化富含α-亚麻酸食物的综合护理措施对其动静脉内瘘的影响。[方法]将在我院行血液透析的120例糖尿病肾病病人随机分为常规组和综合组各60例,常规组实施一般护理,综合组在一般护理基础上实施以亚麻酸膳食为主的综合护理,比较两组病人动静脉内瘘并发症发生率、内瘘成熟时间和血流量。[结果]综合组动静脉内瘘并发症发生率、内瘘成熟时间、血流量、1年通畅率均优于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]包括强化富含α-亚油酸食物的综合护理措施对糖尿病肾病维持性血液透析病人进行护理,有利于提高动静脉内瘘护理质量。     

鼻烟窝动静脉内瘘术43例体会

[目的]探讨显微外科技术用于手背鼻烟窝施行动静脉内瘘术建立长期血液透析通路的临床效果.[方法]回顾分析鼻烟窝动静脉内瘘术43例的临床资料.[结果]43例鼻烟窝动静脉内瘘术中36例仅1次手术,有7例因出血或血管栓塞先后施行第二次手术并改为前臂下段造瘘,该7例中因近期内血管闭塞或出血未能使用者2例,且有2例因血流量不足而放弃使用.39例使用良好.动静脉内瘘使用1个月至4年,最长已穿刺达400余次,仍使用良好.[结论]手背鼻烟窝施行显微外科动静脉内瘘手术操作简便,吻合成功率高,并发症少,能最大限度利用血管资源,可成为外周血管条件较好者建立长期血液透析通路的首选方法.     

296例维持性血液透析患者动静脉内瘘建立的临床分析

[目的]探讨建立血液透析（HD）通路的时机及提高手术成功率和远期通畅率的影响因素.[方法]回顾性分析296例尿毒症患者（321次）动静脉内瘘建立的情况.[结果]上肢自体动静脉内瘘（AVF）一期成功率96.51%,而肘部、下肢自体AVF及人工血管AVF术为100%.人工血管AVF较自体AVF成熟时间短（P〈0.05）.鼻烟窝及人工血管内瘘较易发生血栓形成（P〈0.05）;而端-侧吻合较少（P〈0.05）;肘窝、下肢自体AVF及人工血管AVF内瘘易成熟（P〈0.05）.[结论]腕部头静脉-桡动脉端-侧吻合（标准内瘘）是首选;改良侧-侧吻合对血管条件好的患者亦有较高成功率;人工血管内瘘为自体内瘘失败者提供了更多的选择.     

Teach-back模式在维持性血液透析病人自体动静脉内瘘形成术后功能锻炼健康教育中的应用

[目的]探讨Teach-back模式在维持性血液透析病人自体动静脉内瘘形成术后功能锻炼健康教育中的应用效果。[方法]将血液透析室收治的80例行自体动静脉内瘘术后病人随机分为观察组和对照组各40例。观察组接受Teach-back模式的健康教育,对照组接受常规健康教育,对两组病人内瘘功能锻炼知信行得分、并发症发生率及内瘘成熟时间进行比较。[结果]观察组病人内瘘术后功能锻炼知信行得分高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组病人术后并发症发生率低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组病人内瘘成熟时间短于对照组(P<0.05)。[结论]将Teach-back模式应用于维持性血液透析病人自体动静脉内瘘术后功能锻炼的健康教育中能有效加强病人对功能锻炼知识的理解和掌握,提高病人功能锻炼的依从性,降低术后并发症发生率,缩短内瘘成熟时间,促进内瘘恢复。     

不同穿刺方法对自体动静脉内瘘的影响

[目的]探讨自体动静脉内瘘动脉端绳梯式穿刺法采用逆血流方向穿刺和顺血流方向穿刺对自体动静脉内瘘的影响.[方法]将维持性血液透析病人160例(每例透析病人动脉端穿刺次数为600次),随机分为两组:观察组动脉端采用顺血流方向穿刺法(80例);对照组动脉端采用逆血流方向穿刺法(80例),所有病人静脉端为向心方向穿刺.观察两组病人自体动静脉内瘘动脉瘤、内瘘狭窄、内瘘阻塞并发症发生率.[结果]观察组采用顺血流方向穿刺法并发症发生率明显少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).[结论]动脉端顺血流方向穿刺能降低自体动静脉内瘘动脉瘤、内瘘狭窄、内瘘阻塞等并发症的发生.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.