肝内胆管结石联合整治术30例

肝内胆管结石治疗后复发率和残留结石率较高 ,治疗十分棘手。 1997～ 2 0 0 0年我院共实施联合整治术 -左肝外叶切除加广口肝胆管吻合术 30例 ,疗效较好。1　临床资料1 1　一般情况　 30例中 ,男 11例 ,女 19例 ;年龄14～ 73岁 ,平均 4 0岁。胆道病史 3个月～ 30年。既往有 1～ 3次胆道手术史者占 4 6 2 %。术前均经Ｂ超、ＣＴ、经皮经肝胆管造影术 (ＰＴＣ)、内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术 (ＥＲＣＰ)或经Ｔ管逆行胆道造影而确诊。胆道病变 :胆总管、左肝管、左肝外叶胆管、右肝前后叶胆管结石 2 2例 ;胆总管、右肝管、右后叶胆管、左内外叶支胆…     

肝胆管结石肝部分切除198例围手术期处理体会

肝部分切除治疗肝胆管结石被认为是最有效的治疗方法[1] 。然而肝胆管结石常伴有胆管狭窄 ,病理变化复杂 ,术中可能发生大出血或休克 ,术后多有肝功能损害等 ,并发症常危及病人生命 ,因而围手术期处理至关重要。 1985年 1月～ 2 0 0 0年 12月 ,我院实施肝胆手术 5 16例 ,其中肝部分切除 198例。1　临床资料1 1　一般情况　 198例中 ,男 10 6例 ,女 92例 ;年龄 18～ 89岁 ,平均 4 5 2岁。术前均经Ｂ超、ＣＴ、逆行胆胰管造影及术中造影检查确诊 :结石位于左肝91例、右肝 34例、左右肝均有 73例 ;同时并存肝外胆管结石 118例 ;合并胆管狭窄 1…     

基层医院开展PTC的体会

经皮经肝穿刺胆道造影(PTC)，作为胆道系统检查方法之一，早已在临床广泛应用。尤其当患者胆道梗阻黄疸严重时，胆汁不能分泌，各种胆道造影均不能显影，此时PTC检查更为必需。它不仅能清晰显示肝内胆管结石的部位，大小，而且能较好显示肝外胆管阻塞的部位、性质(结石或肿瘤)，这不仅对决定治疗和手术方案能起指导作用，     

术中超声在纤维胆道镜取石中的应用

目的 探讨术中超声在纤维胆道镜取石术巾的应用价值.方法 对本院2007年1月-2008年12月的51例经术前超声、CT、MRI检查确诊为肝内胆管结石(均为胆囊切除术后)患者,先行常规纤维胆道镜取石,然后再行术中超声检查,将高频超声探头直接放置于肝脏表面.详细扫查全肝胆管系统,重点扫查术前影像学检查发现结石的肝内胆管,观察有无残余结石存在,对肝内胆管残余结石进行精确定位,并指导纤维胆道镜取尽残石.结果 51例患者中,经术中超声检查发现胆道残余结石12例,结石取尽率为76.5%,残石率为23.5%.12例发现残石的患者中包括肝内胆管结石伴胆管变异7例,肝内胆管结石伴胆管开口狭窄5例.12例肝内胆管残余结石经术中超声准确定位后,引导胆道镜取石,全部残石被取尽且无明显并发症.结论 术中超声定位并指导胆道镜取石,能够解决术中残留结石的难题,具有临床实用价值.     

MRCP在评价肝内胆管变异与肝内胆管结石相关性中的应用

目的应用磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)分析肝内胆管变异与肝内胆管结石的相关性。资料与方法搜集429例胆石症患者的MRCP检查资料,评价肝内胆管的解剖类型,并分析其与肝内胆管结石的关系。结果MRCP资料显示肝内胆管变异占总病例数的31.7%,肝内胆管常型占68.3%。在肝内胆管变异的病例中,有肝内胆管结石者58例(42.6%),无肝内胆管结石78例(57.4%);肝内胆管常型的病例中,有肝内胆管结石者77例(26.3%),无肝内胆管结石216例(73.7%)。两组病例发生肝内胆管结石概率的χ2检验结果为:χ2=11.538,P<0.005,差异有显著统计学意义。结论肝内胆管变异者有更高的肝内胆管结石发生率。     

经皮肝穿胆囊引流致胆汁胸腔漏1例

患者,男,45岁,因右上腹持续疼痛伴发热,皮肤巩膜黄染1周而入院。入院后B超提示肝内、外胆管及胆囊内多发结石,并胆管扩张,管壁增厚,胆囊增大,胆汁淤积。查白细胞15.9×109/L;胆红素197μm ol/L。次日下午在DSA下行经皮肝穿胆管造影术(PTCD),以右侧腋中线肋隔角下2cm处作为穿刺点,用PTCD套管针平T11椎体下缘水平穿刺,刺中肝右胆管,抽出5m L浓臭胆汁,用稀释的对比剂15m L胆管造影示肝内胆管扩张呈枯树枝状,部分胆管呈“串珠状”狭窄,胆囊管及胆囊显影良好,胆总管上段扩张呈横断性阻塞,似有结石影,对比剂不能排入十二指肠内。造影后患者…     

肝内胆管结石易感基因的研究进展

肝内胆管结石是东亚地区的常见病、多发病。其成石机制尚未完全阐明,致石胆汁的形成是肝内胆管结石形成的先决条件之一。本文就影响胆汁酸、磷脂以及胆红素代谢的相关基因的研究进展以及与肝胆管结石的关系作一综述。     

肝部分切除治疗肝胆管结石及狭窄232例

1986年6月～1997年6月,我院行肝部分切除治疗肝胆管结石及狭窄232例(占同期肝胆管结石手术的38.8%),取得较满意的效果。1　临床资料1.1　一般情况　本组男107例,女125例;年龄18～61岁,平均42.4岁。有胆道手术史84例,其中胆囊切除(或胆囊造瘘),胆道探查及T形管引流术71例,胆肠内引流术13例。1.2　结石分布与合并症　左侧肝胆管结石143例,右侧41例,双侧48例。合并肝外胆管结石54例,合并肝胆管狭窄157例(67.7%),其中多处或多层狭窄52例。合并肝外胆管狭窄21例,胆汁性肝硬化34例,门脉性肝硬化3例,肝胆管癌5例,原发性肝癌1例,Caroli病5例,胆汁外…     

外周型肝内胆管细胞癌CT表现

目的：探讨外周型肝内胆管细胞癌的CT表现及特征。方法：回顾性分析经手术及病理证实的33例IHPCC的CT表现。结果：33病例中29例CT平扫表现为低密度实质病灶．4例无明确肿块；肝内胆管扩张23例，扩张胆管合并肝内胆管结石15例。所在肝叶萎缩、肝包膜凹陷征25例，三期增强扫描：早期或动脉期明显强化1例；27例早期周边轻度强化，门脉期延迟期周边向中心明显强化呈片状、条状、分隔状；1例均无强化。结论：肝内胆管细胞癌的CT表现有一定的特征性。     

经皮肝穿刺球囊扩张十二指肠乳头括约肌取石术治疗胆总管结石3例

目的 探讨经皮肝穿刺球囊扩张十二指肠乳头括约肌取石术治疗胆总管结石的临床价值.方法 对3例胃切除毕Ⅱ式手术和胆总管切开取石术后复发,经十二指肠镜取石失败的患者行经皮肝穿刺扩张胆管,用球囊扩张十二指肠乳头括约肌后将结石推入十二指肠的取石术治疗胆总管结石.结果 3例患者均一次性手术成功,术后放置内外引流管,1周内再次造影未见胆管残余结石影.结论 经皮肝穿刺球囊扩张十二指肠乳头括约肌取石术治疗胆总管结石安全可行,对不宜手术且内镜取石失败的胆管结石治疗有重要价值.     

MR cholangiography in children and young adults with biliary disease

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to describe the MR cholangiography findings for young patients with suspected biliary disease who underwent half-Fourier acquisition fast spin-echo technique with respiratory triggering. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight MR cholangiography studies were performed in 22 patients on a 1.5-T MR unit. Ten of these 22 patients had undergone liver transplantation. RESULTS: MR cholangiography revealed abnormalities of both the extrahepatic and the intrahepatic major and minor bile duct systems, despite the small diameter of the duct system in this group of patients. Four patterns of biliary disease were shown: global dilatation of extrahepatic or intrahepatic ducts (n = 7); segmental, uniform dilatation of central or peripheral intrahepatic ducts (n = 9); segmental, nonuniform dilatation of central or peripheral intrahepatic ducts (n = 2); and fusiform ectasia with segmental, irregular intrahepatic dilatation and bile lakes (n = 2). The findings of eight studies were interpreted as normal. The four patterns of abnormalities were correlated with the results from percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, T-tube cholangiography, and liver biopsy and with clinical and surgical information, as available. CONCLUSION: MR cholangiography is a noninvasive technique for evaluation of biliary disease. The improved resolution afforded by respiratory triggering permits evaluation of both major and minor bile ducts, even in young, uncooperative subjects. Four patterns of abnormalities were prospectively identified, correlated with other information, and used to direct clinical treatment.     

MR cholangiography of late biliary complications after liver transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to assess the role of MR cholangiography in the diagnosis of late biliary complications after liver transplantation. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-three liver transplantation patients (18 men and five women; mean age, 46 years) underwent MR cholangiography using a nonbreath-hold, fat-suppressed three-dimensional turbo spin-echo sequence (TR/TE, 3000/700; echo train length, 128) optimized on a 0.5-T magnet. Inclusion criteria were liver function tests with abnormal results and hyperbilirubinemia with a clinical pattern not specific for biliary obstruction. All patients were referred by clinicians for contrast-enhanced cholangiography. Diagnostic confirmation was obtained with percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (n = 4), endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (n = 8), T-tube cholangiography (n = 1), or clinical follow-up (n = 10). RESULTS: In 11 patients, no abnormalities of the biliary tract were revealed by MR cholangiography. In 11 patients, twelve strictures were diagnosed (nine anastomotic, two nonanastomotic-intrahepatic, and one nonanastomotic-extrahepatic, with association between anastomotic and nonanastomotic strictures in two cases). In one other patient, kinking of the common bile duct at the level of the anastomosis was observed. In all cases, MR cholangiography correctly showed the site of the stricture and the dilatation of bile ducts above, with excellent correlation with contrast-enhanced cholangiographic findings. Strictures were correctly graded in eight of 10 patients and were overestimated in two. Other findings included a 1-cm stone detected proximal to the obstructed common bile duct in one patient and multiple intrahepatic stones in another patient. CONCLUSION: MR cholangiography can show biliary obstruction and provide important information for planning therapeutic procedures.     

CO2胆道造影的初步临床应用

目的探讨T管CO2胆道造影的临床价值。方法外科胆道术后留置T管患者40例。拔管前先行经T管CO2胆道造影,同时行T管泛影葡胺胆道造影对照。结果40例中36例造影示肝内外胆管无扩张,造影剂顺利进入十二指肠,拔除T管。其中2例发生胆漏,予介入7F猪尾巴导管留置2周。1例发现残余结石,予以胆道碎石,保留T管2周。1例胆总管下段炎性狭窄,保留T管1周。CO2胆道造影摄片甲级片率67.5%(27/40)。未发生与CO2及泛影葡胺造影有关的并发症。结论CO2胆道造影是一种安全、有效的诊断方法,可以作为常规T管造影的补充。     

Treatment of postoperative residual hepatolithiasis after progressive sleeting of associated bile duct strictures through the T-tube tract

Purpose: The authors report their experience with the treatment of intrahepatic bile duct strictures associated with hepatolithiasis. Methods: Eighty patients had multiple postoperative retained intrahepatic duct stones trapped behind intrahepatic biliary strictures. Before stone extraction, the strictures were opened gradually by semirigid dilators, followed by stent placement to create enough patency for stone removal. All procedures were carried out through the T-tube tracts and were aided by cholangioscopy and electrohydraulic lithotripsy. Results: Complete clearance of stones was achieved in 69 patients. Failure to dilate the strictures was due to acute and multiple ductal angulations. These included the right posterior inferior intrahepatic duct at its junction with the left intrahepatic ducts when it was more than 2 cm distal to the hepatic bifurcation, when the angle between the T-tube tract and the common bile duct was smaller than 90°, and when stones were located in peripheral intrahepatic ducts with more than five angulations. Conclusion: This technique is considered safe and effective for complicated hepatolithiasis with intrahepatic biliary strictures     

Interventional radiology in non-neoplastic diseases of the biliary tract. A report on 93 personal cases

Most references in the literature on interventional radiology of the biliary tract refer to the treatment of cancer; only occasionally are benign conditions mentioned. An updated list of useful radiosurgical instruments on the market in Italy is presented. The operating technique from the preparation of the patient to the performance of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), biliary drainage, transhepatic bilioplasty, percutaneous extraction and chemical cholelitholisis of biliary calculi and drainage of biliary collections is then described. A personal series is then presented. It consists of 93 patients in whom one or more of the following conditions were diagnosed: exclusively intrahepatic calculosis (3 cases), calculosis of the common bile duct (23 percutaneous treatments), empyema of the gallbladder (6 cases), suppurating cholangitis (46 cases), sclerotic or inflammatory stenosis (16 cases), biliary collections (14 cases). Results are reported and commented on.     

Value of magnetic resonance cholangiography in benign and malignant biliary stenosis: comparative study with direct cholangiography

PURPOSE: Magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) is currently under investigation for imaging of biliary stenosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of MRC compared with direct cholangiography in biliary duct diseases, with the exception of biliary-enteric anastomosis. METHOD: Forty-nine patients (26 men, 23 women; median age 60 years) with clinically suspected bile duct stenosis were prospectively included. Magnetic resonance cholangiography was performed within 7 days before direct cholangiography, considered to be the gold standard. Stenosis location, extension, and type according to Bismuth classification as well as diagnostic presumed causes were determined by 2 radiologists and 1 endoscopist. RESULTS: Magnetic resonance cholangiography correctly identified the level of biliary ductal obstruction compared with direct cholangiography findings in 96% patients. Excellent agreement between MRC and direct cholangiography was found for the stenosis location (kappa value, 0.89). Sensitivity and specificity of MRC to detect common bile duct stenosis were 88% and 100%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of MRC to detect biliary confluence stenosis were 96% and 93%, respectively. Precise location of the lesion according to Bismuth classification was correctly evaluated on MRC in 74% of patients (kappa value, 0.64). The overall interobserver concordance between radiologists for the level of stenosis was good (kappa value, 0.625). In 35 patients with intrahepatic bile ducts dilation identified on direct cholangiography, 97% of patients were identified on MRC. Moderate concordance between MRC and direct cholangiography was confirmed in the evaluation of the surgical management (kappa value, 0.55). CONCLUSION: Magnetic resonance cholangiography is able to replace diagnostic direct cholangiography to restrict the use of invasive procedures to cases in which therapeutic procedures are anticipated or MRC findings are equivocal, especially in biliary tract diseases.     

The diagnosis of primary bile duct carcinoma (cholangiocarcinoma) in the jaundiced patient

One hundred and ten patients with obstructive jaundice were investigated in the established manner; an initial abdominal ultrasonic B scan was followed by fine needles percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) and/or endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC). This yielded 15 cases of histologically proven primary bile duct carcinoma (cholangiocarcinoma), which is an incidence of 13.6%. Primary bile duct carcinoma is suggested on ultrasonic examination by: (i) Attenuation of the ultrasound beam in the bile duct area especially if the shadowing is multiple and/or from the intrahepatic ducts. (ii) Delineation of a mass associated with the bile ducts. (iii) A high level of duct obstruction with a normal pancreatic appearance. On direct cholangiography a stricture of the duct system which is branched, short, multiple or tapering also suggests primary bile duct malignancy. It is possible to diagnose primary bile duct carcinoma on ultrasonic examination alone once this condition is recognised as occurring with significant frequency. PTC and ERC aid delineation of the extent of the tumour and exclude biliary duct stone as the cause of jaundice.     

Use of an electrohydraulic lithotripter in the percutaneous treatment of biliary tract calculi. The preliminary clinical experience in 4 cases

The results are reported of percutaneous transhepatic treatment with an electrohydraulic lithotripter in 4 cases of bile duct lithiasis. An electric discharge, generated by a bipolar electrode, gives origin to high-amplitude and low-frequency shock waves in the fluid medium which cause the stone to fragment. Complete resolution of lithiasis was obtained in 2 patients with intrahepatic calculosis. In the other 2 cases of massive lithiasis of intra and extrahepatic bile ducts the treatment, however incomplete, proved to be useful, as the biliary flux was rehabilitated and clinical symptoms disappeared. No relevant immediate side-effects were observed, except for well-tolerated pain during the discharges, and transitory hemobilia which solved spontaneously. No complications were observed in this series of patients. Electrohydraulic lithotripsy proves thus to be useful for supporting standard interventional radiology techniques in very complex cases of intra- and extrahepatic bile duct stones.     

Intrahepatic rupture secondary to duct exploration demonstrated by cholangiography.

Seven cases of iatrogenic rupture of the intrahepatic bile ducts were demonstrated on T-tube and/or operative cholangiography. This brings the total of documented case reports to 17. All patients had hepatic duct exploration with either the Fogarty balloon catheter and/or the biliary spoon and/or the biliary forceps and/or Bakes dilators. These extravasations usually occur from the right hepatic duct. The recognition of this entity is important because potentially serious complications may occur. Most of the previous cases of intrahepatic extravasation ascribed to excessive pressures of injection were probably surgically induced.     

Using contrast-enhanced MR cholangiography with IV mangafodipir trisodium (Teslascan) to evaluate bile duct leaks after cholecystectomy: a prospective study of 11 patients

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to determine whether contrast-enhanced MR cholangiography using IV mangafodipir trisodium can accurately detect the presence and location of bile duct leaks in patients who have undergone cholecystectomy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Our study group included 11 patients with suspected bile duct leaks after cholecystectomy. Axial single-shot fast spin-echo and gradient-echo images were acquired in all patients before and 1-2 hr after IV administration of mangafodipir trisodium. The contrast-enhanced MR cholangiograms were evaluated for image quality, degree of ductal or small bowel opacification, and the presence and location of bile duct leaks, strictures, and stones. MR cholangiograms were correlated with conventional contrast-enhanced cholangiograms obtained in all patients, including endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (n = 10) and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (n = 1). RESULTS: Excretion of mangafodipir trisodium was noted in the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts in all patients from 1 to 2 hr after IV administration. Bile ducts and fluid collections that contained excreted mangafodipir trisodium showed increased signal intensity on gradient-echo sequences and decreased signal intensity on single-shot fast spin-echo sequences. Conventional contrast-enhanced cholangiography showed the presence of bile duct leaks in six patients and the absence of bile duct leaks in five patients, with false-negative findings in one patient and false-positive findings in one patient for bile duct leak (sensitivity, 86%; specificity, 83%). CONCLUSION: Contrast-enhanced MR cholangiography with IV mangafodipir trisodium can successfully detect the presence and location of bile duct leaks in patients suspected of having such leaks after undergoing cholecystectomy. More research is necessary before acceptance of this examination as routine in the workup of these patients.