高通量透析对尿毒症维持性血液透析患者血管内皮功能的影响

目的 探讨高通量血液透析( high-flux hemodialysis,HFHD)对尿毒症维持性血液透析患者血管内皮功能的影响.方法 采用自身对照研究,选取33例维持性常规低通量血液透析的尿毒症患者,接受HFHD治疗6个月.治疗前(0个月)及治疗6个月分别采血测定血脂、白介素-6(IL-6)、超敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)、糖基化终末产物(AGEs)和β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)水平,同时采用高分辨血管外超声检测肱动脉血流介导的内皮依赖性血管舒张功能( flow-mediated dilation FMD).分析比较HFHD对上述指标的影响及其相关性.结果 HFHD治疗后,患者高密度脂蛋白升高、胆固醇及低密度脂蛋白水平下降,IL-6、32-MG、AGEs水平降低,均具有统计学差异;FMD较治疗前有上升趋势(6.61％±4.93％,6 85％±4.4％),但无统计学意义;相关性分析显示FMD与高密度脂蛋白呈正相关,与β2-MG呈负相关(r值分别为0.323和-0.328,P＜0.05).结论 HFHD可改善尿毒症维持性血液透析患者脂质代谢,升高高密度脂蛋白,降低胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白;同时增加炎症介质,糖基化终末产物及β2-微球蛋白的清除;HFHD能够延缓血液透析患者血管内皮功能损伤,可能与有效清除炎症介质,降低氧化应激和改善脂质代谢相关.     

The relationship between survival rate and intradialytic blood pressure changes in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between blood pressure changes and all-cause mortality, and between blood pressure changes and cardiovascular mortality, for maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients during dialysis.

Methods: Data regarding general condition, biochemical indices, and survival prognosis of MHD patients who were treated at the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-affiliated Renji Hospital from July 2007 to December 2012 were collected, in order to evaluate the relationship between patients’ blood pressure changes during hemodialysis and mortality.

Results: Among 364 patients, with an average age of 63.07?±?13.93?years, an average dialysis vintage of 76.00 (range, 42.25–134.00) months, and a follow-up time of 54.86?±?19.84?months, there were 85 cases (23.4%) of all-cause death and 46 cases (14.2%) of cardiovascular death. All-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality were lowest (OR, 0.324 and 0.335; 95% CI, 0.152–0.692 and 0.123–0.911; p value, .004 and .032, respectively) in patients whose systolic blood pressure difference (ΔSBP) before and after dialysis was between 7.09 and 14.25?mmHg. Kaplan–Meier analysis indicated that both all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality were markedly increased for patients with ΔSBPless than ?0.25?mmHg (p value, .001 and .044, respectively). Cox regression analysis showed that ΔSBPKt/v and albumin were independent risk factors for all-cause mortality in MHD patients.

Conclusions: MHD patients whose blood pressure increased significantly after hemodialysis had a higher risk of dying; ΔSBP, hemoglobin concentration, Kt/v and albumin were independent risk factors for all-cause mortality in MHD patients.     

维持性血液透析患者血常规检测分析

目的：观察维持性血液透析患者血常规指标变化及其影响因素。方法：对４６例血液透析患者行血常规、血生化及透析充分性指标等检测，并对可能影响血常规的常见因素进行分析。结果：血液透析患者白细胞和血小板正常，而红细胞减少；促红细胞生成素对红细胞及红细胞压积有影响。结论：纠正有关因素有助于改善血液透析患者贫血。     

血液透析患者脂代谢紊乱的临床研究

目的探讨血液透析患者脂代谢紊乱的临床特征及原因。方法检测106例维持性血液透析患者空腹血脂,并对影响血脂水平及有关因素进行分析。结果血液透析患者脂代谢紊乱主要表现为血清甘油三脂（TG）、载脂蛋白B（Apo-LB）水平显著增高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDLC）显著降低。TG与血清白蛋白（Alb）、透析时体外循环血流量显著负相关（r=-0．398,r=-0．219）;HDLC水平与Kt／V显著相关（r=-0．305）。血液透析患者高血压的发生率为73．6％,心血管病变为25％。伴心血管疾病的血液透析患者TG水平显著高于无心血管疾病者。结论血液透析患者脂代谢紊乱主要表现为TG、Apo-LB水平增高,HDLC水平降低。透析充分及透析时体外循环血流量及血清白蛋白水平影响血脂水平。     

血液透析患者的干体重管理

干体重是评价血液透析充分性的重要指标,对于提高血液透析患者的生存率和生活质量至关重要。随着医学实践的进步,干体重的定义不断发展,概念逐步演变。干体重设定过高可影响血压、心血管系统稳定性和炎症因子,但干体重设定过低可增加血管通路阻塞的风险,造成残余肾功能丧失的风险增加以及增加血液透析间期低血压相关的并发症。目前临床上干体重评估方法有临床评估法、下腔静脉直径测定法、同位素测定法、血浆标志物测定法、无创血容量监测及生物电阻抗频谱分析法等,每种方法均存在其局限性。干体重不达标主要是因为患者不遵从医嘱、血液透析时间短、钠摄入过多等。临床上应分析患者具体情况采取针对性措施以达到目标干体重。     

Linear growth in pediatric hemodialysis patients

Growth is an important outcome in pediatric kidney disease. We aimed to identify factors associated with growth in pediatric hemodialysis (HD) patients. Height standard deviation scores (Ht SDS) of pediatric HD patients with consecutive height measurements in the ESRD Clinical Performance Measures Project were calculated. Multiple linear regression determined the effect of factors on Ht SDS change/year. Four hundred and seven patients were included. Median age was 15.2 years (interquartile range 13.2-16.5 years); 44% were girls, and 27% were black. Of patients observed, 66% had growth hormone (GH) data, and of those, 29% were prescribed GH. Mean change in Ht SDS/year was -0.10+/-0.71. After adjustment, decreasing Ht SDS was associated with younger age (-0.2/year for <13 vs. >or=13 years; p<0.0001), longer duration on dialysis (-0.03/year for >or=6 months vs. <6 months; p<0.01), and higher normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR) (-0.02/year per 0.1; p<0.05). Improved growth was seen in girls (0.10/year; p<0.01) and in those with lower Ht SDS (0.03/year per 0.5 decrease; p<0.001). Hemoglobin, GH use, and adequacy were associated with neither positive nor negative changes in Ht SDS. Growth retardation while on HD was most pronounced in patients who were young, male, had longer durations on HD, had higher nPCR, and had higher baseline Ht SDS.     

Impaired muscle strength is associated with fractures in hemodialysis patients

Introduction Fractures are extremely common among hemodialysis (HD) patients.Methods To assess if bone mineral density (BMD) and/or tests of muscle strength were associated with fractures, we studied 37 men and 15 women, 50 years and older, on HD for at least 1 year. We excluded subjects with prior renal transplants and women taking hormone replacement therapy. We inquired about low-trauma fractures since starting dialysis. Subjects underwent BMD testing with a Lunar DPX-L densitometer. Tests of muscle strength included: timed up and go (TUG), 6-min walk, functional reach, and grip strength. Lateral and thoracic radiographs of the spine were obtained and reviewed for prevalent vertebral fractures. We used logistic regression to examine associations between fracture (prevalent vertebral, self-reported low trauma since starting dialysis and/or both) and BMD, and fracture and muscle-strength tests. Analyses were adjusted for age, weight, and gender. Results Mean age was 66±9.0 years, mean weight was 72.9±15.2 kg, and most (35 of 52) participants were Caucasian. Average duration of dialysis was 40.2 (interquartile range: 24–61.2) months. The most common cause of renal failure was diabetes (16 subjects). There were no differences by gender or fracture. Of the 52 subjects, 27 had either a vertebral fracture or low trauma fracture. There was no association between fractures, hip or spine BMD, or grip strength. In contrast, greater functional reach [odds ratio (OR) per standard deviation (SD) increase: 0.29; 95% CI: 0.13–0.69), quicker TUG (OR per SD decrease: 0.14; 95% CI: 0.11–0.23), and a greater distance walked in 6 min (OR per SD increase: 0.10; 95% CI: 0.03–0.36) were all associated with a reduced risk of fracture.Conclusions Impaired neuromuscular function is associated with fracture in hemodialysis patients.Presented in part as an abstract at the 2004 American Society of Bone and Mineral Research Meeting, Seattle, WA, USA. This work was funded by The Dean’s Fund and The Connaught New Staff Matching Grant, both from the University of Toronto. Dr. Jamal is funded by a Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR) New Investigator Award.     

血液透析患者残余肾功能的保护

残余肾功能是影响透析患者生存率和生活质量的重要因素。在我国,血液透析是终末期肾病患者肾脏替代治疗的最主要方式,充分认识维持性血液透析患者残余肾功能的重要性,加强对其残余肾功能的保护,是肾脏病学家和患者共同关注的问题。本文对近年来关于残余肾功能对血液透析患者的临床意义、残余肾功能的保护措施等方面的研究进行论述,并重点对透析脱水调节和透析频率对残余肾功能影响的研究进行归纳总结,同时结合笔者临床经验阐述了血液透析容量控制与残余肾功能保护的关系,旨在加强临床医务工作者对保护血液透析患者残余肾功能的重视,并提供保护其残余肾功能的途径。     

不同组合透析方案对维持性血液透析患者相关并发症的影响

目的观察不同组合透析方案治疗对维持性血液透析(MHD)患者生化指标及相关并发症的疗效。方法选择泰州市人民医院血液净化中心MHD患者80例,治疗方案均为血液透析(HD)(2次/周)、血液透析滤过(HDF)(1次/周)、血液透析联合血液灌流(HD+HP)(1次/2周)的组合式透析方案。随机分为A、B两组,各40例,A组继续使用原治疗方案;B组将透析治疗方案改为HD(2次/周)、HDF(1次/周)、HDF+HP(1次/2周),观察期为3个月。记录患者入组时及治疗3个月后血压控制情况并采血检测相关指标,记录透析相关并发症等,同时统计治疗期间的费用情况。结果A组与B组入组时各项指标比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。治疗3个月后发现:①B组收缩压、舒张压较A组明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);②与A组比较,B组甲状旁腺素、血磷、β2微球蛋白均显著下降(P<0.05),血红蛋白显著上升(P<0.05),皮肤瘙痒明显改善(P<0.05);③B组C-反应蛋白较A组下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);④A组与B组比较,血浆白蛋白水平、透析相关并发症发生率及总治疗费用无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论HD、HDF、HDF+HP组合透析方案能更好清除体内代谢产物、尿毒症毒素,纠正肾性贫血及慢性肾脏病矿物质和骨异常,改善机体内微炎症状态、营养状况及皮肤瘙痒症状,血压控制更理想。故该方案能更好的改善MHD患者远期并发症,且相对不增加治疗费用,有推广价值。     

血液透析患者中心静脉导管感染的危险因素

目的 探讨中心静脉导管(central venous catheter,CVC)相关感染的发病率和高危因素.方法 以历史性队列研究的方法进行调查.结果 患者感染率为18.83/1 000导管日.单因素相关分析显示,使用非隧道导管(non-tenneled catheter,NTC)导致的导管相关血流感染(catheter related blood stream infection,CRBSI)的危险因素有糖尿病、导管留置时间、白细胞计数、血红蛋白浓度及中性粒细胞计数;NTC外口感染的危险因素为年龄、糖尿病、中性粒细胞计数及血清白蛋白水平,而导管留置部位和时间都不是外口感染的危险因素.多因素相关分析表明,使用NTC的患者发生CRBSI的危险因素为糖尿病、导管留置时间和中性粒细胞计数;使用NTC的患者外口感染的危险因素是年龄、血清白蛋白水平及中性粒细胞计数.结论 应控制感染发生的危险因素,降低感染发生率.     

血液透析联合血液灌流治疗尿毒症患者周围神经病变的效果

目的 探讨血液灌流联合血液透析对尿毒症周围神经病变的疗效和机制.方法 将54例尿毒症周围神经病变的血液透析患者按数字表法随机分为血液灌流+血液透析组(HD+HP)和常规血液透析组(HD).HD+ HP组行每周连续3次HD+ HP治疗;常规血液透析组(HD)行每周3次常规HD治疗.治疗4周,比较治疗前后两组患者周围神经病变的临床症状、血PTH、β2-MG浓度和正中神经、胫神经、腓总神经的感觉神经传导速度(SCV)变化,分析PTH和β2-MG与SCV的相关性.结果 经过4周的治疗后,HD组患者周围神经病变的临床症状、血PTH、β2-MG、感觉神经传导速度无明显改善,而HD+HP组患者周围神经病变的临床症状、血PTH、β2-MG及SCV均较治疗前有明显改善,其程度显著优于HD组(P＜0.05),PTH和β2-MG与SCV有明显的相关性(P＜0.05).结论 连续短期HD+ HP能有效清除PTH和β2-MG,且对治疗尿毒症周围神经病变有效;PTH和β2-MG在体内蓄积与尿毒症周围神经病变有关.     

老年糖尿病肾病血液透析患者的系统护理

目的：探讨系统化护理对于老年糖尿病肾病血液透析的影响。方法将140例患者按入院时间随机分为两组。对照组给予一般常规护理，观察组给予系统护理。将两组患者的不良反应以及生存率进行比较。结果观察组的不良反应发生率显著低于对照组，组间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）；观察组患者各阶段生存率显著高于对照组，组间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论将系统化护理用于老年糖尿病肾病血液透析，可以有效降低不良反应发生率，提高患者生存率。     

维持性血透患者的心理状态研究

研究我国血透患者的心理状况并进行针对性的心理治疗。方法 采用症状自评量表(SCL90-R)、多维度健康状况心理控制源量表(MHLC)、艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)及终末期肾脏病(ESRD)患者专用的生活质量表对北京六个医院透析中心的92名维持性血透患者进行了心理状态的研究,并与美国及加拿大相同的研究进行了比较分析。结果 本组的血透存在着抑郁、焦虑、恐怖等心理障碍,出现心理障碍的比例显著高于美国同类患者(P<0.01),且焦虑的发生率高于美国同类患者(P<0.01)。这些障碍与MHLC中机遇项分(CED)显著相关(P<0.01)。EPQ中神经质项分高者倾向于发生抑郁、焦虑等心理障碍。本组的血透患者客观生活质量较加拿大同类患者低(P<0.01),但在总的生活满意度上没有显著性差异。生活质量与心理及躯体因素均呈显著相关,心理障碍与躯体症状也显著相关(P<0.01)。结论 本组的血透患者心理状态与美国加拿大同类患者相比既有相同之处,又有特殊之处。我们应该兼顾病人的躯体和精神两方面的健康,努力提高他们的生活质量。     

维持性血液透析患者动脉粥样硬化的早期诊断及相关因素研究

显著的影响.MHD患者桡动脉内膜厚度显著厚于对照组(P＜0.05),与颈动脉IMT呈正相关(P＜0.01).有斑块患者IMT及心血管并发症的发生率高于无斑块患者(P＜0.01).结论 MHD患者颈动脉粥样硬化发生率高,微炎症状态是其发生的重要影响因素.     

血液透析患者颈总动脉僵硬度与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的 探讨维持性血液透析患者颈总动脉僵硬度与胰岛素抵抗的关系。 方法 选取80例非糖尿病、病情稳定的血液透析患者为研究对象。采用超声血管壁跟踪系统（Echo-tracking）在血液透析结束后1 h测定颈总动脉硬化参数β作为评价大动脉僵硬度的指标。胰岛素抵抗用内环境稳定模型评估胰岛素抵抗法（HOMA-IR）进行评价。常规检测血红蛋白、白蛋白、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、三酰甘油、脂蛋白(a)、载脂蛋白A1、载脂蛋白B、C反应蛋白、钙、磷、肌酐。用独立样本t检验、Pearson及多元逐步回归法分析各参数关系。 结果 既往有心血管病史者颈总动脉硬化参数β大于无心血管病史者（11.41±4.13比9.75±3.63，P < 0.05）。Pearson相关分析显示，颈总动脉硬化参数β与HOMA-IR（r = 0.321，P < 0.01、年龄（r = 0.376，P < 0.01）、脉压（r = 0.267，P < 0.05）、透析龄（r = 0.219，P < 0.05）呈正相关。多元逐步回归结果显示，HOMA-IR（β = 0.228，P < 0.05）、年龄（β = 0.308，P < 0.01）是颈总动脉硬化参数β增加的独立危险因素。 结论 在血液透析患者，胰岛素抵抗可能通过参与大动脉僵硬的发生，导致心血管疾病发病率和病死率增加。     

维持性血液透析患者胎球蛋白A和炎症水平与心脏瓣膜钙化的相关性

目的 探讨继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者行甲状旁腺全切除或次全切除术的预后.方法 入选2009年1月至2014年3月前在青岛大学附属医院血液透析中心的维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)患者99例,所有患者均行超声心动检查,根据超声心动结果将患者分为合并心脏瓣膜钙化组和无心脏瓣膜钙化组,另根据心脏瓣膜钙化数量将患者分为无瓣膜钙化(A组)、单个瓣膜钙化(B组)和双瓣膜钙化(C组).采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血胎球蛋白A(Fetuin-A)、白细胞介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、超敏C反应蛋白(high sensitivity C-reactive protein,hs-CRP)水平并评价上述指标与心脏瓣膜钙化的相关性.结果 99例患者中合并瓣膜钙化40例(占40.4％),其中二尖瓣瓣膜钙化(mitral valve calcification,MVC)27例(占27.3％),主动脉瓣瓣膜钙化(aortic valve calcification,AVC)30例(占30.3％),二尖瓣瓣膜合并主动脉瓣瓣膜钙化(MVC合并AVC)17例(占17.2％).比较合并瓣膜钙化组和无瓣膜钙化组患者的临床资料发现,合并瓣膜钙化组的年龄、透析时间、血磷、全段甲状旁腺素(intact parathyroid hormone,iPTH)、hs-CRP、IL-6更高,白蛋白、Fetuin-A水平更低.比较A组、B组和C组发现,随着年龄、透析时间的增高,血磷、钙磷乘积、IL-6、hs-CRP水平的增高,瓣膜钙化的数量逐渐增多,而随着血白蛋白、Fetuin-A水平的增高,瓣膜钙化的数量逐渐减少.以Fetuin-A为自变量行相关性分析发现,与年龄(r=-0.246,P=0.014)、透析时间(r=-0.297,P=0.003)、iPTH(r=-0.256,P=0.011)、hs-CRP(r=-0.272,P=0.006)、IL-6(r=-0.492,P=0.000)、心脏瓣膜钙化(r=-0.6,P=0.001)呈负相关,而与血白蛋白(r=0.298,P=0.003)呈正相关.结论 MHD患者心脏瓣膜钙化的发生率较高,以主动脉瓣瓣膜钙化多见.Fetuin-A、炎症水平与心脏瓣膜钙化有着重要的相关性,评估Fetuin-A、炎症水平可能对识别心血管事件特别是心脏瓣膜钙化的发展和恶化有重要价值.     

维持性血液透析患者皮肤瘙痒情况的调查

目的 分析维持性血液透析患者皮肤瘙痒的部位、程度及治疗情况.方法 对我院血液净化中心63例维持性血液透析患者的皮肤瘙痒发生部位、以视觉模拟评分法评估瘙痒程度并调查其治疗情况.结果 63例维持性血液透析患者常见的瘙痒部位依次为背部、下肢、胸部、上肢、头颈部;轻度、中度、重度瘙痒分别为22例(34.9%)、25例(39.6%)、16例(25.4%);合并皮肤感染5例.63例患者中有40例患者接受血液灌流和(或)血液透析滤过治疗,经规律血液灌流和(或)血液透析滤过治疗后症状缓解.单纯行血液透析治疗的23例瘙痒患者中有14例去皮肤科就诊,经局部对症治疗效果不明显.结论 维持性血液透析患者皮肤瘙痒多为中、重度并可能发生皮肤感染.规律血液灌流和(或)血液透析滤过治疗能有效地缓解维持性血液透析患者皮肤瘙痒,而单纯局部对症治疗无效.     

维持性血液透析后血清尿素反弹及其影响因素

目的 研究观察维持性血液透析（MHD）患者透析后血清尿素反弹情况及相关影响因素。 方法 稳定的MHD患者124例为对象。取透析前、透析结束时、透析后15 min、30 min血样，定量观察尿素反弹及其对透析充分性指标单室尿素清除指数（spKt/V）和血清尿素下降率（URR）的影响。分析其与患者人口学特征、透析参数的相关关系。 结果 血液透析后的血清尿素反弹平均达13.6%，导致URR和spKt/V分别高估0.04和0.14。影响尿素反弹最重要的因素是透析效率K/V，此外还有较高的血红蛋白、较多的相对超滤量、动静脉通路和男性。 结论 血液透析后的尿素反弹普遍存在。对于特定的个体和透析过程，其对透析充分性指标的影响不能忽略。     

Pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis

This report describes three patients who underwent a pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PpPD) and received maintenance hemodialysis due to chronic renal failure. The three cases were diagnosed to have bile duct cancer, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, and carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater, respectively. They underwent chronic hemodialysis for 7.7 years. They all underwent a PpPD with lymph node dissection. The mean operation time was 373 min and mean blood loss was 647 ml. During the postoperative courses, hemodialysis was restarted on postoperative day 1 in all three cases. In the three patients, only minor complications were experienced and these were treated conservatively. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 48 days. Two patients are still alive 135 and 21 months after the operation, respectively, but the other patient died of another disease 21 months after the PpPD. A PpPD may therefore be safe and feasible even in patients receiving chronic hemodialysis.     

维持性血液透析患者丙型肝炎病毒感染情况的调查与护理预防

目的 调查本透析中心6年间维持性血液透析患者丙型肝炎病毒的感染率变化情况,分析丙型肝炎病毒感染的易感因素,探讨预防丙型肝炎病毒传播的措施.方法 检测所有长期维持性血液透析患者丙型肝炎抗体,丙型肝炎RNA,并收集相关临床资料.结果 2004年155例透析患者中丙型肝炎感染率为10.3%.2009年228例患者中丙型肝炎抗体阳性率为8.8%.2010年300例丙型肝炎的感染率为7.3%.其中111例患者在我中心透析6年以上,累计透析85100余次,没有新发丙型肝炎感染.显示输血次数和肾移植病史是并发丙型肝炎的危险因素.结论 近6年来我中心的血液透析患者丙型肝炎感染率呈下降趋势.通过减少输血,严格执行血液透析时防止血源性传播疾病操作规程,能够减少丙型肝炎在透析患者之间的传播.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in patients with maintained hemodialysis for 6 years in the hemodialysis center of Beijing Friendship Hospital, and to analyse the risk factor of HCV infection. Methods HCV RNA , the serum virus antibody were detected in hemodialysis patients . The relationship between the infection of hepatitis virus and the dialysis time, blood infusion and hepatic function was analysed. Results The percentage of HCV infection patients was 10.3% ,8.8%, and 7.3% in 2004,2009,2010 respectively. 111 patients were treated in our center for more than 6 years. There was no new HCV infection in these group patients during 6 years. Blood infusion and the history of kidney implantation were the risk factors. Conclusion The percentage of HCV infection in hemodialysis patients was reduced in our dialysis center. Avoidance blood transfusion and infection control of blood purification standard operating procedure are the major ways to prevent transmit HCV in patient with MHD.