新生儿瘦素水平动态变化与胰岛素样生长因子—Ⅰ、胰岛素及生长激素关系研究

目的:探讨新生儿期血清瘦素、胰岛素样生长因子—Ⅰ(IGF-I)、胰岛素、生长激素水平变化及其对新生儿生长发育的影响。方法:采用放射免疫法检测100例正常足月人工喂养新生儿脐静脉和静脉血瘦素、IGF-I、胰岛素和生长激素水平,并按采血时间分为初生脐血组、早期新生儿组(生后4~6天)和晚期新生儿组(生后25~28天),采用新生儿体重、身长和R I指数评估新生儿生长发育情况。结果:脐血瘦素水平与IGF-I、胰岛素、生长激素水平和出生体重呈正相关,r值分别为0.45、0.374、0.56和0.646(P均<0.01);早期新生儿组血清瘦素水平(0.45±0.38)μg/L显著低于初生脐血组(8.51±5.64)μg/L,其下降值与此期间IGF-I的下降值呈显著正相关(r=0.28),而与胰岛素、生长激素和新生儿体重的下降值无关:晚期新生儿瘦素水平(1.83±0.73)μg/L回升,高于早期新生儿水平(P<0.01),其增长值与血清IGF-I、胰岛素、生长激素以及体重的增长值呈显著正相关,r值分别为0.45、0.384、0.289、0.484(P<0.01~0.05)。结论:新生儿期血清瘦素水平的动态变化与体重、血清IGF-I、胰岛素和生长激素水平有一定相关性,提示瘦素对新生儿期生长发育和能量代谢方面发挥重要作用;瘦素可能通过营养物质—胰岛素—IGF-1—生长激素内分泌轴共同调控新生儿生长发育。     

新生儿瘦素水平动态变化与胰岛素样生长因子—I、胰岛素及生长激素关系研究

目的：探讨新生儿期血清瘦素、胰岛素样生长因子—I（IGF—I）、胰岛素、生长激素水平变化及其对新生儿生长发育的影响。方法：采用放射免疫法检测100例正常足月人工喂养新生儿脐静脉和静脉血瘦素、IGF—I、胰岛素和生长激素水平，并按采血时间分为初生脐血组、早期新生儿组（生后4～6天）和晚期新生儿组（生后25～28天），采用新生儿体重、身长和RI指数评估新生儿生长发育情况。结果：脐血瘦素水平与IGF—I、胰岛素、生长激素水平和出生体重呈正相关，r值分别为0.45、0.374、0.56和0.646（P均〈0.01）；早期新生儿组血清瘦素水平（O．45±0．38）μg／L显著低于初生脐血组（8．51士5．64）μg／L，其下降值与此期间IGF—I的下降值呈显著正相关（r=0．28），而与胰岛素、生长激素和新生儿体重的下降值无关：晚期新生儿瘦素水平（1．83±0．73）μg/L回升，高于早期新生儿水平（P〈0．01），其增长值与血清IGF—I、胰岛素、生长激素以及体重的增长值呈显著正相关，r值分别为0．45、0．384、0．289、0．484（P〈0．01—0．05）。结论：新生儿期血清瘦素水平的动态变化与体重、血清IGF—I、胰岛素和生长激素水平有一定相关性，提示瘦素对新生儿期生长发育和能量代谢方面发挥重要作用：瘦素可能通过营养物质一胰岛素--IGF—1—生长激素内分泌轴共同调控新生儿生长发育。     

脐血瘦素及IGF和胰岛素水平与胎儿生长发育相关性研究

目的:探讨脐血瘦素、胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)和胰岛素水平与胎儿生长发育的相关性。方法:采用放射免疫法检测80例足月新生儿脐血瘦素、IGF-I、IGF-II和胰岛素水平,根据胎龄和新生儿出生体重将新生儿分为小于胎龄儿(SGA)、适于胎龄儿(AGA)和大于胎龄儿(LGA)3组,采用新生儿出生时体重、身长和Rohrer's指数估测胎儿生长发育状态。结果:LGA组脐血瘦素、IGF-I和胰岛素水平明显高于AGA组(12.03±1.22vs7.11±1.00,70.21±3.23vs43.48±0.96,4.03±1.12vs3.19±0.92),SGA组脐血瘦素、IGF-I和胰岛素水平明显低于AGA组(2.66±1.03vs 7.11±1.00,22.13±5.98vs43.48±0.96,2.34±3.63vs3.19±0.92);脐血瘦素水平与胎儿出生体重、身长和Rohrer's指数呈显著正相关,LGA和AGA组脐血IGF-I和胰岛素水平与胎儿出生体重、身长和Rohrer's指数呈显著正相关,LGA和AGA组脐血瘦素水平与IGF-I和胰岛素呈显著正相关。结论:脐血瘦素、IGF-I和胰岛素水平与新生儿的体重、身长和Rohrer's指数存在相关性,提示瘦素、IGF-I和胰岛素在胎儿生长发育中起重要作用。     

FGR新生儿与正常新生儿母血和脐血瘦素、IGF-1及血脂水平的差异性研究

目的探讨胎儿生长受限(FGR)新生儿与正常新生儿母血和脐血瘦素、胰岛素样生长因子-1 (IGF-1)及血脂水平的差异性。方法选取单胎妊娠的FGR产妇42例(FGR组),正常产妇40例(对照组),收集产妇临产前静脉血以及娩出后、胎盘娩出前胎盘静脉血,检测母血和脐血血清瘦素、IGF-1、血脂水平,并测量新生儿出生体质量、身长、头围、胎盘重量等指标。结果 FGR组新生儿出生体质量、身长、头围、胎盘重量明显低于对照组(P0. 05)。FGR组母血与脐血瘦素水平显著低于对照组脐血瘦素水平(P0. 05)。FGR组母血与脐血IGF-1水平均明显低于对照组(P0. 05)。FGR组母血与脐血三酰甘油(TG)、胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平均明显低于对照组(P0. 05)。FGR组脐血瘦素、IGF-1、TG、TC水平均明显低于母血(P0. 05)。脐血瘦素水平与新生儿出生体质量、身长、头围、胎盘重量均呈明显正相关(P0. 05)。母血与脐血IGF-1、TG、TC水平均与新生儿出生体质量、身长、头围、胎盘重量呈明显正相关(P0. 05)。母血瘦素与脐血IGF-1水平呈明显正相关,且母血IGF-1、TG、TC与脐血瘦素、IGF-1、TG、TC等均呈明显相关性(P0. 05)。结论脐血瘦素、IGF-1、血脂水平的降低均与胎儿生长受限有关,且这一过程与母血IGF-1、血脂水平的降低有关,瘦素、IGF-1、血脂水平的相互影响可能共同参与调控胎儿生长发育过程。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病血清INS和LEP及IGF-Ⅰ水平检测

目的探讨新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)血清胰岛素(INS)、瘦素(LEP)、胰岛素样生长因子I(IGF-Ⅰ)水平变化及意义。方法应用放射免疫分析测定了40例新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病急性期与恢复期血清INS、LEP和IGF-I的水平并与30名正常新生儿作比较。结果新生儿窒息时HIE组与正常对照组比较血清IGF-Ⅰ下降,瘦素升高,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),HIE组患儿急性期血中IGF-Ⅰ下降,恢复期有所回升,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),重度HIE组急性期与恢复期瘦素比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 IGF-Ⅰ在中枢神经系统中起重要保护作用,INS、LEP参与IGF-Ⅰ的代谢过程,并与新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病病理过程密切相关。     

胰岛素生长因子-I与妊高征胎儿宫内发育迟缓的病因学研究

为探讨胰岛素生长因子 - I (IGF- I)与妊高征 (PIH)合并胎儿宫内发育迟缓 (IUGR)的病因学关系 ,选择 31例 PIH合并 IUGR作为研究组 ,同期住院 PIH34例作为对照组 ,于临产前抽取孕母肘静脉血及新生儿出生时脐静脉血 ,通过放射免疫方法测定 IGF- I的水平。结果 :(1 ) IUGR母血清 IGF- I水平为 39.96± 7.1 7ng/ ml,低于脐血清 IGF- I水平 78.2 2± 1 6.1 4 ng/ ml,两者相比差异显著 (P<0 .0 1 )。(2 )对照组母血清 IGF- I水平为 48.89± 6.46ng/ml,高于脐血清 IGF- I水平 2 7.0 2± 2 .68ng/ ml,有显著性差异 (P<0 .0 1 )。 (3)两组母血清相比 :IUGR组母血清中IGF- I的水平低于对照组 (P<0 .0 1 )有显著性差异 ;两组脐血清相比 :IUGR组脐血 IGF- I的水平明显高于对照组 ,差异有显著性 (P<0 .0 1 )。提示 PIH孕妇血清中的 ICF- I与 IUGR的发生有关 ,与出生体重呈正相关 ,是导致妊高征 IUGR的重要原因之一     

学龄前肥胖儿童体质指数与血清瘦素、胰岛素及性激素水平的关系

[目的]研究学龄前肥胖儿童体质指数与血清瘦素、胰岛素及性激素水平的关系. [方法]对122例学龄前肥胖儿童及61例健康正常儿童的瘦素(Leptin)、胰岛素(Ins)、胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)、胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-3(IGF-BP3)、雌二醇(E2)和睾酮(T)水平进行测定,测量其身高、体重.计算其体质指数(body mass index,BMI),并分析BMI与各激素的相互关系. [结果]①肥胖组儿童BMI及血清Leptin、Ins、IGF-Ⅰ、IGF-BP3和E2水平明显高于正常组,且差异有显著性(P值均<0.001),而两组睾酮水平差异无显著性(P>0.05);相关分析显示肥胖儿童BMI与血清Leptin和Ins水平有明显正相关(r=0.412,r=0.336.P值均<0.001);②正常组儿童BMI与血清Leptin、Ins、IGF-Ⅰ、IGF-BP3、E2和睾酮水平均无相关性(P值均>0.05),③BMI与血清Leptin和Ins水平的相关系数肥胖男童大于肥胖女童,且肥胖女童BMI与血清E2水平有显著正相关(P<0.05),而肥胖男童则无显著相关性(P>0.05);④多元线性回归分析显示肥胖儿童血清Leptin和Ins水平是影响BMI的重要因素(P值均<0.001). [结论]BMI对儿童肥胖的早期诊断、早期干预是非常有意义的.     

脐血瘦素、IGF—Ⅰ、脂联素与胎儿宫内发育迟缓的意义

目的探讨脐血瘦素、IGF—Ⅰ和脂联素与胎儿宫内生长迟缓的关系。方法选择2006年10月至2007年10月在我院新生儿47例,宫内生长迟缓（小于胎龄儿,SGA）组16例,适于胎龄儿（AGA）组31例为正常对照组。采用放射免疫分析法对新生儿脐血瘦素、IGF—Ⅰ及脂联素进行检测分析;测量新生儿体质量、身长、头围、足长及胎盘重量,计算体重指数（BMI）。结果（1）宫内生长迟缓组脐血瘦素、IGF-Ⅰ及脂联素水平水平明显低于正常对照组（P均〈0．01）。（2）脐血脂联素水平与出生体质量、胎盘重量、BMI水平均呈正相关（P均〈0．05）。（3）脐血瘦素及IGF-Ⅰ水平分别与新生儿出生体质量、身长、头围、足长、BMI及胎盘重量呈显著正相关（P〈0．01）。结论脐血瘦素、IGF—Ⅰ及脂联素水平与胎儿生长发育及营养状态密切相关,脐血瘦素素、IGF—Ⅰ或脂联素水平降低可能是胎儿宫内生长迟缓发生的原因之一。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者母儿血清与胎盘瘦素水平及相关性研究（英文）

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)患者母儿血清瘦素(leptin,LP)、胰岛素(insulin,INS)水平及胎盘瘦素表达的变化情况,及母儿血清瘦素、胎盘瘦素表达水平与其血清C肽(C-peptide,C-P)的关系。方法 GDM患者40例为GDM组,给予常规的糖尿病饮食指导,血糖监测,必要时应用胰岛素治疗。同期75g葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)正常的孕妇40例为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附法测定患者外周血清和脐静脉血清瘦素、胰岛素及C肽水平,免疫组织化学法测定胎盘瘦素表达。结果(1)GDM组患者外周血清存在较高的瘦素、胰岛素及C肽水平,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01,P<0.05,P<0.01)。(2)GDM组患者脐血瘦素、胰岛素水平明显升高,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01,P<0.05);两组脐血C肽水平差异无统计学意义。(3)GDM组患者胎盘瘦素表达水平高,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);GDM组胎盘瘦素表达水平与脐血瘦素、脐血胰岛素、新生儿体重及新生儿Ponderal指数呈正相关关系(r=0.37,P<0.05;r=0.39,P<0.05;r=0.53,P<0.01;r=0.54,P<0.01),与母血瘦素无相关性。结论(1)妊娠晚期GDM母儿均存在高瘦素血症和高胰岛素血症。(2)GDM母儿瘦素及胰岛素之间相互调节功能紊乱,二者可能存在胰岛素抵抗和瘦素抵抗。     

母血、羊水中IGF水平与胎儿宫内生长受限关系的研究

目的 探讨胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-1)和IGF-Ⅱ与胎儿生长发育的关系。方法 抽取15例分娩IUGR胎儿(IUGR组)及20例分娩正常Jk(对照组)产妇肘静脉血、新生儿脐静血及羊水。采用放射免疫法及免疫放射法分别测定其IGF-Ⅰ、IGF-Ⅱ水平。结果 IUGR组产妇血清IGF-Ⅰ水平低于对照组，IGF-Ⅱ水平无显著差异；IUGR组脐血及羊水中IGF-Ⅰ、IGF-Ⅱ水平较对照组显著降低。结论 检测母血及羊水中IGF-Ⅰ、IGF-Ⅱ水平可监测胎儿生长发育，早期诊断IUGR。     

Effects of combination of zinc and vitamin A supplementation on serum fasting blood sugar,insulin, apoprotein B and apoprotein A-I in patients with type I diabetes

Background and aim There is accumulating evidence that shows the metabolism of zinc and vitamin A are altered in diabetes mellitus type I (DMTI), thus the present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of combination of zinc and vitamin A supplementation on serum fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, apoprotein B and apoprotein A-I in patients with DMTI.

Design Forty-eight, 7-year-old to 20-year-old patients with at least 2 years of DMTI history, without any metabolic condition or medicine intake with insulin treatment, participated in a randomized double-blind clinical trial for 12 weeks. They were divided into zinc and vitamin A (VAZ)-supplemented (10 mg elemental zinc per day and one-half of a 25,000 IU vitamin A tablet every other day) and/or placebo groups after matching for sex, age and DMTI duration. Nutrient intake was estimated using 24 h recall and was analyzed by food processor program. Serum apoproteins B and A-I, FBS and insulin levels were determined at the beginning and end of the trial.

Results There was significant increase in apoprotein A-I (P <?0.0001) and a significant decrease in apoprotein B (P <?0.0001) and apoprotein B/apoprotein A-I ratio (P <?0.0001) at the end of the study compared with baseline values in the VAZ group but apoprotein A-I had a significant increase (P <?0.0001) and the apoprotein B/apoprotein A-I ratio had a significant decrease (P = 0.02) at the end of study in the VAZ group compared with the control group

Conclusion It seems that combined zinc and vitamin A supplementation can improve serum apoprotein A-I, apoprotein B and the apoprotein B/apoprotein A-I ratio in patients with DMTI.     

Review of biphasic insulin aspart in the treatment of type 1 and 2 diabetes

Background

Insulin is an effective treatment for achieving glycemic control and preventing complications in patients with diabetes. In order to make insulin therapy more acceptable to patients, newer formulations of insulin have been developed, such as biphasic insulins. Biphasic insulins conveniently provide both prandial and basal insulin in a single injection. One of the most well-studied biphasic insulins is biphasic insulin aspart 70/30.

Objective

Our goal was to review the current literature on the safety and efficacy of biphasic insulin aspart in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Methods

A MEDLINE search was conducted using the terms “biphasic insulin aspart” to identify clinical studies and reviews.

Results

Biphasic insulin aspart more effectively reduces post-prandial glucose compared to other biphasic insulins and basal insulins. Compared to biphasic insulin aspart, fasting glucose levels are lower with NPH, similar with glargine, and similar or lower with biphasic human insulin. Treat-to-target trials have shown that a goal HbA1c below 6.5 or 7% can be achieved with biphasic insulin aspart. The risk of hypoglycemia is similar to or less than that seen with other biphasic insulins or NPH insulin.

Conclusion

Biphasic insulin aspart 70/30 is a safe and effective treatment option for patients with diabetes.     

长期酒精摄入对雄性大鼠胰岛素敏感性及肝脏IR、IRS-1、IRS-2 mRNA表达的影响

目的从基因表达水平探讨长期酒精摄入影响肝脏胰岛素敏感性的分子机制。方法清洁级Wistar雄性大鼠40只,随机分为对照组和低、中、高剂量酒精组,每天摄入酒精剂量分别为0、0·8、1·6和2·4g/kg bw。给予酒精19周后,测定空腹血糖、血胰岛素,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。提取肝脏总RNA,通过RT-PCR测定胰岛素受体(IR)、胰岛素受体底物1(IRS-1)、胰岛素受体底物2(IRS-2)的mRNA表达水平。结果与对照组相比,高剂量组血糖升高(P<0·05);各剂量组血胰岛素浓度均升高,低、中剂量组升高有显著性差异(P<0·05);各剂量组HOMA-IR均显著高于对照组(P<0·05)。各剂量组IR mRNA表达均降低;IRS-1及IRS-2mRNA表达在低、中剂量组升高,高剂量组降低。结论长期过量酒精摄入可以引起雄性大鼠胰岛素抵抗,肝脏IR、IRS-1、IRS-2mRNA表达降低是酒精影响胰岛素敏感性的分子机制之一。     

Medicare prospective payment and the volume and intensity of skilled nursing facility services

In 1998, Medicare adopted a per diem Prospective Payment System (PPS) for skilled nursing facility care, which was intended to deter the use of high-cost rehabilitative services. The average per diem decreased under the PPS, but because per diems increased for greater therapy minutes, the ability of the PPS to deter the use of high-intensity services was questionable. In this study, we assess how the PPS affected the volume and intensity of Medicare services. By volume we mean the product of the number of Medicare residents in a facility and the average length-of-stay, by intensity we mean the time per week devoted to rehabilitation therapy. Our results indicate that the number of Medicare residents decreased under PPS, but rehabilitative services and therapy minutes increased while length-of-stay remained relatively constant. Not surprisingly, when subsequent Medicare policy changes increased payment rates, Medicare volume far surpassed the levels seen in the pre-PPS period.     

持续静脉应用胰岛素、胰岛素泵用于治疗糖尿病酮症酸中毒病患的临床效果分析

目的:调研和分析持续静脉应用胰岛素和胰岛素泵用于治疗糖尿病酮症酸中毒患者的临床效果。方法:选择2017年1月~2019年1月到本院糖尿病科接受治疗糖尿病酮症酸中毒的68例患者作为调研对象,以随机法分为对照组(34例)和观察组(34例)。其中,对照组患者接持续静脉应用胰岛素治疗,观察组患者接受胰岛素泵应用胰岛素治疗。观察并对比两组患者相关指标情况以及低血糖发生情况。结果:观察组患者的尿酮转阴时间、血糖达标时间、尿酮体消失时间、血浆pH值恢复正常时间明显短于对照组,胰岛素应用剂量少于对照组(P<0.05);观察组患者的低血糖发生率2.94%明显低于对照组14.71%(P<0.05)。结论:在糖尿病酮症酸中毒患者接受治疗的过程中,相比较于持续静脉应用胰岛素,胰岛素泵应用胰岛素的临床治疗效果较好。     

Evaluation of insulin sensitivity in clinical practice and in research settings

Insulin resistance is the core metabolic abnormality in type 2 diabetes. Its high prevalence and its association with dyslipidemia, hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, and high coronary and cerebrovascular mortality put it in the forefront as the plausible target for aggressive intervention. Measurements of insulin sensitivity provide clinicians and clinical researchers with invaluable instruments to objectively evaluate the efficiency of both current and potentially useful interventional tools. Although several methods had been developed and validated to evaluate insulin sensitivity, none of these methods can be universally used in all patients. Nonetheless, a method suitable for use in clinical or basic research may not necessarily be a practical method for use in clinical practice or for epidemiologic research. We reviewed the currently used methods for assessment of insulin sensitivity. For each method, we summarized its procedure, normal value, cut-off value for defining insulin resistance, advantages and limitations, validity, accuracy for each patient population, and suitability for use in clinical practice and in research settings. The methods reviewed include fasting plasma insulin, homeostatic model assessment, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, glucose-to-insulin ratio, continuous infusion of glucose with model assessment, indices based on oral glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test, and the so called "gold standard" methods, the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp and the frequently sampled-intravenous glucose tolerance test.     

The impact of minimum legal drinking age laws on alcohol consumption, smoking, and marijuana use: evidence from a regression discontinuity design using exact date of birth

This paper uses a regression discontinuity design to estimate the impact of the minimum legal drinking age laws on alcohol consumption, smoking, and marijuana use among young adults. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1997 Cohort), we find that granting legal access to alcohol at age 21 leads to an increase in several measures of alcohol consumption, including an up to a 13 percentage point increase in the probability of drinking. Furthermore, this effect is robust under several different parametric and non-parametric models. We also find some evidence that the discrete jump in alcohol consumption at age 21 has negative spillover effects on marijuana use but does not affect the smoking habits of young adults. Our results indicate that although the change in alcohol consumption habits of young adults following their 21st birthday is less severe than previously known, policies that are designed to reduce drinking among young adults may have desirable impacts and can create public health benefits.     

镁与糖尿病

The text summarizes the relation of hypomagnesernia and diabetes.     

Effects of Coffee Consumption on Insulin Resistance and Sensitivity: A Meta-Analysis

Coffee is widely consumed worldwide and impacts glucose metabolism. After a previous meta-analysis that evaluated the effects of coffee consumption on insulin resistance and sensitivity, additional randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were conducted. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of coffee consumption on insulin resistance or sensitivity. We selected RCTs that evaluated the effects of coffee consumption for seven days or more on insulin sensitivity or resistance using surrogate indices (homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and Matsuda index). The fixed-effects or random-effects model was used according to heterogeneity. Four studies with 268 participants were analyzed in this meta-analysis. Coffee consumption significantly decreased HOMA-IR compared to control (mean difference (MD) = −0.13; 95% CI = −0.24–−0.03; p-value = 0.01). However, the significance was not maintained in the sensitivity analysis (MD = −0.04; 95% CI = −0.18–0.10; p-value = 0.55) after excluding data from the healthy, young, normal-weight group. Matsuda index was not significantly different between coffee and control groups (standardized mean difference (SMD) = −0.33; 95% CI = −0.70–0.03; p-value = 0.08). In conclusion, long-term coffee consumption has a nonsignificant effect on insulin resistance and sensitivity. More studies evaluating the effects of coffee consumption in the healthy, young, and normal-weight individuals are needed.