上海地区儿童超重和肥胖的评价标准比较

目的比较和分析四种基于身高、体质量的儿童肥胖的评价标准。方法选取上海市2347名7～8岁的儿童,其中男生1175名,女生1172名,测量其身高、体质量,并计算体质量指数。分别采用身高别体质量法（1985）标准（WFH1985标准）、中国肥胖问题工作组儿童青少年体质指数标准（WGOC标准）、欧洲国际肥胖工作组儿童青少年体质指数标准（IOTF标准）与美国疾病预防控制中心儿童青少年体质指数标准（CDC标准）评价儿童超重和肥胖的发生率。结果①男生超重发生率为IOTF标准明显高于其他三个标准（P〈0．05）,女生超重发生率IOTF标准明显高于WGOC标准和CDC标准（P〈0．05）;男生肥胖发生率IOTF标准明显低于其他三个标准（P〈0．01）;女生肥胖发生率IOTF标准明显低于WFH1985标准和WGOC标准（P〈0．01）。②WFH1985标准和WGOC标准对肥胖和超重的评价结果差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论WFH1985标准和WGOC标准比IOTF和CDC标准更适合我国儿童超重和肥胖发生率的筛查。     

2 793例3岁以下儿童体格发育情况调查分析

目的了解0~3岁儿童体格发育情况,为儿童保健的指导和干预提供参考依据。方法采用分层随机抽样的方法,选择安庆市的开发区各社区内常住居民的儿童作为调查对象,按照不同月龄段以接近1:1的年龄别比例抽取2014-2016年出生的0~3岁儿童最后一次体检的健康档案数据,共收集有效资料2 793例。与《WHO儿童生长发育标准》标准进行对比,用WHO推荐的Z评分法进行评价。结果男女童体质量、身长均高于WHO标准,且生长趋势与参考标准一致。各月龄体质量男童均大于女童（P < 0.05~P < 0.01）;除9个月和30个月外,其他月龄身长（身高）男童均大于女童（P < 0.01）;身高别体质量和年龄别体质量在中和中上所占比例女童高于男童（P < 0.01）;0~3岁儿童消瘦率0.7%,低体质量率1.8%,发育迟缓率0.6%,超重率7.4%,肥胖率8.2%。肥胖率和超重率男童高于女童（P < 0.01）。结论总体儿童体格发育情况较好,女童较男童发育情况更合理。营养不良情况仍然存在。儿童肥胖和超重成为儿童保健工作关注的重点。     

上海地区儿童超重和肥胖的评价标准比较

目的 比较和分析四种基于身高、体质量的儿童肥胖的评价标准.方法 选取上海市2 347名7～8岁的儿童,其中男生1175名,女生1 172名,测量其身高、体质量,并计算体质量指数.分别采用身高别体质量法(1985)标准(WFH 1985标准)、中国肥胖问题工作组儿童青少年体质指数标准(WGOC标准)、欧洲国际肥胖工作组儿童青少年体质指数标准(IOTF标准)与美国疾病预防控制中心儿童青少年体质指数标准(CDC标准)评价儿童超重和肥胖的发生率.结果 ①男生超重发生率为IOTF标准明显高于其他三个标准(P<0.05),女生超重发生率IOTF标准明显高于WGOC标准和CDC标准(P<0.05);男生肥胖发生率IOTF标准明显低于其他三个标准(P<0.01);女生肥胖发生率IOTF标准明显低于WFH 1985标准和WGOC标准(P<0.01).②WFH 1985标准和WGOC标准对肥胖和超重的评价结果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 WFH 1985标准和WGOC标准比IOTF和CDC标准更适合我国儿童超重和肥胖发生率的筛查.     

Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Australian children and adolescents: reassessment of 1985 and 1995 data against new standard international definitions.

OBJECTIVE: To review the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Australian children and adolescents in two national samples, 10 years apart, using the new standard international definitions of the International Obesity Task Force Childhood Obesity Working Group. DESIGN: Body mass index (BMI) cut-off points defining overweight and obesity were applied to the individual BMI values in the two cross-sectional samples. SETTING: Australian community. PARTICIPANTS: 8,492 schoolchildren aged 7-15 years (Australian Health and Fitness Survey, 1985) and 2,962 children aged 2-18 years (National Nutrition Survey, 1995). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Prevalence of overweight and obesity. RESULTS: In the 1985 sample, 9.3% of boys and 10.6% of girls were overweight and a further 1.7% [corrected] of boys and 1.6% [corrected] of girls were obese. In the 1995 sample, overall 15.0% of boys (varied with age from 10.4% to 20.0%) and 15.8% of girls (varied with age from 14.5% to 17.2%) were overweight, and a further 4.5% of boys (2.4%-6.8%) and 5.3% of girls (4.2%-6.3%) were obese. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the 1995 sample peaked at 12-15 years in boys and 7-11 years in girls. In schoolchildren aged 7-15 years, the rates represent a relative risk of overweight in 1995 compared with 1985 of 1.79 (95% CI, 1.59-2.00) and of obesity of 3.28 (95% CI, 2.51-4.29). Compared with previous estimates from these samples, the revised prevalence data are slightly higher for the 1985 data and considerably higher for the 1995 data. CONCLUSION: The secular trend of increasing overweight and obesity in the decade from 1985 and the high prevalence rates in Australian children and adolescents are a major public health concern.     

上海市闵行区学生体质指数分布情况及肥胖流行现状研究

背景　随着我国经济的快速发展,上海市面临着严峻的学生肥胖流行现状。因此,了解上海市学生体质指数（BMI）分布情况及肥胖流行现状,对我国进行儿童肥胖标准的修订和精准干预十分重要。目的　分析上海市闵行区学生BMI分布特征和肥胖流行现状,为我国制定相关卫生政策提供科学证据。方法　从上海市闵行区2016年度学生健康体格检查（以下简称体检）资料中,选取基本人口学信息、身高和体质量资料完整,月龄≥84个月（7岁）且<216个月（18岁）的中小学生作为研究对象,共95 360名（其中男生49 926名、女生45 434名）。采用广义可加模型拟合上海市闵行区中小学生BMI百分位数曲线;并以2010年全国第六次人口普查中7~18岁人口作为标准人口,计算其标准化超重率、肥胖率、超重肥胖合计率。将上海市闵行区中小学生BMI百分位数曲线及计算出的标准化超重率、肥胖率、超重肥胖合计率分别与“2005年九城数据”BMI百分位数曲线（源自教育部组织实施的“2005年中国学生体质与健康调查研究”中来自北京、哈尔滨、西安、上海、南京、武汉、广州、福州、昆明9个城市数据拟合的BMI百分位数曲线）、“2014年中国汉族城市男、女生数据”（源自教育部组织实施的“2014年中国学生体质与健康调研报告”中7~18岁汉族城市样本数据）进行比较。结果　上海市闵行区男、女生BMI百分位数曲线均呈现随年龄增长不断上升的趋势,相同百分位数男生曲线BMI均比女生曲线BMI高,且男女生之间没有交叉。与“2005年九城数据”拟合的BMI百分位数曲线相比,不同性别的上海市闵行区中小学生BMI随年龄上升趋势相同,但在相同年龄时上海市闵行区中小学生BMI均高于“2005年九城数据”。上海市闵行区男生标准化超重率、肥胖率、超重肥胖合计率分别为15.9%、20.6%、36.5%,女生为7.8%、12.8%、20.6%,均高于2014年全国汉族城市男、女生数据标准化水平。小学阶段（7~11岁）：公办学校和Ⅰ类民办学校男生标准化超重肥胖合计率高于Ⅱ类民办学校（χ2值分别为124.36、39.88,P值均<0.001）,公办学校女生超重肥胖合计率高于Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类民办学校（χ2值分别为12.87、43.78,P值均<0.05）。中学阶段（12~18岁）：Ⅰ类民办学校男生标准化超重肥胖合计率高于公办学校（χ2=15.08,P<0.05）,公办学校和Ⅰ类民办学校女生超重肥胖合计率比较,差异无统计学意义（χ2=1.91,P=0.17）。结论　上海市闵行区中小学群体中,男、女生BMI百分位数曲线均呈现随年龄增长不断上升的趋势,相同百分位数男生曲线BMI均较女生曲线BMI高;男生超重率和肥胖率较明显,建议卫生部门和教育部门联合采取社区-学校-家庭联动干预措施,为降低成年期慢性病患病率打好前期基础。     

Ethnic Differences in Body Mass Index and Prevalence of Obesity in School Children of Urumqi City, Xinjiang, China

Objective To investigate the prevalence of obesity and distribution of body mass index （BMI） in school children of four ethnic groups in Urumqi, Xinjiang, China. Methods A total of 55 508 school children of Han, Hui, Uygur and Kazak nationalities aged 8-18 years were selected by a cluster sampling from a districts of Urumqi City for anthropometrie measurement and demographic survey. Prevalence of obesity and overweight and distribution of body mass index （BMI） by gender, age, and nationality were analyzed and compared. Cutoff points of BMI for defining obesity and overweight were based on the proposal set by the Working Group on Obesity in China （WGOC） to assess age-, gender- and nationality-specific prevalence of obesity and overweight. Results Prevalence of obesity was 5.34%, 6.78%, 3.39 %, and 1.22% for boys and 2.61%, 1.83%, 1.78%, and 1.40% for girls of Han, Hui, Uygur and Kazak nationalities, respectively. Prevalence of obesity tended to decrease with age overall, whereas that of overweight increased with age in Han children. Conclusions Prevalence of obesity in school children in Urumqi varies with their nationalities and is lower than that of an average national level and a level of western countries. Obesity is more prevalent in boys than in girls of Urmuqi overall, which is just the opposite in Kazak children. Han boys and Hui girls have the highest prevalence of obesity and Kazak boys and girls have the lowest ones. Prevalence of obesity decreases with age, but that of overweight shows a different trend.     

广州市7~14岁学龄儿童营养状况与贫血相关性分析

目的分析广州市学龄儿童的营养状况和贫血状况及两者之间的关系,为进一步探究中国城市儿童超重/肥胖与缺铁性贫血的关系提供初步的参考依据。方法随机整群抽取参加2013~2014年广州市学生体质健康检查的7~14岁学龄儿童,检测身高、体重和血红蛋白指标,依据身高体重指数(BMI)把学龄儿童的营养状况划分为消瘦、超重、体重正常和肥胖等四组。分析学龄儿童不同营养状况下的血红蛋白及贫血的分布规律,探讨消瘦、超重和肥胖等的营养状况与血红蛋白和贫血的关系。结果广州市区的3 187名7~14岁学龄儿童参与了本次调查,其消瘦、超重和肥胖率分别为6.3%、10.8%和8.0%。其中,男生超重和肥胖率明显高于女生(P值均0.01)。学龄儿童贫血率为2.2%,其中男生贫血率为2.3%,女生贫血率为2.2%,贫血率男女之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。学龄儿童的年龄与血红蛋白浓度均呈正相关关系(P0.01),并且消瘦者发生贫血的危险性较正常体重大(OR=1.23,95%CI:1.05~1.41,P0.05)。按性别分组后,男生BMI与血红蛋白浓度呈负相关关系(P0.01);与正常体重组比较,消瘦男生更易于发生贫血(OR=1.30,95%CI:1.07~1.53,P0.01)。女生中不同营养状况与贫血则未见明显相关。结论广州市7~14岁学龄儿童中消瘦男生发生贫血的危险性较大,但超重、肥胖与贫血之间未见明显相关性;而女生营养状况与贫血之间未见明显相关。     

重庆市城区3～18岁儿童青少年肥胖症及相关疾病的流行病学调查

目的为掌握重庆市儿童青少年超重肥胖的发病情况,并对心血管疾病相关的高危指标进行观察。方法对重庆市城区23293名3~18岁儿童青少年进行了流行病学调查。测量指标包括身高、体重、腰围、臀围、血压。结果(1)总体检出超重12.44%,肥胖为3.72%,其中男孩分别为14.38%、4.99%,女孩为10.37%、2.35%。(2)肥胖组及超重组男女儿童的收缩压及舒张压高于90百分位及95百分位者均多于正常体重组,χ2值分别为404.535、618.486,115.912、131.641,P值均<0.005。(3)腰-臀围比值肥胖男孩中有10.89%腰-臀围比值>1.0,肥胖女孩中有75.00%腰-臀围比值>0.85。结论重庆市城区儿童青少年超重检出率为12.44%,肥胖检出率为3.72%。肥胖儿童中的血压升高者明显的多于同年龄同性别正常体重儿童。女孩中心性肥胖高于男孩。     

吉林省延吉市儿童和青少年超重/肥胖现况调查及其影响因素分析

目的：调查2016年吉林省延吉市城区儿童和青少年超重/肥胖现状及相关的生活方式,阐明超重/肥胖的影响因素。方法：采用普查方法对吉林省延吉市城区6~17岁的儿童和青少年42 132人进行身高和体质量测量,计算体质量指数（BMI）。采用问卷调查、分层整群随机抽样方法,在参加体检调查对象中抽取10~14岁儿童和青少年1 523人,调查饮食习惯。采用中国肥胖工作组制定的标准筛查超重和肥胖,采用Logistic回归分析和中介效应分析方法筛选超重/肥胖影响因素。结果：2016年吉林省延吉市城区6~17岁儿童和青少年超重和肥胖总体检出率分别为16.7%和18.4%,超重+肥胖检出率为35.0%。男生超重和肥胖检出率（18.6%,22.0%）均高于女生（14.7%,14.4%）（P<0.01）。7~13岁男生各年龄组超重检出率均高于同年龄的女生（P<0.05或P<0.01）,男生各年龄组肥胖检出率均高于同年龄的女生（P<0.01）。男生超重检出率在12岁达到高峰,在6~10岁肥胖检出率（23.8%~25.6%）均较高,11~17岁肥胖检出率随着年龄的增长而逐渐下降。每周吃烧烤食物≥ 3次（男生OR=1.767,P=0.010,95% CI：1.148~2.719;女生OR=2.205,P=0.002,95% CI：1.327~3.664）和节食减肥（男生OR=2.113,P<0.001,95% CI：1.456~3.065;女生OR=2.128,P<0.001,95% CI：1.430~3.167）增加儿童和青少年超重/肥胖风险,每周吃甜点心≥ 3次（男生OR=0.359,P<0.001,95% CI：0.226~0.573;女生OR=0.324,P<0.001,95% CI：0.186~0.565）和按时吃三餐（男生OR=0.683,P=0.028,95% CI=0.486~0.960;女生OR=0.624,P=0.016,95% CI=0.424~0.916）可降低超重/肥胖风险。自我评价体型在超重肥胖和每天按时吃三餐之间具有完全中介效应。结论：吉林省延吉市6~17岁儿童青少年超重和肥胖检出率处于较高水平,日常饮食习惯和节食减肥是超重/肥胖的主要影响因素。     

Report on Childhood Obesity in China （5） Body Weight, Body Dissatisfaction, and Depression Symptoms of Chinese Children Aged 9-10 Years

Objective To investigate the relationship between body weight, body dissatisfaction and depression symptoms among Chinese children. Methods The fasting body weight and height of the third and fourth grade students (n=3886, aged 9 or 10 years) from 20 schools in Beijing, China, were measured, and the students were asked to choose the figures of body image and to complete the self-reported children’s depression inventory (CDI) questionnaire. Results The CDI Cronbach’s alpha was 0.81. The total CDI score was 9.60±7.50, 13.2% of children (boys 16.7% vs girls 9.5%) were at risk of developing depression symptoms. Overweight girls, but not boys, had significantly higher total CDI score than their normal weight counteparts. Both obese girls and boys showed a higher negative self-esteem score. More than one fifth underweight girls still wanted to be thinner while more than one third obese boys still wanted to be heavier. Children who wanted to be thinner showed slightly higher scores of ineffectiveness and negative self-esteem. After introducing the body dissatisfaction into the model, overweight was still associated with total CDI score among girls and obesity was still associated with negative self-esteem among both boys and girls. Conclusion Overweight girls show a significantly higher depression symptom score than their normal weight counterparts, which maybe partially explained by body dissatisfaction. Obese boys and girls are both more likely to suffer from low self-esteem, which is partially explained by body dissatisfaction.     

中国儿童青少年生长长期趋势及其公共卫生意义

目的:分析中国大城市儿童青少年1979至2005年的生长长期趋势,为制定宏观干预策略措施提供科学依据.方法:来自16个省/直辖市7～18岁汉族中、小学生,分析其身高、体重、体重指数(BMI)增幅和不同阶段增速.结果:26年来男、女平均身高增幅为6.5和4.7 cm,体重增幅为8.9和5.2 kg.男、女增速均以1985至1995年期间最快,身高分别达每10年增加3.8和3.0 cm;体重分别达每10年增加4.7和3.1 kg;该长期趋势迄今仍保持强劲.青春期发育年龄持续提前,身高生长突增峰值(女12岁和男14岁分别达每10年3.3和2.4 cm)不断增长,对长期趋势贡献最大.男、女成年身高分别增长3.2和2.1 cm,增幅为每10年1.2和0.8 cm.近20年来BMI分布曲线加速右移,提示儿童肥胖流行增势迅猛.结论:我国正出现儿童期生长加速、青春期提前、成年身高增长和身体比例变化等迅猛的全方位生长长期趋势.不仅应看到该趋势对提高我国儿童少年体质健康水平的积极意义,还应高度关注该趋势在引发成年期慢性疾病(尤其如高血压、高血脂、2型糖尿病等代谢综合征疾病危险)等方面的消极影响.     

内蒙古自治区3~18岁儿童体格发育调查

  目的  调查内蒙古自治区3~18岁儿童的体格发育情况。  方法  在2017年10月—2018年10月期间,采用分层整群抽样的方法选取内蒙古自治区4盟市(呼和浩特市、包头市、通辽市、呼伦贝尔市)15 199名儿童为研究对象,收集身高、体重并计算体重指数;以2005年九市儿童体格发育调查数据为参考标准,计算超重、肥胖的检出率,并分析其特点。  结果  内蒙古自治区3~18岁男、女儿童均有2个身高增长高峰段,男童为3~4岁和11岁阶段;女童为4~5岁和10~11岁阶段;随年龄的增长体重增长无明显规律,青春期前后出现增幅单高峰,男、女儿童分别出现在15岁、10岁。各年龄段身高、体重均明显高于2005中国九市标准(均P＜0.001),其中6岁男童、13岁女童身高超过全国标准最明显;7岁男童、10岁女童体重高于全国标准最明显。超重的总检出率为12.31%,肥胖的总检出率为20.27%,其中男、女童超重检出率差异无统计学意义,分别为11.55%、13.10%(P=0.132);男童肥胖检出率显著高于女童,分别为22.67%、17.76%(P＜0.001)。  结论  内蒙古自治区3~18岁儿童体格发育状况良好,但超重、肥胖检出率高。建议相关部门重视儿童的体格发育,加强儿童健康管理,养成良好的生活习惯。      

Secular Changes of Stature in Rural Children and Adolescents in China, 1985-2010

Objective To analyze and assess secular change in stature in rural children and adolescents in China from 1985 to 2010.Methods Data were obtained from the 6 rounds of the Chinese National Survey on Student’s Constitution and Health.The subjects enrolled in the study were children and adolescents aged 7-18years in rural areas of provincial capitals.Results An overall positive secular trend in stature occurred in rural areas of provincial capitals in China from 1985 to 2010.The overall average increase rates were 3.1 and 2.4 cm/decade for boys and girls,respectively.The total body height increases for grown up boys and girls were 3.6 and 2.3 cm and the increase rates were 1.4 and 0.9 cm/decade,respectively.There were differences in body height increase among eastern,central and western regions.The average body height of the children or adolescents in eastern region was highest,followed by central region and western region.The overall increase rates in central region were highest among the three regions.The difference between eastern/central region and western region was obvious.Conclusion Positive secular trend in stature of children or adolescents has occurred in rural area of China,and rural boys and girls showed a great potential for continuous growth.More attention should be paid to the differences in children’s body height between western region and eastern/central region.     

我国14省市中老年人肥胖超重流行现状及其与高血压患病率的关系

目的了解我国目前中老年人群肥胖超重的流行特征及其与常见慢性病的关系,为肥胖的社区防治提供科学依据。方法利用我国14省市房颤流行病学调查资料,选择14个自然人群进行整群抽样调查,根据中国肥胖问题工作组推荐的中国成人超重肥胖诊断标准,对肥胖、超重患病情况进行统计分析。结果14省市超重总患病率为38．93％,标准化率为37．17％;肥胖总患病率为13．94％,标准化率为12．63％。女性肥胖患病率显著高于男性,而男性超重患病率显著高于女性（均P〈0．001）;超重肥胖的患病率随年龄增加呈现一定规律性;高血压患病率随人群体重指数（BMI）增加而显著增加。结论我国超重和肥胖患病形势严峻,加强人群防治刻不容缓,控制体重对高血压等慢性病的防治具有重要意义。     

Overweight and obesity from childhood to adulthood: a follow-up of participants in the 1985 Australian Schools Health and Fitness Survey

OBJECTIVE: To examine overweight and obesity in Australian children followed through to adulthood. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: A cohort study of 8498 children aged 7-15 years who participated in the 1985 Australian Schools Health and Fitness Survey; of these, 2208 men and 2363 women completed a follow-up questionnaire at age 24-34 years in 2001-2005. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Height and weight were measured in 1985, and self-reported at follow-up. The accuracy of self-reported data was checked in 1185 participants. Overweight and obesity in childhood were defined according to international standard definitions for body mass index (BMI), and, in adulthood, as a BMI of 25-29.9 and > or =30 kg/m2, respectively, after correcting for self-report error. RESULTS: In those with baseline and follow-up data, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in childhood was 8.3% and 1.5% in boys and 9.7% and 1.4% in girls, respectively. At follow-up, the prevalence was 40.1% and 13.0% in men and 19.7% and 11.7% in women. The relative risk (RR) of becoming an obese adult was significantly greater for those who had been obese as children compared with those who had been a healthy weight (RR = 4.7; 95% CI, 3.0-7.2 for boys and RR = 9.2; 95% CI, 6.9-12.3 for girls). The proportion of adult obesity attributable to childhood obesity was 6.4% in males and 12.6% in females. CONCLUSION: Obesity in childhood was strongly predictive of obesity in early adulthood, but most obese young adults were a healthy weight as children.     

中国9～11岁小学生体育锻炼、静态行为和超重与肥胖的关系

目的：研究全国9~11岁小学生体育锻炼、静态行为和超重与肥胖的关系,并探索是否存在性别差异以及各省的异质性,为预防和控制超重与肥胖提供科学依据。方法： 选取2010年全国学生体质健康调研资料中40 692名9~11岁汉族小学生,利用学生的身高、体重数据以及体育锻炼、视屏行为以及做家庭作业的时间数据,在不同性别的学生中分析体育锻炼、静态行为与超重与肥胖的关系,并采用Meta分析检验这些相关性在各省之间的异质性。结果： 男生的超重与肥胖检出率高于女生（分别为27.1%和12.9%）,城市学生的超重与肥胖检出率高于农村学生（分别为23.8%和15.6%）,学生超重与肥胖检出率在“好”、“中”、“差”3类经济片区中分别为22.6%,19.2%和17.5%。男生每天体育锻炼时间≤1 h的学生的超重与肥胖率高于每天体育锻炼时间>1 h的学生,OR值为1.09（95%CI：1.02, 1.17）。女生每天视屏行为时间＞1 h、每天做家庭作业的时间＞2 h是超重与肥胖的危险因素,OR值分别为1.13（95%CI：1.02, 1.26）、1.18（95%CI：1.03, 1.35）,女生每天静态行为时间＞135 min的学生超重与肥胖率较高,OR值为1.19（95%CI：1.08, 1.33）。男生每天体育锻炼时间≤1 h、女生每天静态行为时间＞135 min对超重与肥胖的OR值在各省之间的异质性差异均没有统计学意义（P> 0.05）。结论：小学生体育锻炼、静态行为时间和超重与肥胖有关,其关联存在性别差异,没有发现各省之间的异质性,未来应该针对不同性别的特点开展肥胖防控工作。     

成都市城区6～12岁儿童超重和肥胖的流行现状

目的 为了解成都市城区学龄期儿童超重及肥胖的情况,及时对超重及肥胖儿童进行干预和治疗.方法 选取成都市3个城区6所小学共3769名6～12岁健康儿童进行调查,以身高别体重为参数,以WHO肥胖的诊断标准为依据.结果 儿童超重率和肥胖率分别为8.9%和8.5%,总体肥胖-超重比为1.05.肥胖发生率在7～10岁有随年龄增高的趋势,而在11～12岁有随年龄下降的趋势,10岁组肥胖率最高.整体人群中男童肥胖的发生率＞女童,χ2＝29.38,P＜0.01.结论 成都市城区学龄儿童超重及肥胖的发生率虽然远低于国外发达国家,但与国内城市比较仍处于一个较高的水平;特别是学龄期男孩的肥胖应该引起我们的高度重视.     

Overweight and obesity prevalence rates among youth in the Carolinas

Overweight and obesity have become major public health concerns in the United States, reaching epidemic proportions among adults and children in recent years. According to the most recent national surveys, American adults have experienced a 50% increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Moreover, an alarming 100% increase has been observed among children and adolescents since the 1970s. To assess the status of overweight and obesity prevalence among youth in the Carolinas, weight, height, waist, and hip circumferences were monitored during routine cholesterol screenings among 11- to 14-year-olds in two school districts. Of the twelve hundred students screened, 32.4% percent were overweight and 16.4% were obese, exceeding national averages of 22% and 11%, respectively. The overweight and obesity prevalence rates were even more dramatic when broken down by gender and ethnic/racial groups. For instance, 54% of black girls and 45% of black boys were overweight, and better than half of these students were obese. Overweight and obesity prevalence rates among black girls were nearly twice the rates observed for white girls. Ethnic differences in percentage of overweight and obese boys were not as great as those observed among girls. A number of factors may contribute to the unprecedented levels of overweight and obesity observed among American youth, including physical inactivity, poor nutritional habits (i.e., high-fat meals and snacks, and super-sizing), economic, and social factors. Consequently, the coordinated efforts of physicians, school nurses, teachers, parents, and students will be necessary to effectively address the growing problem of childhood obesity.     

Overweight and obesity status among adolescents from Mexico and Egypt

BACKGROUND: Obesity is on the rise among adults, adolescents and children worldwide, including populations living in developing countries. This study aimed to describe body mass index of adolescents from Mexico and Egypt and to evaluate non-nutritional correlates from two cohort studies. METHODS: Questionnaire data and weight and height measurements were collected in two large baseline studies in adolescents between 11 and 19 years old attending public school during the 1998-1999 school year in Mexico (n = 10,537) and the 1997 school year in Egypt (n = 1,502). The authors compared body mass index and correlates stratified by sex and country through multivariate linear regression. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was 19.8 and 7.9%, respectively, among the Mexican adolescents and 12.1 and 6.2%, respectively, among the Egyptian adolescents. Based on U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) definition growth charts, for Mexico 18% of boys and 21% of girls were overweight and 11% of boys and 9% of girls were obese. In the Egyptian sample, 7% of boys and 18% of girls were overweight and 6% of boys and 8% of girls were obese. The most consistent correlates of body mass index in the Mexican population were age, years of education, smoking, vitamin intake and participating in sports, whereas the factors correlated among Egyptian adolescents were age and rural residence. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity and overweight are becoming a problem among Mexican and Egyptian youth. Information about the risk factors associated with excessive weight gain during the adolescent period is a first step towards proposing prevention strategies.     

Disease risks of childhood obesity in China

Objective To estimate the relative risks of dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndromes among overweight and obese Chinese children compared with their normal weight counterparts. Methods Overweight and obesity were defined by age- and sex-specific BMI classification reference for Chinese children and adolescents. Pediatric metabolic syndrome （MetS） and each risk factor for MetS were defined using the criteria for US adolescents. Definition of hyper-TC, LDL, and dyslipidemia for adults was applied as well. General linear model factor analysis and chi-square test were used to compare the difference in metabolic indicators among normal weight, overweight, and obese groups. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the odds ratio of metabolic abnormalities between obesity, overweight, and normal weight children, after adjustment for living area, family economic level, age, sex, and daily exercise time and TV watching time, as well as different dietary indices in the model. Results Significant increases in blood lipids, glucose, and blood pressure were found among overweight and obese children as compared with their counterparts with normal weight. By applying WGOC-recommended BMI classification, the risks for hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL and dyslipidemia among overweight children were 1.9, 1.4, and 1.5 times, and was 3.3, 1.5, and 1.8 times among obese groups compared to their counterparts with normal weight after adjustment for age, sex, region, socioeconomic status, physical activity, and dietary intakes. The overweight and obese children （15-17.9 years） had a high-risk of developing hypertension, which was 2.3 and 2.9 times higher than their counterparts with normal weight. Above 90% obese adolescents had abdominal obesity, while less than 1% normal weight ones had abdominal obesity. No obese adolescents were free from any risk factors for MetS, while 36.9% of normal weight adolescents were from the risk factors. 83.3% obese boys and all obese girls had metabolic syndrome, while only 15.5% normal weight boys and 18.8% normal weight girls had metabolic syndrome. Four risk factors for metabolic syndrome were found in 8.3% obese boys while none in normal weight boys and girls. The prevalence of MetS among normal weight, overweight, and obesity groups was 1.5%, 18.3%, and 38.1% respectively. Conclusion The cardiovascular disease （CVD） risk factors are clustered in obese Chinese children. Our observations strongly suggest that efforts should be made to prevent the onset of overweight and its associated diseases during early childhood.