Transurethral lithotripsy with rigid and flexible ureteroscopy for renal and ureteral stones: results of the first 100 procedures

We evaluated the clinical outcome of transurethral lithotripsy (TUL) using rigid & flexible ureteroscopy and holmium : yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) laser in our hospital. We retrospectively reviewed 100 consecutive transurethral lithotripsy procedures performed on 82 patients from May 2008 to June 2010 at our hospital. Twenty-five patients (30%) had multiple stones and 10 patients (12%) had bilateral stones. The main stones were located in the renal pelvis, ureteropelvic junction, upper ureter, middle ureter, and lower ureter in 14, 12, 26, 3, and 27 cases, respectively. Median operative time was 75 minutes (range, 18-238 minutes). Operative complications were 5 cases of pyelonephritis and 1 case of ureteral perforation that was managed conservatively with percutaneous nephrostomy. The average number of procedures was 1.22 with 65 patients requiring one, 16 requiring two, and 1 requiring three procedures. Three patients had shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) and two patients had minipercutaneous nephrolithotomy (mini-PNL) after first TUL. However, all of these patients eventually needed additional TUL. The overall success rate was 99% (81/82). Rigid & flexible ureteroscopy and holmium : YAG laser lithotripsy achieved excellent results of treatment for urolithiasis. TUL gave a high stone-free rate with low complication rates. In Japan, where shock wave lithotripters are widely used, trend of treatment for urolithiasis will shift from SWL to TUL.     

经尿道气压弹道与钬激光碎石术治疗小儿下尿路结石的比较

目的探讨经尿道气压弹道与钬激光碎石术治疗小儿下尿路结石的安全性和有效性。 方法回顾性分析2016年9月至2017年8月在喀什地区第一人民医院和伽师县人民医院就诊的14例气压弹道碎石术与30例钬激光碎石术治疗的下尿路结石患儿的临床资料。 结果气压弹道组结石清除率达93％,手术时间7～45 min（22±13）,术后1例因排尿困难需要尿道外口取石2次、1例因尿潴留需留置尿管。而钬激光组,一次性清石率为97％,手术时间10～50 min（26±14）,术后1例排尿困难复查有残留结石,行二次经尿道钬激光碎石术后排尿通畅。两组均无其余严重并发症。两组手术时间、术后留置尿管时间、术后住院天数及并发症的比较差异无统计学意义。 结论气压弹道和钬激光碎石术治疗小儿下尿路结石均疗效好、结石清除率高、无严重并发症。     

Holmium:YAG laser for urinary stones

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of Holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) laser lithotripsy in the treatment of urinary stones. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between 1993 and 1997, 59 patients with 85 urinary stones were treated with the Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy. Retrospective evaluation was done on the 64 procedures available, comprising 53 ureteric, 8 bladder, and 2 renal calculi, and one stone in a ureterocele. RESULTS: The Ho:YAG laser fragmented all types of calculi. Of 38 patients, 29 (76%) with ureteric stones were stone-free and 7 (18%) had stone fragments smaller than 2 mm left 1-3 months after the lithotripsy, resulting in a total clinical success rate of 95%. The procedure caused four ureteric perforations. One ureteric stricture, after repeated treatments for a Steinstrasse formation, led to nephrectomy. CONCLUSIONS: The Ho:YAG laser was reliable and effective for most of the urinary stones. The largest stones in any location, and stones of hard composition, however, were treated with combined disintegration methods. Four minor ureteric perforations and one ureteric stricture were related to laser use.     

钬激光腔内治疗泌尿系结石(附126例报告)

目的：探讨泌尿系结石腔内钬激光治疗效果及安全性。方法：总结钬激光结合腔内泌尿外科技术治疗126例泌尿系结石的临床资料。结果：5例肾结石和11例膀胱结石，均一次碎石成功，109例输尿管结石，单次碎石率为96.3%(105/109)，复杂结石1例数次行输尿管腔镜下碎石。平均结石排净时间2.8周，平均手术时间30min，平均术后住院2d。术中除1例输尿管穿孔外，无其他并发症。结论：钬激光结合腔内泌尿外科技术治疗泌尿系结石，是一种较新的、安全的、有效的方法。     

Efficacy and safety of endoscopic laser lithotripsy for urinary stone treatment in children

We reviewed our 6?years of experience with endoscopic holmium: yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) laser lithotripsy for treatment of urinary stones in different locations in 111 children. A retrospective review was performed on endoscopic holmium: YAG laser lithotripsy procedures performed to treat stones in children between March 2006 and March 2012. In total, 120 laser lithotripsy procedures were performed to treat 131 stones in 111 children (80 males and 31 females; age range, 11?months to 16?years; median age, 6?years). Stones were located in the kidney in 48 cases (36.7?%), ureter in 52 (39.7?%), bladder in 21 (16.0?%), and urethra in 10 (7.6?%). Stone size ranged from 4 to 30?mm (mean, 12.8?mm), and anesthesia duration was 10–170?min (mean, 56?min). Forty-four ureters required balloon dilation, and 61 double J stents were inserted. Follow-up ranged from 3 to 75?months (mean, 35?months). Complete stone clearance was achieved at the end of the procedure in 102 (91.9?%) patients (age?<?7?years, 93.3?% vs. age?≥?7?years, 90.2?%; p?>?0.05). The success rate was 81.3?% for kidney stones (<10?mm, 90.9?% vs. ≥?10?mm, 78.4?%; p?>?0.05) and 100?% for the ureter, bladder, and urethral stones. Overall success rate with extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy was 100?%. No major complications were encountered during or after the procedures. These results confirm the effectiveness and safety of holmium laser lithotripsy for treating all urinary stone locations in children of all ages.     

输尿管结石ESWL失败改腔内钬激光碎石术的疗效观察

目的 探讨输尿管结石ESWL失败后采用腔内钬激光碎石术的临床疗效。方法 自2001年10月至2002年8月，对28例输尿管结石(ESWL失败)行输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术。结果 26例经输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治愈，治愈率92．8％(26／28)；1例结石上移，辅以ESWL治愈；1例因输尿管纤维性扭曲改开放手术。结论 输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术安全、有效、方便，可以作为输尿管结石的首选治疗。     

输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石

目的 总结输尿管软镜结合钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效及并发症,探讨手术技巧.方法 38 例输尿管上段结石患者接受输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗,先使用8/9.8 F 输尿管硬镜探查患侧输尿管,置入导丝后留置输尿管软镜鞘,引入输尿管软镜,钬激光碎石,并使用套石篮套取出较大的结石碎屑.结果 35 例患者一期顺利碎石,3 例因输尿管狭窄难以置入输尿管软镜鞘,留置输尿管内支架2 周后再次手术成功.手术时间31~56 min,平均42 min.术后7 例患者发热,无其他严重并发症.术后1 个月拔除内支架,2 周后复查KUB,结石清除率92.1%.结论 输尿管软镜结合钬激光是处理输尿管上段结石的有效手段,即便输尿管结石进入肾内,也可一期处理,避免了额外的体外碎石操作.     

输尿管镜联合钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石:附205例报告

目的 探讨输尿管镜联合钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石的效果和安全性.方法 回顾性分析205例输尿管上段结石患者行输尿管硬镜钬激光碎石治疗的临床资料,其中男91例,女114例,结石位于单侧188例,双侧17例,炎性息肉引起输尿管腔明显狭窄者12例.结石长径0.8～1.4 cm.结果 192例一次性碎石成功,单次碎石成功率为93.7%(192/205).9例有较大结石碎片(4～6 mm)残留于肾或输尿管内,4例在碎石过程中结石冲入肾内,其中1例较大结石(1.4 cm)移位至肾盂后改行PCNL,其余3例留置双J管改行ESWL,均治愈.19例合并炎性息肉同期行激光烧灼.手术时间15~90min,平均30 min.住院时间2~9 d,平均3.5 d.198例患者在门诊获得随访,随访时间3～24个月,平均6个月,结石均排尽.结论 输尿管镜联合钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石的一种比较理想的腔内碎石技术,其碎石成功率高,并发症发生率低,创伤小,患者术后恢复快,而且可同期处理结石合并炎性息肉和狭窄.     

Comparison of pneumatic and Holmium laser ureteroscopic lithotripsy for upper third ureteral stones

ObjectiveTo evaluate the outcomes of ureteroscopic lithotripsy with pneumatic lithotripter and Holium:Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet (Ho:YAG) laser in the management of upper third ureteral stones.Materials and methodsPatients who underwent ureteroscopic lithotripsy with pneumatic lithotripter or Ho:YAG laser for upper third ureteral stones were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with urinary tract infection, radiolucent stones, loss of follow-up, concurrent middle or lower third ureteral stones or acute renal failure were excluded. Patient age, stone size and burden (based on KUB or computerized tomography), stone upward migration, double J stent insertion rate, stone free rate and secondary intervention rate for residual stones were compared in both groups.ResultsThere were 158 patients with 178 upper third ureteral stones (135 in pneumatic lithotripsy group and 43 in Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy group) meeting the study criteria. Patients' age, gender, stone laterality, stone size and burden were similar in both groups. The Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy group had better stone free rate, less double J stent insertion rate and less secondary intervention rate as compared with pneumatic lithotripsy (53.4% vs. 40.1%; 72.1% vs. 91.9%; 25% vs. 48.5% respectively, all p < 0.05). In patients with stones larger than 10 mm, Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy had significantly lower upward migration rate, lower double J stent insertion rate, higher stone free rate and less secondary intervention rate.ConclusionsHo:YAG laser lithotripsy is superior to pneumatic lithotripsy in the management of upper third ureteral stones in terms of double J stent insertion rate, stone free rate and secondary intervention rate for stones of all sizes. For stones larger than 10 mm, laser lithotripsy results in less stone upward migration.     

Clinical results of transurethral ureterolithotripsy using pulsed-dye laser: primary ureteral stones versus secondary ureteral stones after ESWL

Between September 1993 and December 1996, 138 patients underwent transurethral ureterolithotripsy (TUL) either as primary treatment or as a second-line therapy after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. In all patients, a semirigid 6.0 F ureteroscope was used. Lithotripsy was performed using a pulsed-dye laser. The overall success rate was 82.6%. The success rates according to the location of stones were as follows, 76.9% for stones in the upper ureter (U1), 96.0% for those in the midureter (U2), and 86.2% for those in the distal ureter (U3). In 68 patients treated with TUL as primary therapy, the success rate was 88.2% and efficiency quotient, which was modified for TUL was 0.75. Complications were rare: no ureteral perforations and no major bleeding occurred, but urosepsis developed in 2 patients. In conclusion, transurethral ureterolithotripsy using a small caliber ureteroscope with pulsed-dye laser is recommended as the primary treatment for mid- and distal ureteral stones, because of its superior success rate. In addition, for upper ureteral stones, laser tripsy is recommended as a helpful auxiliary procedure.     

输尿管镜钬激光碎石术中并发输尿管穿孔原因及对策

目的探讨输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管结石并发输尿管穿孔的原因及防治方法。方法回顾性分析2004年8月至2006年12月经尿道输尿管镜钬激光碎石术268例中25例并发输尿管穿孔的临床资料。男14例,女11例;结石单发者21例,多发者4例;上段结石18例,下段结石7例;结石直径1．2～3．2em,平均（1．8±0．5）cm,25例均合并输尿管息肉及中、重度肾盂积水。术后常规放置双J管4—8周。结果25例输尿管镜手术时间15～70min,平均（40．4±18．3）min。11例一次性碎石成功,6例术中改开放取石治疗,8例结石上移至肾盂内,1周后予以体外冲击波碎石治疗。结论输尿管结石合并息肉是输尿管镜钬激光碎石致输尿管穿孔的主要原因之一,术中轻巧操作是预防出现输尿管穿孔的关键,早期及时开放手术可以避免严重并发症的发生。     

提高输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石成功率的体会

目的：总结输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石时减少碎石上移和提高碎石成功率的体会。方法：用输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石71例,对其中35例第4腰椎横突以上结石碎石前预置金属或N—Trap网篮,对15例反流入肾盂〉0．4cm碎石辅以输尿管软镜钬激光碎石。结果：输尿管穿孔1例;原位残留碎石1例;15例〉0．4cm碎石被冲入。肾盂,用输尿管软镜钬激光辅助肾盂内碎石;失败3例。本组输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石一次碎石成功65／71（91．6％）。结论：在输尿管镜钬激光碎输尿管上段结石中,预置金属或N—Trap网篮可以减少碎石反流入肾盂机会,对已反流入肾盂的碎石结合输尿管软镜钬激光治疗,可以提高输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石的一次碎石成功率。     

Transurethral endoscopic treatment of upper urinary tract tumors using a holmium:YAG laser

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The feasibility of treating upper urinary tract tumors with a holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) laser in transurethral endoscopy was examined. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-three treatments were performed on 30 patients with renal pelvic and ureteral carcinomas. After vaporization and coagulation eliminated the tumors, the surrounding mucosa was fully coagulated. Postoperative follow-up consisted of urinary cytology once a month, cystoscopy every 3 months, excretory pyelography every 6 months, and uretero-pyeloscopy every 6-12 months. RESULTS: The recurrence rate after the first treatment was 86% in the imperative indication group. The tumor-free rate (median follow-up, 37 months) in the imperative indication group was 57%. In the elective indication group, those values were 20 and 95% (median follow-up, 33 months), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Transurethral endoscopic treatment of upper urinary tract tumors using Ho:YAG laser can be a useful method on limited cases identified into specific treatments groups combined with a strict follow-up.     

Urinary calculus fragmentation during Ho: YAG and Er:YAG lithotripsy

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We tested Ho:YAG and Er:YAG laser ablation of human urinary calculi to determine if Er:YAG is a more efficient lithotripsy device. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ablation efficiency of Ho:YAG and Er:YAG lasers was tested at varying energy settings, ranging from the damage threshold to clinical energy setting associated with Ho:YAG laser. Stones of known composition (calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), cystine, and uric acid (UA)) were irradiated. Crater width, depth, and ablation volumes were determined using an optical coherence tomography (OCT). RESULTS: For all stones and energy settings, the Er:YAG laser produced deeper craters and larger ablation volumes than Ho:YAG laser. The Ho:YAG laser created wider craters during the multiple pulse process and the shape of craters was irregular. CONCLUSIONS: The Er:YAG laser is more efficient than the Ho:YAG laser for lithotripsy. The deeper craters produced by the Er:YAG laser is attributed to the high absorption of energy at its wavelength.     

Staging lymphadenectomy in patients with localized high risk prostate cancer: comparison of the laparoendoscopic single site (LESS) technique with conventional multiport laparoscopy

Background

Laser lithotripsy is an established endourological modality. Ho:YAG laser have broadened the indications for ureteroscopic stone managements to include larger stone sizes throughout the whole upper urinary tract. Aim of current work is to assess efficacy and safety of Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy during retrograde ureteroscopic management of ureteral calculi in different locations.

Methods

88 patients were treated with ureteroscopic Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy in our institute. Study endpoint was the number of treatments until the patient was stone-free. Patients were classified according to the location of their stones as Group I (distal ureteric stones, 51 patients) and group II (proximal ureteral stones, 37). Group I patients have larger stones as Group II (10.70 mm vs. 8.24 mm, respectively, P = 0.020).

Results

Overall stone free rate for both groups was 95.8%. The mean number of procedures for proximal calculi was 1.1 ± 0.1 (1–3) and for distal calculi was 1.0 ± 0.0. The initial treatment was more successful in patients with distal ureteral calculi (100% vs. 82.40%, respectively, P = 0.008). No significant difference in the stone free rate was noticed after the second laser procedure for stones smaller versus larger than 10 mm (100% versus 94.1%, P = 0.13). Overall complication rate was 7.9% (Clavien II und IIIb). Overall and grade-adjusted complication rates were not dependant on the stone location. No laser induced complications were noticed.

Conclusions

The use of the Ho:YAG laser appears to be an adequate tool to disintegrate ureteral calculi independent of primary location. Combination of the semirigid and flexible ureteroscopes as well as the appropriate endourologic tools could likely improve the stone clearance rates for proximal calculi regardless of stone-size.

     

三种腔内微创方法在前列腺增生并膀胱结石的疗效比较

目的：比较经尿道大力碎石钳、气压弹道碎石和钬激光在BPH合并膀胱结石患者中碎石的疗效和安全性。方法：把BPH合并膀胱结石165例分为三组：Ⅰ组68例用大力碎石钳碎石后联合经尿道前列腺电切治疗;Ⅱ组51例经尿道气压弹道碎石后联合经尿道前列腺汽化电切治疗;Ⅲ组46例经尿道钬激光碎石后联合经尿道前列腺等离子双极电切治疗,对3组术中、术后并发症及碎石效果进行比较。结果：Ⅰ组术中发生前列腺或膀胱损伤、穿孔19例,因膀胱穿孔或结石无法粉碎改为开放手术23例,术后发生尿道狭窄9例,碎石成功率为62.0%（42/68）;Ⅱ组碎石成功率为80.0%（41/51）,其中5例术中发生膀胱损伤、穿孔,因结石无法粉碎转为开放手术7例,术后发生尿道狭窄3例; Ⅲ组无术中并发症,46例全部碎石成功（46/46）,术后6月发生尿道外口狭窄1例。三组之间的碎石成功率、术中并发症发生率、转开放手术率比较差异均有显著性（P<0.05）。结论：经尿道钬激光碎石联合经尿道前列腺等离子双极电切治疗BPH并膀胱结石是一种安全、高效的方法,可以作为首选。     

输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术与钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的比较

目的比较输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术与钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的疗效和安全性。方法总结应用输尿管镜技术治疗326例输尿管结石患者的临床资料，其中气压弹道碎石术176例，钬激光碎石术150例。结杲钬激光碎石术碎石率为96．6％，高于气压弹道碎石术的89．8％（P〈0．01）；钬激光碎石术平均排净时间为10d，短于气压弹道碎石术的21d（P〈0．01）；钬激光碎石组有11例发生血尿，气压弹道碎石有54例发生血尿。结论钬激光碎石术的有效率和安全性优于气压弹道碎石术。钬激光碎石是治疗输尿管结石的一种安全、高效的方法。     

输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗急性肾后性肾功能衰竭21例

目的探讨输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗急性肾后性肾功能衰竭的安全性和效果。方法回顾性分析21例因输尿管结石所致急性肾后性肾功能衰竭患者的临床资料,探讨急诊采用输尿管镜钬激光碎石并置管引流的治疗效果。结果21例患者均急诊成功解除尿路梗阻。手术时间为35．110min,平均68．5min,住院时间9—32d,平均16．5d。无输尿管穿孔、断裂或粘膜撕脱等并发症发生,无中转开放手术。随访1—3个月,所有患者血肌酐均恢复正常,复查超声或KUB＋IVP,无结石残留。结论输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗因输尿管结石致肾后性急性肾功能衰竭安全有效,并发症发生率低。一旦明确由于输尿管结石引起的急性肾后性肾功能衰竭,我们推荐首选输尿管镜钬激光碎石及置管引流术。     

气压弹道碎石术与钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的比较

目的：比较经输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术与钬激光石术治疗输尿结石的疗效和安全性。方法：总结应用输尿管镜技术治疗285例尿管结石患者的临床资料,其中气压弹道碎石术145例,钬激光碎石术140例。结果钬激光碎石术单次手术碎石率为95．75,高于气压弹道碎石术的69．7％,P＜0．01;钬激光碎石术平均结石排净时间为18d,短于气压弹道碎石术的31d,P＜0．01;钬激光碎石组无明显并发症发生,气压弹道碎石组有5例发生穿孔。结论钬激光碎石术的有效率和安全性优于气压弹碎石术,钬激光碎石术是治疗输尿管结石的一种安全、有高效的方法。     

Ureteric calculi in children: preliminary experience with holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy and safety of holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy in children with ureteric calculi. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1999 and 2003, 28 ureteroscopic laser procedures were carried out on 26 children (14 boys and 12 girls, mean age 6.5 years) with ureteric calculi. The mean (range) stone size was 1.21 (0.4-2.2) cm. At ureteroscopy the calculi were in the upper ureter in six (23%), mid-ureter in five (19%) and lower ureter in 15 (58%) patients. A rigid 8 F ureteroscope was used and the Ho:YAG laser energy delivered at 0.6-1.4 J and 6-10 Hz. All patients were evaluated after 3 months with intravenous urography to confirm stone clearance and to exclude ureteric stricture formation. RESULTS: The overall stone-free rate was 92% (24 children) after 28 ureteroscopic procedures. Stones were completely cleared in 83%, 80% and 100% of the procedures in the upper, mid- and lower ureters, respectively. In two children the procedure failed; they were salvaged by ureterolithotomy in one and extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy in the other. During the procedures, a ureteric perforation was caused by several factors, including a technically difficult procedure and higher laser energy. At the mean (range) follow-up of 18 (3-39) months, low grade vesico-ureteric reflux was detected in two children, and there were no ureteric strictures in any. CONCLUSION: Holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy is an efficient and safe treatment for ureteric calculi in children.