青岛市城区学龄前儿童观看电视与行为问题的相关研究

【目的】探讨电视等因素与学龄前儿童行为问题的相关性。【方法】采用自制家庭一般环境问卷、Achenbach儿童行为量表（CBCL）对469名4～5岁儿童进行调查，研究家庭一般环境因素、观看电视对儿童行为问题及其各因子的影响，统计方法采用Pearson相关、多元逐步回归分析。【结果】①儿童行为问题发生率为16．9％，男女儿童差异无显著性（X^2=0．179，P〉0．05）；②男童看体育节目和警匪片的比例多于女童（x^2=6．334、6．276；P〈0．05，0．01）女童看电视连续剧的比例多于男童（x^2=14．075，P〈0．01）；③Pearson相关分析示：男童平日观看电视时间与各行为因子分正相关（r=0．130-0．213，P=0．04～0．001），但是女童观看电视时间与其行为问题无相关性；④多元逐步回归分析显示：男童观看电视时间和内容与多种行为问题分相关（r=0．142-0．205，P=0．001-0．024）。喂养方式、家庭经济收入、居室面积和父亲的文化水平与儿童行为问题相关。【结论】男童观看电视时间和内容与其行为问题密切相关；家庭环境因素与4～5岁儿童的行为问题密切相关。     

蚌埠市初中生行为问题现况及其影响因素研究

目的了解初中生行为问题现状及分布特点，分析其影响因素，为采取相应的干预措施提供依据．方法整群抽取蚌埠市4所中学的初一和初二年级学生3559人，以Conners儿童行为问卷(父母问卷)凋查并评定学生的行为问题，以自编的问卷调查学生父母的人口统计学变量、儿童出生情况、母亲妊娠史等。计算6种行为问题和总行为问题的检出率，分析行为问题在不同人口统计学变量中的分布特征，并进行影响因素的单因素和多因素分析。结果初中生总行为问题检出率为8．0％。初一学生为74％，初二学生为8．6％，差异无显著性(70=1．51，P=0．22)；独生子女为8．0％，非独生子女为8．1％，差异无显著性(X^2=0．026，P=0.87)；各年龄组(11～16岁)检出率差异亦无显著性(X^2=6．687，P=0．083)；男生总行为问题检出率为5．9％，女生为10．1％，差异有显著性(X^2=20．51，P=0．000)：多元Logistic回归分析显示，初中生行为问题危险因素主要有女孩、母亲文化程度低、教育子女为父亲或母亲一方的、父母的教育态度不一致、采取以惩罚为主的教育方式、家庭气氛不和睦、母亲年龄偏大或偏小、母亲人工流产史、母亲孕期贫血、母亲妊娠早期高热、儿童出生时窒息和新生儿期因黄疸住院。结论对青春期学生的行为问题应给予足够的重视，尤其是女生。家长应给子女提供良好的心理健康环境，同时应重视围产期保健，以减少青春期学生的行为问题发生率，保证初中生的心理健康。     

岳阳市学龄儿童行为问题现况调查

目的了解岳阳市学龄儿童行为问题现况，为进一步研究其影响因素及干预技术提供依据。方法运用“Rutter儿童行为量表”，对岳阳市城区、湖区、丘陵、山区4836名6～13岁在校学龄儿童行为问题进行调查。结果岳阳市学龄儿童行为问题现患率9．19％，其中男生11、76％，女生6．59％，男：女=1．7：1（P〈0．01）；湖区、丘陵、山区儿童行为问题差异小显著（P〉0．05），但高于城区儿童，农村：城区=2.84：1（P〈0．01）；儿童行为问题现患率随年龄增大而升高，6～10岁儿童现患率为7．33％，11～13岁儿童现患率达12.94％（P〈0．01）；学龄儿童各类行为问题构成存在差异（P〈0、01），“A行为”〉“N行为”〉“M行为”，男生“A行为”〉“M行为”〉“N行为”，女生则为“N行为”〉“M行为”〉“A行为”（P〈0．01）。城区与农村儿童行为问题构成差异不显著（P〉0.05）。结论岳阳市学龄儿童行为问题现患率为9.19％；儿童行为问题整体上男生多于女生，农村高于城区；“A行为”〉“N行为”〉“M行为”，男生以“A行为”，女生以“N行为”为主要构成；行为问题随年龄增大而升高，11～13岁儿章多于6～10岁儿童。     

湖南省安仁县1962～2001年流行性乙型脑炎流行病学分析

目的 了解湖南省安仁县1962-2001年乙脑的动态变化趋势及其流行病学特征。方法 对湖南省安仁县1962～2001年间的乙脑疫情报告资料整理建立数据库，用SPSS10．0统计软件包进行X^2等统计学检验。结果 湖南省安仁县1962～2001年乙脑的发病率变化显著(X^2=655．8，P＜0．01)，年平均发病率为11．67／10万；学龄前儿童占总病例数的83．58％；乙脑发病具有明显季节性，7、8月是发病的高峰月，占全年病例数的81．56％。结论 乙脑疫苗的免疫接种对预防和控制乙脑的发生起重要作用，且已取得显著成效，但仍需加强对学龄前儿童的计划免疫。     

寄宿制小学儿童感觉统合及行为问题分析

目的：分析寄宿制小学儿童感觉综合失调及行为问题发生情况，方法：用感觉统合评定量表及Autter儿童行为问卷对贵阳市789名学龄儿童进行调查评定，其中寄宿制小学儿童294名，普通小学儿童495名。结果：寄宿制小学儿童轻、重度感觉统合失调率25．17％和9．86％，高于普通小学儿童的23．84％和7．68％，尤其是寄宿制小学儿童的学习能力发展不足轻度失调率明显高于普通小学儿童（P＜0．05），在行为问题调查中，寄宿制小学儿童的行为问题检出率27．55％，明显高于普通小学儿童的17．37％（P＜0．01），寄宿制小学儿童的A行为与N行为问题检出率均高于普通小学儿童，M行为问题检出率则明显低于普通小学儿童，两种学校存在行为问题儿童的感觉统合失调率均高于无行为问题儿童，结论：寄宿制小学儿童感觉统合失调及行为问题检出情况均比普通小学儿童严重。     

2005年莱芜市莱城区中小学校教室人均面积调查

[目的]了解莱城区中小学教室人均面积、卫生状况，为学校卫生工作提供科学依据。[方法]采用分层抽样方法，对36所学校、156间教室进行卫生学调查。[结果]中小教室人均面积达标率为79．49％，城区、乡镇及中、小学达标率分别为53．85％、92．31％、50．00％和83．33％，达标率乡镇高于城区（P〈0．01），小学高于中学（P〈0．01）。[结论]应重视和加强中小学教室卫生监督管理工作。     

莒南县中小学生营养状况调查

目的了解茸南县城乡中、小学生的营养现状。方法 抽查该县2所小学及2所中学共7316名学生的身高、体重，并用身高标准体重法作出营养评价。结果 中、小学生营养不良率城镇低于乡村（X^2=80．07，P〈0．01），超重率及肥胖率高于乡村（X^2=50．32，P〈0．01；X^2=158．08，P〈0．01）；中学生营养不良率高于小学生（X^2=34．46，P〈0．01）。女生营养不良率高于男生（X^2=99．21，P〈0．01）；而中学生的超重、肥胖发生率显著低于小学生（X^2=33．50，P〈O．01；X^2=184．23，P〈0．01），男生超重率与女生无明显差异（X^2=1．92，P〉0．05），但肥胖率显著高于女生（X^2=34．58，P〈0．01）。结论 莒南县中小学生的营养状况不容乐观，应引起有关方面注意。     

湖南省安仁县1990～2000年儿童先天性疝气发病率分析

目的 了解1990～2000年湖南省安仁县先天性疝气发病率的动态变化趋势及流行病学特征。方法 对1990～2000年出生的围产儿进行监测登记，资料用Visual Foxpro建立数据库，并用SPSS(10．0)统计软件包对先天性疝气的发病情况进行X^2检验等统计学分析。结果1990～2000年湖南省安仁县先天性疝气的发病率变化明显(X^2=47．74，P＜0．05)，2000年发病率最高为21．62％，1998年发病率最低为4．54‰，年平均发病率为8．58‰；全县21个乡镇中，安平发病率最高为14．95‰，洋际发病率最低为3．20‰，不同乡镇间发病率差异无显著性(X^2=1．282，P＞0．05)；男性发病率为13．96900，女性发病率为1．46900，两者之间差异显著(X^2=217．81，P＜0．05)。结论 湖南省安仁县1990～2000年出生儿童先天性疝气的发病率较高，且有上升趋势，各乡镇间发病率差异无显著性，男女发病率差异显著。     

普通外科手术切口感染调查与分析

目的了解某院普通外科手术切口感染原因，以采取有效措施降低切口感染率。方法对2003年全年普通外科手术进行登记，并回顾性调查一年中其手术切口感染状况。结果该科手术切口感染率为6．44％。其中，Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类切口感染率分别为1．01％、8．17％、13．04％，三者比较，差异有显著性（X^2=41．6，P＜0．005）；14～45岁、46～60岁、＞60岁者切口感染率分别为3．79％、5．92％、15．04％，三者比较，差异有显著性（X^2=35．2，P＜0．005）；急诊与择期手术切口感染率分别为13．95％与4．38％，二者比较，差异有显著性（X^2=144，P＜0．005）；手术持续时间≥120min与＜2120min者切口感染率分别为12．63％与3．70％，二者比较，差异有显著性（X^2=44．8，P＜0．005）；住院时间≤7d、8～14d、≥15d者切口感染率分别为0．34％、5．21％、14．21％，三者比较，差异有显著性（X^2=91．2，P＜0．005）；男性与女性患者手术切口感染率分别为6．98％与5．63％，二者比较，差异无显著性（X^2=1．6，P＞0．05）。结论该院普通外科手术切口感染率较高，其发生与患者切口类型、年龄、手术性质、手术持续时间、住院时间相关。     

潍坊高新区乙型肝炎疫苗效果评价

目的评价乙肝疫苗的免疫效果。方法从1993年起每年随机抽查〈15岁40～50名儿童用ELISA检测接种后HgsAg、抗-HBs、抗-HBc。结果乙肝疫苗免疫后，儿童保护性抗-HBs的阳性率为90．63％，0～15岁儿童的乙肝发病率明显下降。〈15岁儿童。保护1178人，HBsAg、抗-HBs、抗-HBc阳性率分别为1．10％、71．14％、8．15％，未接种乙肝疫苗前的1993年抽样调查〈15岁儿童756人，HBsAg、抗-HBs、抗-HBc阳性率分别为3．17％、12．98％、10．05％，开展接种前后HBsAg、抗-HBs阳性率差异均有统计学意义（X^2=10．52、624．00，P均〈0．01）；加强免疫和未加强免疫儿童的抗-HBs几何平均滴度（GMT）和保护性抗-HBs的阳性率之间差异均有统计学意义（X^2=12．35，t=4．51；P均〈0．01）。结论乙肝疫苗有较好的免疫效果，加强免疫对维持较高抗-HBs水平阳性率和GMT是有利的。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.