超声造影在胆囊癌诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨超声造影对胆囊癌的诊断价值.方法 回顾分析经手术病理证实的24例胆囊癌的超声造影表现.结果 胆囊癌的超声造影具有一定的强化特点,24例胆囊癌均可见造影增强,病灶较常规超声显影清晰,采用时间-强度曲线分析可以发现病变部位曲线上升支较为陡直,病变峰值强度高于同水平面上相邻肝组织.10例厚壁型胆囊癌中9例胆囊壁快速明显强化,1例胆囊壁在整个造影过程中呈弱增强,增厚的胆囊壁内可见增粗扭曲的血管;8例肿块型胆囊癌快速整体不均匀增强;6例结节型胆囊癌结节内可见造影剂快速进入,不均匀增强.5例胆囊癌伴肝转移造影后检出更多的转移病灶.结论 超声造影强化特征对胆囊癌的诊断有重要的价值,有助于提高胆囊癌的诊断水平.     

超声造影在胆囊息肉样病变鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨超声造影在胆囊息肉样病变鉴别诊断中的价值。方法对照病理诊断结果,分析32例胆囊息肉样病变的超声造影特征与常规超声图像。结果 32例胆囊息肉样病变病理结果为胆囊癌7例,胆囊息肉20例,腺瘤4例,胆泥1例。超声造影提示胆囊癌8例,胆囊息肉23例,胆泥1例。常规超声提示胆囊癌9例,胆囊息肉21例,胆泥2例。与病理结果对照,超声造影的诊断准确率(90.6%)高于常规超声的诊断准确率(65.6%)相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论超声造影有助于胆囊息肉样病变的鉴别诊断。     

超声造影对胆囊占位性病变的诊断价值

目的探讨超声造影（CEUS）对胆囊占位性病变的诊断价值。方法本文对22例胆囊占位性病变的二维超声、彩色多普勒（CDFI）、超声造影图像进行回顾性比较分析。其中胆囊息肉8例,胆泥2例,胆囊癌12例。结果二维超声结合CEUS的诊断准确率（90.9%）高于二维超声结合彩色多普勒的诊断准确率（81.8%）。超声造影血流显示率（100%）高于CDFI的血流显示率（70%）。91.7%（11/12）的胆囊癌病变增强模式为动脉期快速不均匀高增强,门脉期快速不均匀消退。结论超声造影对胆囊占位性病变的血流灌注显示优于CDFI,对胆囊占位性病变的诊断与鉴别诊断具有重要价值。     

Detection of colo-rectal liver metastases: prospective comparison of contrast enhanced US, multidetector CT, PET/CT, and 1.5 Tesla MR with extracellular and reticulo-endothelial cell specific contrast agents

Background

To compare contrast-enhanced US (CE-US), multidetector-CT (MDCT), 1.5 Tesla MR with extra-cellular (Gd-enhanced) and intracellular (SPIO-enhanced) contrast agents and PET/CT, in the detection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer.

Materials and methods

A total of 34 patients with colo-rectal adenocarcinoma underwent preoperatively CE-US, MDCT, Gd- and SPIO-enhanced MR imaging (MRI), and PET/CT. Each set of images was reviewed independently by two blinded observers. The ROC method was used to analyze the results, which were correlated with surgical findings, intraoperative US, histopathology, and MDCT follow-up.

Results

A total of 57 hepatic lesions were identified: 11 hemangiomas, 29 cysts, 1 focal fatty liver, 16 metastases (dimensional distribution: 5/16 < 5 mm; 3/16 between 5 mm and <10 mm; 8/16 ≥ 10 mm). Six of 34 patients were classified as positive for the presence of at least one metastasis. Considering all the metastases and those ≥10 mm, ROC areas showed no significant differences between Gd- and SPIO-enhanced MRI, which performed significantly better than the other modalities (P < 0.05). Considering the lesions <10 mm, ROC areas showed no significant differences between all modalities; however MRI presented a trend to perform better than the other techniques. Considering the patients, ROC areas showed no significant differences between all the modalities; however PET/CT seemed to perform better than the others.

Conclusions

Gd- and SPIO-enhanced MRI seem to be the most accurate modality in the identification of liver metastases from colo-rectal carcinoma. PET/CT shows a trend to perform better than the other modalities in the identification of patients with liver metastases.     

超声造影在原发性胆囊癌的应用探讨

目的探讨超声造影对原发性胆囊癌的诊断价值。 方法13例原发性胆囊癌患者接受了超声造影检查。采用对比脉冲序列（CPS）成像技术,造影剂为SonoVue。 结果注射造影剂后13例原发性胆囊癌均见造影增强,各病灶较常规超声显示更清晰。2例常规超声漏诊的胆囊癌造影后癌灶增强而胆泥不增强得以确诊。2例胆囊癌伴肝转移造影后检出更多的转移病灶。 结论超声造影是常规超声的重要补充,有助于提高原发性胆囊癌的诊断水平。     

超声造影在良性囊性肾占位中的应用

目的 分析超声造影在肾脏良性囊性占位中的表现,探讨其应用价值.方法 对24例24个经手术病理证实为肾脏良性囊性占位患者的常规超声及超声造影声像图进行回顾性分析.常规超声观察囊性占位大小、回声、边界、有无彩色血流信号.超声造影观察病灶囊壁、分隔及实质成分等内部结构的增强表现.结果 本组24个囊性肾占位经手术和病理证实单纯性囊肿11个,复杂性囊肿5个(其中4个伴出血或感染),肾实质和肾盂炎症5个,肾脏血肿2个和肾盏憩室1个.24个囊性病变最大直径范围2.1～19.4 cm,其中<3.0 cm 7个.常规超声显示囊性肿块8个,囊实性肿块16个,其中内见分隔12个,钙化6个,囊壁增厚或实质成分4个.5个病灶囊壁或分隔上发现彩色血流信号,19个未显示彩色血流信号.超声造影后15例见病灶增强,其中7个表现为少分隔规则增强,5个囊壁增强,3个蜂窝状增强,另9例未见增强.结论 囊性肾占位无增强、囊壁增强或少分隔规则增强应考虑良性病变,超声造影对诊断有较大的帮助.     

高回声肾错构瘤的超声造影表现

目的探讨超声造影在高回声肾错构瘤中的表现。方法对24例24个经手术病理证实的高回声肾错构瘤常规超声及超声造影声像图进行回顾性分析。常规超声观察肾占位大小、回声、边界、有无彩色血流信号。超声造影观察病灶的增强时相和方式,包括起始时间、达峰值时间、消退时间及病灶内部结构的增强表现。结果常规超声显示24个肿块最大直径范围1.7cm～28.0cm,实质回声团块23个,实质为主的囊实性回声1个;12个肿块发现较丰富或丰富彩色血流信号,10个显示周边或内部少量血流信号,2例未见血流信号;术前常规超声诊断符合率为75%（18/24）。超声造影时24个肿块平均增强起始时间为（14.42±4.06）s,达峰时间为（21.63±5.01）s,开始消退时间（31.29±6.80）s。皮质期21个病灶呈缓慢向心增强,3个同步增强;达峰值呈高增强7个,等增强8个,低增强9个,其中20例均匀增强;实质期同步消退7个,缓慢消退11个,快速消退6个。皮质期缓慢向心增强和达峰值均匀增强共有特征的诊断符合率为83.3%（20/24）。结论超声造影有助于高回声肾错构瘤的诊断。     

Contrast enhanced ultrasound: Roles in immediate post-procedural and 24-h evaluation of the effectiveness of thermal ablation of liver tumors

PurposeTo retrospectively assess the diagnostic accuracy of immediate post-procedural CEUS, 24-h CEUS, and 24-h CT in verifying the effectiveness of thermal ablation of liver tumors ablation, using the combined results of 3-month post-procedure CEUS and MDCT as the reference standard.Materials and methodsFrom our database, we selected patients who had immediate post-procedural CEUS and 24-h CEUS and MDCT examinations after undergoing thermal ablation of a liver tumor between January 2009 and March 2010. The study population consisted of 53 subjects and 55 tumors (44 HCC and 11 metastasis) were evaluated. Thirty-seven tumors were treated with radiofrequency and 18 with microwave ablation.Post-procedural CEUS, 24-h CEUS and MDCT, and 3-month follow-up CEUS and MDCT images were blindly reviewed by two radiologists, who measured the size of the ablation area on the post-procedural and 24-h studies. They also evaluated the ability of each of these three index tests to predict the outcome (residual tumor vs. no residual tumor) using imaging studies done at the 3-month follow-up as the reference standard.ResultsMean tumor diameter on preablation CEUS (the day before treatment) was 20 ± 9 mm. Mean diameter of the necrotic area was 29 ± 9 mm on post-procedural CEUS, 34 ± 11 mm on 24-h CEUS, and 36 ± 11 mm on 24-h MDCT. Diameters of the necrotic area (mean and maximum) on post-procedural CEUS were significantly smaller than those measured on 24-h CEUS or 24-h MDCT, which were not significantly different. For predicting the presence of residual tumor at the 3-month follow-up, post-procedural CEUS, 24-h CEUS, and 24-h MDCT displayed sensitivity of 33%, 33%, and 42%; specificity of 92%, 97%, and 97%; negative predictive value of 84%, 85%, and 83%. The accuracy parameters of these three imaging modalities were not significantly different from one another.ConclusionsIn patients undergoing thermal ablation for liver tumors, the immediate post-procedural CEUS seems comparable to 24-h CEUS and MDCT in terms of detecting residual disease.     

超声造影引导下穿刺活检在肝占位性病变中的应用价值

目的探讨超声造影（CEUS）引导下穿刺活检在肝占位性病变中的应用价值。 方法收集2016年9月至2017年11月浙江大学医学院附属第一医院拟接受超声引导下经皮肝占位性病变穿刺活检术的患者42例。所有患者穿刺活检前均进行CEUS,在CEUS引导下对肝占位性病变靶向定点经皮肝穿刺活检。以穿刺活检获取组织材料送病理学诊断达到要求为取材满意。活检病理诊断结果为恶性或手术病理结果确诊。未见恶性肿瘤时,结合电子计算机断层扫描（CT）、磁共振成像（MRI）、CEUS、正电子发射计算机断层显像（PET）、发射型计算机断层扫描（ECT）、血管造影、肿瘤标志物［甲胎蛋白（AFP）、糖类抗原199（CA199）等］等检查,随访超过3个月无变化者,考虑为良性病变。 结果本组42例肝占位性病变患者最终临床诊断结果为：肝细胞癌19例,胆管细胞癌3例,转移性肝癌9例,结节性肝硬化3例,炎症5例,海绵状血管瘤1例,局灶性结节增生1例,不典型增生结节1例。在CEUS引导下,选择增强强度和方式为恶性的增强活性区进行了穿刺活检取材,穿刺次数1~2次,平均穿刺（1.74±0.21）次。本组42例肝占位性病变患者穿刺活检病理结果为：肝细胞癌19例,胆管细胞癌3例,转移性肝癌9例,结节性肝硬化3例,炎症5例,海绵状血管瘤1例,局灶性结节增生1例,不典型增生结节1例。CEUS引导下穿刺活检取材成功率100%（42/42）,穿刺阳性率100%（42/42）,穿刺活检诊断符合率100%（42/42）。所有患者穿刺活检后均无肝周肠间隙或腹盆腔出血、气胸、针道种植、胆漏、大血管损伤等并发症发生。 结论CEUS可敏感显示肝占位性病变内微血供情况,准确判断病灶的活性区与坏死液化区域,确认常规超声分辨不清的微小占位,可提高穿刺活检取材成功率、穿刺阳性率、穿刺活检定性诊断符合率以及恶性病变确诊率。     

超声造影检测移植肝肝门部胆管微循环的可行性研究

目的 探讨超声造影检测肝门部胆管微循环的可行性及其方法.方法 16例疑为移植肝胆道并发症者行肝门部胆管壁超声造影检查,按SonoVue用量不同(1.5 ml/次及2.4 ml/次)分为两组.比较两组的造影图像质量,图象质量分为优、一般、差三级.其中2例行二次肝移植者,以病肝标本为对照,了解术前常规超声及超声造影对肝门部胆管壁的显示是否准确.结果 16例胆管壁超声造影图像质量优良者8例(50%),一般者6例(37.5%),差者2例(12.5%).1.5 ml/次与2.4 ml/次剂量组间图像质量差异无统计学意义(P=0.78),两组图像质量优良及一般者均为7例(87.5%).2例肝门部胆管常规超声、超声造影图像与病肝标本对比表明,常规超声能准确显示肝门部胆管壁,超声造影则能检测出胆管壁内造影剂灌注状况.结论 肝门部胆管壁超声造影图象质量可满足诊断要求,能反映胆管壁微循环灌注.造影时每次注入1.5 ml SonoVue即可达到与2.4 ml相当的造影效果.     

超声造影在肝外胆管占位性病变中的应用

目的 探讨应用CEUS诊断肝外胆管占位性病变的价值。方法 回顾性分析45例因肝外胆管占位性病变就诊于我院的患者, 将二维超声(US)、CEUS及增强CT影像学诊断结果与患者病理诊断进行对比, 分析每种影像学方法的诊断效能。结果 45例病例中良性病变6例, 恶性病变39例。US、CEUS及增强CT对肝外胆管良恶性病变的诊断准确率分别为71.11%(32/45)、88.89%(40/45)及91.11%(41/45), US与CEUS间(P=0.035)、US与增强CT间(P=0.015)差异具有统计学意义, CEUS与增强CT间(P=1.000)差异无统计学意义。结论 CEUS对肝外胆管占位性病变的诊断准确率高于US, 与增强CT相近, 对肝外胆管占位性病变的临床诊断具有重要价值。     

超声造影误诊肝脏局灶性病变原因分析

目的 探讨肝脏局灶性病变的不典型CEUS特征及其误诊原因。 方法 回顾性分析与手术或穿刺病理结果不符的21例肝脏局灶性病变的CEUS特征,分析其误诊原因。 结果 21例CEUS检查误诊患者中,9例病理诊断为恶性病灶,其中8例为肝细胞癌(HCC),1例为肝转移癌,CEUS均误诊为良性病灶;12例病理诊断为良性病灶,其中3例为结节性肝硬化伴脓肿或坏死,3例为肉芽肿伴坏死,3例为血管瘤,1例为局灶性结节增生(FNH),1例为炎性假瘤,1例为血管平滑肌脂肪瘤,CEUS将其中10例误诊为恶性病灶,2例误诊为不同病种间良性病灶。 结论 提高对少见病的认识,加深对各类相关分子学科知识的理解,仔细观察回放动态图像,综合分析造影过程各时相的特点,结合常规超声及临床检查结果,必要时行穿刺活检,可提高CEUS诊断的准确性。     

高帧频超声造影在鉴别诊断胆囊腺瘤性息肉与胆固醇性息肉中的临床应用

目的比较常规超声造影（CEUS）与高帧频超声造影（H-CEUS）在鉴别腺瘤性息肉与胆固醇性息肉中的诊断价值。 方法收集2019年8月至2020年2月解放军总医院第一医学中心因胆囊息肉样病变（GPL）行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的患者65例。术前先行CEUS和H-CEUS,根据术后病理结果分为腺瘤性息肉组（16例）和胆固醇性息肉组（49例）,比较2种检查方法对病变的灌注特征的显示和最终诊断。采用χ²检验比较2组之间以及CEUS和H-CEUS下的血管形态、增强强度和胆囊壁完整性的差异。 结果CEUS对胆囊腺瘤性息肉和胆固醇性息肉的血管形态判断,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。CEUS观察到85.71%（42/49）的胆固醇性息肉和68.75%（11/16）的胆囊腺瘤性息肉血管形态表现为均匀点状。H-CEUS判断胆囊腺瘤性息肉和胆固醇性息肉之间的血管形态,差异具有统计学意义（χ²=26.527,P<0.001）。H-CEUS可观察到75.51%（37/49）的胆固醇性息肉和25.00%（4/16）的腺瘤性息肉血管形态表现为均匀点状。胆固醇性息肉组在CEUS和H-CEUS下的血管形态比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,而腺瘤性息肉组,在CEUS和H-CEUS下的血管形态比较,差异具有统计学意义（χ²=7.878,P=0.019）。腺瘤性息肉组中CEUS仅能检测到6.25%（1/16）的分支血管形态,而H-CEUS能检测到43.75%（7/16）的分支血管形态。 结论H-CEUS通过提高帧频来提高时间分辨率,有助于准确反映GPL微循环的差异,并提高胆固醇性息肉和腺瘤性息肉的鉴别诊断能力。在选择治疗方案时,H-CEUS可作为GPL诊断的有效影像学检查手段。     

18F-前列腺特异性膜抗原-1007 PET/CT显像、11C-胆碱PET/CT显像及单光子发射计算机断层成像术骨显像对前列腺癌骨转移的诊断价值比较

目的探讨¹⁸F-前列腺特异性膜抗原(PSMA)-1007标记的正电子发射体层显像融合计算机体层显像技术(PET/CT)显像、11C-胆碱(11C-CHO)PET/CT显像及单光子发射计算机断层成像术(SPECT)骨显像在前列腺癌骨转移诊断上的差异。方法回顾性分析2018年9月至2020年7月北部战区总医院核医学科收治的43例男性前列腺癌患者的临床资料,年龄(77.47±11.87)岁,年龄范围为55~89岁。所有患者行¹⁸F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT显像、11C-CHO PET/CT显像及SPECT骨显像检查。分别统计¹⁸F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT显像、11C-CHO PET/CT及SPECT骨显像诊断骨转移的阳性例数和阴性例数,计算三种方法各自的灵敏度、特异度、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值,绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,计算并比较各自曲线下面积(AUC),评价三种检查方法对前列腺癌骨转移的诊断效能。结果 43例前列腺癌患者中,27例患者出现骨转移。¹⁸F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT显像示26例患者发生骨转移,漏诊1例;11C-CHO PET/CT显像示24例患者发生骨转移,误诊1例,漏诊4例;SPECT骨显像示23例患者发生骨转移,误诊3例,漏诊7例,三者诊断前列腺癌骨转移的灵敏度、特异度、准确性分别为96.3%(26/27)、100%(16/16)、97.7%(42/43);85.2%(23/27)、93.8%(15/16)、88.4%(38/43);74.1%(20/27)、81.3%(13/16)、76.7%(33/43)。¹⁸F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT显像、11C-CHO PET/CT和SPECT骨显像ROC曲线的AUC和95%CI分别为0.981(0.885~1.000)、0.913(0.763~0.967)、0.777(0.624~0.889)。三种检查的AUC曲线下面积进行两两比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。采用Wilcoxon秩和检验对27例患者三种方法检出的骨转移灶的数量进行两两比较发现,¹⁸F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT显像与SPECT骨显像比较,差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.484,P=0.013),¹⁸F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT显像与11C-CHO PET/CT显像比较,差异无统计学意义(Z=-0.160,P=0.873);11C-CHO PET/CT显像与SPECT骨显像比较,差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.085,P=0.037)。结论 PET/CT显像较SPECT骨显像能发现更多的骨转移灶。¹⁸F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT显像对前列腺癌骨转移诊断的灵敏度、特异度及准确性高于其他两种检查方式。在低前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)的情况下,能够精确地对前列腺癌骨转移做出诊断。     

肝血管平滑肌脂肪瘤超声造影、增强CT特点及其与病理分型的关系

目的比较肝血管平滑肌脂肪瘤（HAML）超声造影与增强CT增强模式差异,并探讨其与病理分型的关系。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2012年12月第三军医大学西南医院30例经手术或者穿刺确诊为HAML患者超声造影及增强CT术前诊断结果及影像学表现,并与其病理学检查结果进行对照分析。本组病灶超声造影典型表现的比例与增强CT典型表现的比例采用Fisher确切概率法进行比较。结果本组30例HAML患者共31个病灶,17个病灶常规超声表现为不均质高回声;20个病灶超声造影表现为3个时相不均匀强化的HAML典型超声造影表现,余11个病灶超声造影增强模式不典型。17个病灶CT平扫示瘤内含有脂肪密度;7个病灶增强CT表现为3个时相不均匀强化的典型增强CT表现;余24个病灶增强模式不典型。31个病灶超声造影显示典型表现的比例（64．5％）高于增强CT（22．6％）,且差异有统计学意义（JP量0．002）。11个混合型HAML病灶中,7个病灶超声造影表现典型增强模式,2个呈典型增强CT表现;10个平滑肌细胞为主型HAML病灶中,6个病灶超声造影表现典型增强模式,2个呈典型增强CT表现;8个成熟脂肪细胞为主型HAML病灶中,6个病灶超声造影表现典型增强模式,3个呈典型增强CT表现。结论常规超声联合超声造影能够显示多数HAML的回声和血流灌注特点,且HAML的超声造影与增强CT表现与病理分型有关。     

肝转移性神经内分泌肿瘤与转移性腺癌超声特征的对比研究

目的比较肝转移性神经内分泌肿瘤(hmNEN)与肝转移性消化系统腺癌(hmADS)的超声影像学特征。方法回顾性分析并比较106例hmNEN及106例hmADS患者的常规超声及超声造影图像特点。结果常规超声显示,hmNEN呈多发病灶、病灶更大、彩色多普勒测及病灶内丰富血流信号较hmADS多见(90/106vs 49/106,P<0.001;(5.3±4.3)cm vs(3.7±2.5)cm,P=0.001;16/106vs 1/106,P<0.001)。超声造影表现,hmNEN在动脉期呈向心性增强、峰值均匀高增强、门脉期呈等增强、显示肿瘤血管、瘤内坏死等比例高于hmADS(82/106vs 47/106,P<0.001;64/106vs 41/106,P=0.002;17/106vs 7/106,P=0.031;45/106vs 10/106,P<0.001;27/106vs 8/106,P<0.001)。结论hmNEN与hmADS在常规超声及超声造影的表现差异可为两者鉴别诊断提供依据。     

肝脏淋巴瘤的超声影像分析

目的探讨肝脏淋巴瘤超声及超声造影图像特征。方法对18例手术及穿刺活检病理证实为肝脏淋巴瘤患者的超声及超声造影图像特征进行回顾性分析。结果18例肝脏淋巴瘤患者常规超声及超声造影表现：（1）结节型病变6例,常规超声显示肝内单发或多发低回声病灶,边界清晰（2例病灶内出现纤维条索样高回声）,2例病灶内可见条状血流信号,4例未见血流信号;3例（5个病灶）超声造影表现为动脉期不同程度快速增强,门脉期快速廓清,延迟期呈低回声;术前超声及超声造影诊断恶性或可疑恶性病变5例;无定性诊断1例,病理均诊断为非霍奇金淋巴瘤。（2）弥漫型病变11例,常规超声显示肝脏弥漫性增大,其中8例回声均匀,3例回声欠均匀;8例肝内血流走行及分布未见异常,3例出现静脉变细或栓塞;术前超声诊断恶性或可疑恶性7例,无定性诊断4例;病理诊断霍奇金淋巴瘤1例,非霍奇金淋巴瘤10例。（3）混合型病变1例,常规超声显示肝脏增大,回声不均,其内见多个片状低回声区,边界模糊,肝内血流走行及分布未见异常,术前超声诊断为恶性或可疑恶性病变,病理诊断为非霍奇金淋巴瘤。（4）肝脾及淋巴结肿大：常规超声显示18例患者中11例肝脾肿大、腹腔及腹膜后淋巴结肿大。结论肝脏淋巴瘤超声声像图有一定特征,结合超声造影表现,可为肝脏淋巴瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断提供重要信息。     

肝脏孤立性坏死结节超声造影表现

目的探讨肝脏孤立性坏死结节的超声造影表现特征。方法对8例肝脏孤立性坏死结节进行常规超声及超声造影检查,全部病例均经病理证实。记录常规超声检查中病灶大小、形态、边界、回声、彩色血流显像等及超声造影检查中病灶的增强表现。采用Sequoia512超声仪及对比脉冲序列(CPS)造影技术。造影剂选用SonoVue,经肘正中静脉团注。结果8例常规灰阶超声均呈不均质偏低回声结节,形态为葫芦状或融合的分叶状,边界尚清楚,彩色多普勒成像(CDFI)显示内部无血流信号。超声造影特征:8例病灶在造影动脉期、门静脉期及延迟期呈内部无增强表现,5例有动脉期、门脉期周边轻中度环状增强。结论孤立性坏死结节超声造影具有共同的特征性表现,即病变内部三期无增强,周边可伴有或不伴动、门脉期环状增强。超声造影是诊断肝孤立性坏死结节的有价值的检查方法。     

Contrast‐enhanced ultrasound examination of the gallbladder and bile ducts: A pictorial essay

The gallbladder and bile ducts are usually assessed initially with conventional gray‐scale ultrasound (US). Contrast enhanced US (CEUS) is used when a diagnosis cannot be reached with conventional US. CEUS is easy to learn and perform. US contrast agents can be safely administered in patients with renal function impairment. In this pictorial essay the physics, examination technique and indications of CEUS for examining the gallbladder and bile ducts are reviewed. Gallbladder indications include elucidating normal variants, differentiating sludge from neoplastic lesions, benign and malignant pathology, infection, wall rupture and hemobilia. In the biliary tree CEUS is used for studying benign and malignant tumors, including metastases and cholangiocarcinoma, as well as intrabiliary injection.     

Focal splenic lesions: US findings

Ultrasound (US) imaging of the spleen was considered of little use in the past and was performed only to distinguish between cystic and solid lesions. However, in the last decade due to experience acquired and the introduction of second-generation contrast agents, this technique has been re-evaluated as contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) allows detection and characterization of most focal lesions of the spleen with a high sensitivity and a good specificity. Gray-scale US presents a low specificity in splenic infarctions with a high rate of false negative cases, whereas specificity reaches 100 %, if the examination is performed using US contrast agents. Gray-scale US can provide a correct diagnosis in simple cysts, whereas CEUS is useful when cystic lymphangioma is suspected. In the study of splenic lesions, the most important problem is to differentiate between angioma, hamartoma, lymphoma, and metastasis. CEUS reaches a good specificity in the differentiation of benign from malignant splenic lesions, as hypo-enhancement in the parenchymal phase is predictive of malignancy in 87 % of cases. In conclusion, Gray-scale US and particularly CEUS are at present widely indicated in the study of focal splenic lesions.