术前超声对腹腔镜胆囊切除术难度的预测

目的：评估术前腹部超声对腹腔镜胆囊切除术难度预测的价值。方法：对连续394例腹腔镜胆囊切除手术的难度和术前腹部超声进行前瞻性临床研究。术前超声检查包括胆囊壁厚度、胆囊周围有无积液、胆囊大小、胆总管直径和胆囊结石。腹腔镜胆囊切除术的难易程度是根据中转剖腹手术病例在腹腔镜下解剖胆囊三角和／或剥离胆囊床的最短时间为标准来划分。结果：术前超声对胆囊结石诊断正确率为99．7％。16例（4．1％）中转剖腹前腹腔镜下解剖胆囊三角和／或剥离胆囊床的最短时间为29．3min。超声检查胆囊壁增厚（＞3mm）113例中有99例（87．6％）是LC手术困难的，而胆囊壁小于或等于3mm的281例中只有52例（18．5％）为LC手术困难的，两者差异有显著性（P＜0．05）；所有胆囊周围积液均为LC手术困难，其中有75％还中转剖腹手术；17例胆囊积液中有16例为LC手术困难的（94．1％），20例萎缩性胆囊炎中有18例（90％）在LC手术遇到了困难。结论：术前超声检查中胆囊壁增厚是预测LC手术困难较精确的指标，而胆囊周围积液、胆囊积液、胆囊萎缩对预测LC手术困难都具有较高的特异性和阳性预测值。     

复杂性胆囊结石腹腔镜治疗体会

目的总结复杂性胆囊结石的腹腔镜手术治疗体会,探讨其安全性和可行性。方法对2009年5月～2012年5月行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的75例复杂性胆囊结石患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。其中,急性胆囊炎48例,坏疽性胆囊炎12例,萎缩性胆囊炎5例,合并肝硬化5例,胆囊十二指肠瘘1例,Mirizzi综合征1例,合并腹部手术史3例。结果本组手术时间52～180 min,平均(67.5±35.5)min;术中出血量50～140 ml,平均(75.3±55.5)ml;术后住院时间5～30 d,平均(6.5±2.0)d。完成腹腔镜手术73例,其中腹腔镜下顺行胆囊切除术67例,顺逆结合胆囊切除4例,胆囊大部分切除2例。中转开腹2例,1例为胆总管损伤,行开腹胆囊切除加胆总管T管引流,另1例为右肝管和胆囊管并行过长解剖不清同时合并术中出血;术后并发急性脑梗塞1例。无术后大出血、胆瘘、腹腔脓肿、肠梗阻等并发症发生。结论充分的术前准备,术中仔细操作,及时中转开腹,以及认真细致地术后处理,腹腔镜治疗复杂性胆囊结石是安全可行的。     

腹腔镜治疗慢性萎缩性结石性胆囊炎41例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除和次全切除术在治疗慢性萎缩性结石性胆囊炎中的可行性与手术技巧。方法2006年5月～2012年8月,腹腔镜治疗慢性萎缩性胆囊炎合并胆囊结石41例,其中26例行胆囊切除术（1aparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）,15例行胆囊次全切除术（1aparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy,LSC）。结果 LC 26例中4例中转开腹（2例胆总管损伤,2例术中出血）,手术时间（137．5±11．0）min,出血（177．7±36．5）ml,术后胆漏1例,继发性胆总管结石2例;LSC15例均成功,手术时间（99．9±10．1）min,出血（62．0±9．1）ml,术后胆漏1例,继发性胆总管结石1例。随访6—32个月,平均12．3月,均无明显消化道不良表现。结论腹腔镜治疗慢性萎缩性结石性胆囊炎是安全有效的。除了娴熟的手术技巧和精细、耐心的手术操作,根据患者实际情况,合理选择腹腔镜胆囊切除或次全切术式是手术成功的关键。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗老年急性胆囊炎

目的总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术（1aparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）治疗老年急性胆囊炎的临床经验。方法2007年1月～2012年8月,对438例老年急性胆囊炎实施Lc。年龄65—88岁,平均72．6岁。发病至手术时间3—23d,中位数3．0d。结果腹腔镜下完成手术406例（92．7％）,其中378例行胆囊切除,28例行胆囊大部分切除;中转开腹32例（7．3％）。手术并发症18例（4．1％）,包括胆管损伤5例,术中出血2例,术后出血6例,胆漏5例,无死亡,均治愈出院。结论老年急性胆囊炎行LC是安全可行的。     

5044例电视腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术的手术原则及并发症的预防。方法收集我院1992～2002年完成的5044例腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床资料，分析行腹腔镜胆囊切除病人的原发疾病种类，手术引起的近期及远期并发症。结果5044例腹腔镜胆囊切除术病人中最多的是慢性胆囊炎合并胆囊结石，占84．75％；急性胆囊炎伴胆囊结石186例，占3．69％。中转开腹手术93例，占1．84％。手术并发症中，最严重的为手术中胆管损伤，共9例，发生率0．18％；术后胆漏12例，发生率0．24％；术后出血5例，发生率0.10％。晚期并发症包括胆总管残余结石8例，胆管狭窄6例。无死亡病例。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除术是胆囊疾病的最佳选择，操作技术仍然较复杂，胆总管损伤的发生率较高。细致的操作及配合手术中胆道造影可以减少胆管损伤的发生。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹原因及意义探讨(附5260例报告)

目的 了解目前我国腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的原因。方法 对1994年－1999年期间有关献报道腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的病例数及原因进行统计和分析。结果 5260例腹腔镜胆囊切除术中，中转开腹169例，中转手术率为3．21％。中转手术的主要原因为：胆道损伤22例（13％）、出血25例（14．8％），腹腔内粘连81例（48％），急性胆囊炎16例（9．5％），胆漏3例（1．8％），术中发现胃癌1例（0．6％），胆囊癌及“瓷”胆囊10例（6％），胆总管增宽及结石4例（2．4％） 胆囊内瘘2例（1．2％），胃及肠管损伤4例（2．4％），因气腹不满意无法完成手术1例（0．6％）。结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的主要原因依次为腹腔内严重粘连、胆道损伤及血管损伤。     

腹腔镜、十二指肠镜联合治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床分析

目的总结应用十二指肠镜下乳头括约肌切开术（endoscopicsphincterectomy,EST）联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术（1aparoscopiecholecystectomy,LC）选择性治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的经验。方法对23例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者采用EST联合LC序贯治疗。先行EST取出胆总管结石,再于2—5d内行LC。结果22例（96％）成功施行EST,1例失败,22例成功完成Lc,无中转开腹手术。手术时间EST25～50rain,LC40～60min,住院7—18d,平均11．8d。22例随访3～36个月,平均17个月,无结石复发及严重并发症发生。结论EST联合LC是治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的安全、合理、有效的首选微创方法。     

腹腔镜辅助下胃癌D2根治术合并胆囊切除术的临床研究

目的 探讨腹腔镜辅助下胃癌D2根治术合并胆囊切除的可行性及临床效果.方法 回顾性分析2004年6月至2007年10月行腹腔镜辅助下胃癌D2根治术59例中合并胆囊切除术6例患者的临床资料. 结果本组59例患者均在腹腔镜辅助下完成胃癌D2根治术,其中远端胃大部切除术30例,近端胃大部切除术18例,全胃切除术11例,无中转开腹,无手术死亡.其中因胆囊结石合并腹腔镜胆囊切除术6例,此6例平均手术时间(335±73) min,术中平均出血量(147±85) ml,平均下床时间(36±14)h,平均胃肠道功能恢复时间(69±28)h,术后平均住院日(12.5±3.8)d.术后随诊3～40个月,平均10.7个月,无胆囊切除相关并发症.结论 对合并胆囊结石或慢性胆囊炎的胃癌患者,在腹腔镜辅助下行胃癌D2根治术合并胆囊切除术安全、可行,同时具备创伤小,恢复快等优点.     

腹腔镜胆囊大部分切除术的临床应用

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊大部分切除术的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析2003年1月—2008年10月在我院施行的32例腹腔镜胆囊大部分切除术的临床资料,其中急性化脓坏疽性胆囊炎并结石嵌顿20例,Mirris综合征Ⅰ型2例,萎缩性胆囊炎5例,Calot三角"冰冻样"改变3例,胆囊结石合并肝硬化2例。结果32例均成功完成手术,手术时间(75±27)min。无中转开腹,无术后出血及肝外胆管损伤,术后发生胆漏3例,均经保守治疗痊愈。术后住院时间(5±2)d。随访4～30月,未发现远期并发症。结论在困难的胆囊手术中,腹腔镜胆囊大部分切除术是一种安全可行、创伤小、并发症少的手术方法,有一定的临床应用价值。     

几种困难情况下的腹腔镜胆囊切除术

目的探讨在几种困难情况下腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）的处理方法。方法全组36例,其中结石性胆囊炎急性发作7例、慢性萎缩性胆囊炎12例、胆囊颈或胆囊管结石嵌顿8例、有上腹部手术史5例、合并急性胰腺炎4例。均采用全麻下四孔法常规施术。结果LC成功34例,成功率94.44 %;中转开腹手术2例,中转率5.56%。结论在上述几种困难情况下施行LC时,正确的处理方法关系到手术的成败。手术时机的选择、腹腔镜适应性训练、操作技巧的掌握及适时明智的手术中转均很重要。     

THE EFFECT OF SCHEDULED REPEAT ENDOSCOPY ON PEPTIC ULCER REBLEEDING—A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

The role of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in management of acute cholecystitis remained controversial. Unless contraindicated or refused, early laparoscopic cholecystectomy was offered to patients suffered from acute cholecystitis in our department. Patients data and outcome were collected and analyzed to assess the safety and efficacy of the procedure and to identify predictive factors for conversion. From January 1999 to December 2000, a total of 78 patients with diagnosis of acute cholecystitis were operated. 18 patients had immediate open operation due to previous upper abdominal surgery, or presence of septic shock/peritonitis. Laparoscopic cholecystomy (LC) were successful in 41 (68.3%) of the remaining 60 patients and converted in 19 (31.7%). No mortality was found in the successful or attempted laparoscopic group but 3 patients died in the open group, probably due to poorer premorbid state. The successful LC group had the best outcome in terms of shorter postoperative stay (mean 8.2 days) and less complication rate (7.3%). The only statistically significant predictive factor for conversion are WBC count >19 × 10⁹/L and duration of symptoms of more than 72 hours after onset. Conclusion: Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis is safe and effective when operated within 72 hours of symptom onset before significant sepsis occur.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗老年急性胆囊炎的临床分析

目的:探讨为老年急性胆囊炎患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的可行性及临床效果。方法:回顾分析为40例老年急性胆囊炎患者行LC的临床资料,总结手术成功率。结果:36例(90%)成功施行LC,4例(10%)中转开腹;手术时间平均(75±10.56)min,平均住院(5.7±1.81)d,患者均痊愈出院。结论:LC是治疗老年急性胆囊炎患者较成熟的术式之一,手术治疗应遵循个体化原则,视患者具体情况决定。     

Prophylactic Cholecystectomy with Open Gastric Bypass Operation

Background: There has been controversy regarding prophylactic cholecystectomy with Roux-en Y gastric bypass. The results reported in open cases showed no significant increase in morbidity by the addition of cholecystectomy. A series of open cases were reviewed to evaluate the propriety of prophylactic cholecystectomy. Method: The records of 141 patients undergoing cholecystectomy during open gastric bypass were reviewed, documenting age, ultrasound findings and pathology. Results: Of the 141 cases analyzed, the incidence of gall-bladder pathology was 80%. 24 (17%) of the 141 patients were noted to have gallstones on preoperative ultrasound examination, and 3 (2%) showed polyps. 9 patients (6%) had gallstones at surgery with normal ultrasound. Cholesterolosis was present in 52 cases (37%) and chronic cholecystitis in 25 cases (18%). Conclusion: In view of the high incidence of gall-bladder disease (80%) already present in morbidity obese patients undergoing gastric bypass and the lack of significant morbidity in open surgery with prophylactic cholecystectomy, the addition of prophylactic cholecystectomy appears appropriate.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性结石性胆囊炎

目的:探讨急性结石性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的术中处理及并发症的防治。方法:回顾分析2004年11月至2009年11月为63例急性结石性胆囊炎患者行LC的临床资料。结果:53例成功行胆囊切除术,3例胆囊大部切除+胆囊粘膜电灼术,7例中转开腹,无死亡、大出血及胆管损伤。结论:急性结石性胆囊炎行LC是安全可行的,提高腹腔镜技术、适时中转开腹是防治并发症发生的关键。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发症的临床分析

对1068例电视腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的30例并发症进行分析。结果表明,并发症以戳口感染为主(15例);严重并发症包括肝下间隙脓肿(4例),腹腔内出血(4例),肝外胆道捐伤(3例),十二指肠穿孔(1例)等。作者认为,培训稳定的腹腔镜手术班子,正确掌握LC手术指征,不断发展完善LC技术和设备将有利于减少并发症发生。     

Safety and success of early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis

Although elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy is today's gold standard for the treatment of symptomatic cholelithiasis, its safety and effectiveness for acute cholecystitis remain controversial. The authors present a retrospective study comparing laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the acute versus the elective setting. A total of 605 patients were treated surgically for gallstone disease between August 1991 and January 1999. A total of 269 patients (44.5%) underwent surgery for acute cholecystitis as soon as possible after diagnosis, and elective cholecystectomy was performed on 336 patients (55.5%) for symptomatic gallstones. Initial open cholecystectomy was performed on 52 (19.3%) of the acute patients and 16 (4.8%) of the elective patients. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was attempted on 217 of the acute patients (80.7%), with 11 cases (5.1%) converted to open cholecystectomy, and on 320 (95.2%) of the elective patients, with 6 cases (1.9%) converted to open cholecystectomy. The mean (+/-SD) operative time for the acute and elective patients was 105 (+/-38) and 85 (+/-21) minutes, respectively (P < 0.05). There was no perioperative mortality in either laparoscopic group. Surgical complications related to laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the acute and elective groups occurred in six (2.9%) and eight (2.5%) cases, respectively (P = NS). The current study shows that early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis is safe and efficient. Low conversion rates can be maintained with strict guidelines for appropriate patient selection, adequate experience, and proper laparoscopic technique.     

Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis: A safe procedure

Acute cholecystitis is increasingly managed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Some reports have shown conversion and complication rates that are increased in comparison to elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This study reviews the combined experience of two hospitals where the intention was to perform early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. A total of 152 cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis (evidence of acute inflammation clinically and pathologically) were identified. Conversion to open cholecystectomy was required in 14 cases (9%) in the total series. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed within 2 days of admission in 76% (115 of 152) of patients. Conversion was significantly less likely in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy within 2 days of admission (4 of 115) compared to those undergoing surgery beyond 2 days (10 of 37; P <0.0001). Eleven patients (7%) had postoperative complications; however, there were no cases of injury to the biliary system and no perioperative deaths. This series shows that laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be performed safely in patients with acute cholecystitis and suggests that early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is preferable to delaying surgery. Although the conversion rate to open surgery is higher than for elective cholecystectomy, the majority of patients (91 %) still derive the well-recognized benefits of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is an acceptable approach to acute cholecystitis for the experienced laparoscopic surgeon.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除治疗坏疽性胆囊炎的体会

目的 :探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除 (LC)治疗坏疽性胆囊炎的手术技巧。方法 :随机将 5 0例坏疽性胆囊炎分为 2组 ,由同一组手术医师分别行LC及开放胆囊切除 (OC)。结果 :手术时间、术后腹腔引流量两组相似。LC组术后患者下床活动时间早 ,肠功能恢复快 ,住院时间短。两组均未发生肝外胆管损伤、胃肠道损伤、胆漏等严重并发症。LC组中转OC率为 12 % ,并发症为 4 % ;OC组并发症为 16 %。结论 :在具有丰富LC经验的医师操作下 ,用LC治疗坏疽性胆囊炎安全可行。     

The impact of patient delay and physician delay on the outcome of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is now used in the management of acute cholecystitis. Under these circumstances unfavorable conditions may result in conversion and complications. Information about these conditions may help in planning the laparoscopic approach or in proceeding directly to open cholecystectomy. This study was initiated to evaluate perioperative factors associated with conversion and complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis. Special attention was paid to the duration of complaints until surgery, to the delay on the part of the patient, and to the delay on the part of the physician. METHODS: Between January 1994 and December 1997, we attempted to perform laparoscopic cholecystectomy on 348 patients with acute cholecystitis. All perioperative data were collected on standardized forms. RESULTS: There were 182 cases (52%) of acute uncomplicated cholecystitis, 90 (26%) of gangrenous cholecystitis, 33 of hydrops (9.5%), and 43 of empyema of the gallbladder (12.5%). Seventy six patients (22%) needed conversion to open cholecystectomy and complications occurred in 57 cases. Advanced cholecystitis was associated with significant patient delay (P = 0.01), and it had a significantly higher conversion rate (39%) compared with early cholecystitis (14.5%); (P <0.00001). Conversion rates were also associated with male gender (P = 0.0017), a history of biliary disease (P = 0.0085), and a patient delay of >48 hours (P = 0.028). The total and infectious complication rates were associated with an age older than 60 years (P = 0.023 and 0.007, respectively) and male gender (P = 0.026 and 0.014, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In acute cholecystitis, patient delay is associated with a high conversion rate. Early timing of laparoscopic cholecystectomy tends to reduce the conversion rate, as well as the total and the infectious complication rates. Male gender, a history of biliary disease, and advanced cholecystitis are associated with conversion. Male and older patients are associated with a high total and infectious complication rates.     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute inflammation of the gallbladder.

OBJECTIVE. The aim of this study was to prospectively assess the results of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with acute inflammation of the gallbladder. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the standard treatment for symptomatic gallbladder disease. Its role in the surgical treatment of acute cholecystitis has not been defined, although a number of recent reports suggest that there should be few contraindications to an initial laparoscopic approach. METHODS. All patients presenting with symptomatic cholelithiasis from October 1990 until June 1992 were evaluated at laparoscopy with intention of proceeding to a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The gross appearance of the gallbladder was categorized as acute inflammation, chronic inflammation, or no inflammation. Ninety-eight (23.4%) of 418 patients had acute inflammation of the gallbladder: 55 were edematous, 10 were gangrenous, 15 had a mucocele, and 18 had an empyema. RESULTS. The authors assessed outcome in these patients. The frequency of conversion to an open operation was 33.7% for acute inflammation, 21.7% for chronic inflammation (p < 0.05), and 4% for no inflammation (p < 0.001). The conversion rate was highest for empyema (83.3%) and gangrenous cholecystitis (50%), while the conversion rate for edematous cholecystitis was 21.8% and for acute inflammation with a mucocele it was 7%. The median operation time for successful laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute inflammation was 105 minutes, which was longer than that with no inflammation (90 minutes). However, the incidence of complications was not different from that for chronic or no inflammation. The median postoperative stay for patients with acute gallbladder inflammation was 2 days for successful laparoscopic cholecystectomy and 7 days for patients converted to an open operation. CONCLUSIONS. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute inflammation of the gallbladder is safe and is associated with a significantly shorter postoperative stay compared to open surgery. A greater number of patients required conversion to open operation compared to those with no obvious inflammation. Conversion to open operation was most frequent for empyema and gangrenous cholecystitis, suggesting that once this diagnosis is made, excessive time should not be spent in laparoscopic trial dissection before converting to an open operation.