腹腔镜经腹膜后入路引流治疗重症急性胰腺炎一例

目的 探讨腹腔镜经腹膜后入路,引流脓液及清除坏死组织,治疗重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)的临床效果.方法 SAP患者1例,男,38岁,术前病程14 d.参照腹腔镜肾上腺手术方法选取腰桥位,建立腹膜后操作空间,布置Trocar,经腹膜后引流置管、清除胰腺坏死组织.结果 手术时间80 rain,术中出血量为25 ml,术后留置3根腹腔引流管.患者术后疼痛轻,恢复较顺利,术后第13天再次行左下腹脓肿引流.结论 对于SAP患者来说,后腹腔镜下坏死组织清除、置管引流术是安全、可行的.该术式具有入路直接、操作简便、坏死组织清除彻底、不干扰腹腔、手术创伤小等优点.     

经侧腹路腹膜后切开引流术治疗重症急性胰腺炎的体会

目的:探讨经侧腹路腹膜后切开引流术治疗重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）合并腹腔感染的可行性。方法:笔者对4例SAP合并腹腔感染患者在超声定位下经侧腹壁切开进行腹膜后坏死组织及脓肿清除、引流术。结果:4例均治愈出院。合并结肠瘘1例，持续引流治愈;合并腹腔出血1例，消化道出血1例，均采用非手术治疗痊愈。结论:笔者体会经侧腹路腹膜后切开引流治疗SAP合并腹腔感染是一种操作简便、创伤小、确实有效的手术方法。     

微创技术联合胰周贯穿式灌洗引流治疗感染性胰腺坏死体会

目的 探讨采用微创技术联合胰周贯穿式灌洗引流方式治疗重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）并发感染性胰腺坏死的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2016 年2 月至2019 年8 月株洲中心医院6 例SAP并发感染性胰腺坏死患者的临床资料,这些患者均先实施经腹腔及腹膜后途径穿刺置管,联合经皮肾镜或胆道镜行胰周感染坏死组织清除,术后再经过胰周置管行贯穿式灌洗引流,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 6例患者术后感染均得到有效控制,无穿刺及手术并发症,平均接受经皮肾镜下胰腺坏死组织清除术1 次,胆道镜下胰腺坏死组织清除术2.3次,第一次清创术后至拔管时间平均为55 d（36～74 d）。均痊愈出院,随访半年以上无胰腺坏死感染复发,无死亡病例。结论 CT引导下经皮穿刺置管引流,肾镜、胆道镜等微创技术联合胰周贯穿式灌洗引流的方法治疗SAP并发感染性胰腺坏死疗效好且安全,可以在临床中推广应用。     

腹膜后入踣手术治疗胰腺坏死并感染的安全性及疗效分析

目的 探讨腹膜后入路手术治疗胰腺坏死并感染的方法、安全性及疗效.方法 分析2008年1月至2013年3月9例重症急性胰腺炎（serious acute pancreatitis,SAP）发生胰腺坏死并感染在局麻或者全麻下实施了腹膜后入路胰腺坏死组织清除引流术患者的临床资料.5例经过1次手术,4例经过2次手术;8例首次手术为双侧清除引流,1例为单侧.结果 术后患者全身中毒症状迅速缓解,无任何并发症发生,首次手术时间60～80 min,平均（73±5.7） min,随访期间8例患者症状均完全消失,无复发,1例患者于术后6周死于心肌梗塞.结论 对于重症急性胰腺炎发生胰腺坏死并感染的患者,腹膜后入路行胰腺坏死组织清除引流术是直接、安全、有效、可行的治疗方法.     

腹腔镜干预重症急性胰腺炎感染性坏死13例

[摘 要] 目的 探讨腹腔镜下治疗重症急性胰腺炎感染性坏死的手术时机、方法及疗效。方法 回顾性分析中南大学湘雅医学院附属株洲医院肝胆外科2016年1月至2017年12月期间实施腹腔镜下坏死组织清除及引流术的13例重症急性胰腺炎合并感染的临床资料。术前通过CT明确拟引流的感染病灶及拟采用路径,敞开感染病灶,通过直视下低压间断的生理盐水冲洗感染灶,清除部分坏死组织,病灶区放置多根腹腔引流管,术后6～10 d冲洗引流,如坏死组织较多,术后1个月开始用胆道镜和（或）经皮肾镜冲洗取出其内坏死物。结果 重症急性胰腺炎感染性坏死自发病距手术干预时间平均24.5 d（14～40 d）,均在腹腔镜下完成手术,无中转开腹。术中平均出血量60 mL（40～150 mL）,平均手术时间120 min（90～180 min);术中放置引流管的数量平均为4.3根（3～6根）。术后3例患者出现B级胰瘘,无腹腔内出血及假性囊肿形成,无死亡病例,术后平均住院时间77.5 d（15～230 d）。结论对经皮穿刺置管引流效果不佳或者不宜穿刺的重症胰腺炎感染性坏死的患者,采用腹腔镜下的胰周感染清创引流术是安全、有效的。     

腹腔镜手术在尿毒症患者腹膜透析治疗中的应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜手术在尿毒症患者腹膜透析治疗中的应用价值.方法 2007年9月～2011年5月对16例未腹透的尿毒症患者采用腹腔镜下置管.气腹后,观察全腹腔,先将腹透管置于腹腔,末端固定于腹腔底部,然后将腹透管由旁侧5 mm插管处引出,使内涤纶套刚好在腹膜外,无须荷包缝合,术后自行生长闭合.同时对手术粘连、疝、卵巢囊肿或较多的大网膜予以相应处理.同期对6例已腹透的患者反复引流不畅判定有大网膜包裹,腹腔镜下行超声刀切除,并固定末端.结果 16例首次置管的手术操作时间平均26.8 min（25～40 min）,6例大网膜包裹手术操作时间平均38.6 min（30～46 min）.术后1 d内排气,肠功能恢复满意.无腹腔脏器损伤、腹膜炎等并发症发生.首次置管者16例随访2年,均未发生大网膜包裹,未发生漂移;6例大网膜包裹随访2年,均未发生再次大网膜包裹,未发生漂移,无渗漏.结论 腹腔镜手术内固定有效防止漂管,对清除已包裹透析管的大网膜和预防包裹有良好效果,但由于无荷包缝合容易出现渗漏,需要进一步完善手术方法.     

腹腔镜下置管灌洗引流结合腹膜后引流在治疗重症急性胰腺炎中的应用

重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）早期出现的大量腹腔积液、多种胰渌性的有害物质以及胰腺和胰周组织的感染、坏死,对SAP的病程演变起着重要的作用。目前腹腔镜下对重症急性胰腺炎的治疗多采用腹腔镜下行腹腔灌洗、多管引流、网膜囊切开、胰包膜、胰床松解等治疗。但腹腔镜下腹腔内置管灌洗引流有时对腹膜后的脓肿引流不理想。我院自2005年1月至2007年7月共行腹腔镜下置管腹腔灌洗引流结合腹腔镜后腹膜引流治SAP3例,效果良好,现介绍如下。     

二孔法腹腔镜下腹膜透析导管置管术临床应用研究

目的:观察二孔法腹腔镜下腹膜透析导管置管术临床应用效果,为腹膜透析患者寻找一种简单、安全、有效的置管方法。方法:2017年09月～2018年05月对21例尿毒症患者采用二孔法腹腔镜下腹膜透析导管置管。观察患者的手术时间、术中、术后出血、导管移位、腹膜渗漏、腹膜炎、大网膜包裹等并发症。结果:21例患者置管的手术操作时间平均35.6min(30 min～45 min),术中无腹腔脏器损伤、明显出血。术后1 d内排气,肠功能恢复满意。早期置管的2例患者术后1周出现导管移位,调整导管置入位置后的19例均未发生导管移位,2例早期透析的患者发生腹膜渗漏,1周后透析的患者均未发生腹膜渗漏,1例患者腹腔黏连,经电凝分离后成功置管。所有患者均未发生明显出血、脏器损伤、大网膜包裹及早期腹膜炎。结论:二孔法腹腔镜下腹膜透析导管置管术具有创伤小、手术操作简单、术后恢复快、并发症少等优点,能对腹腔黏连等进行分离操作,具有独特的优势,值得临床推广应用。     

经皮肾镜及胆道镜双镜联合及置管持续灌洗引流治疗胰周脓肿的体会

目的探讨采用经皮肾镜及胆道镜双镜联合及置管持续灌洗引流治疗重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)并发胰周脓肿的临床经验。方法对2例并发胰腺周围脓肿实施经腹腔及腹膜后途径穿刺置管,经皮肾镜联合胆道镜行胰周坏死组织清除及置管持续灌洗引流,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 2例患者均痊愈,无穿刺及手术并发症。结论经皮肾镜与胆道镜双镜联合及置管持续灌洗引流治疗SAP并发胰周脓肿的效果较好,安全、可靠,可以在临床中选择性推广应用。     

重症急性胰腺炎腹腔镜手术治疗的临床研究

目的 探索重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）微创外科治疗的可行性、时机与方式。方法 运用微创外科技术对13例SAP患者实施腹腔镜手术治疗,其中SAP早期用膜腔及网膜囊大量积液3例、胰腺实质及胰周组织不同程度局限性坏死伴感染4例、胰周囊肿（或）脓肿形成6例,手术方式因SAP不同阶段而异。结果 （１）SAP的急性反应期腹腔粘连轻、腹腔积液未局限,腹腔镜扩创引流术快捷、创伤小、术后恢复快。（2）SAP的亚急性期,尚未形成良好的包裹,组织水肿,腹腔内粘连,此期腹腔镜手术显露困难、出血多、时间长。（3）SAP后期,B超定位导向下的腹腔镜扩创引流术安全、快捷、可靠,13例患者无1例死亡。结论 SAP的腹腔镜外科手术治疗应遵循个体化原则,在熟练掌握腹腔镜操作技能的前提下开展SAP的腹腔镜手术治疗,是安全有效的。     

Posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy for pediatric adrenal tumors

Background/aimsPosterior retroperitoneoscoic adrenalectomy has been reported as an option for adrenal tumor resection but is not commonly performed in children owing to the extreme semikneeling position advocated to flatten the lumbar lordosis in order to achieve adequate retroperitoneal space. As children have smaller lordosis angles, flattening of the lordosis and creation of optimal retroperitoneal space may be achieved with less hip flexion. We used pediatric lumbar lordosis measurements to develop a modified prone jackknife position and report our experiences with this setup for posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy for adrenal tumors.MethodsLordosis angles were measured on sagittal computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of patients with adrenal tumors and compared to normal references. The data were used to develop our modified prone jackknife position. Selected patients with adrenal tumors underwent posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy in this position. Patient demographics, diagnoses, operative times, complications, postop analgesia requirements, and length of hospitalization were analyzed.ResultsCT and MRI studies were analyzed for 20 patients with adrenal tumors diagnosed in our institution from 2012 to 2017; median lordosis angle was 27.84° (range: 15.50°–36.48°) — less than reference lordosis angles of respective age groups, and flexion angles of common operating tables. Five patients underwent retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy between June 2016 and June 2018. Histological diagnoses were neuroblastoma, adrenal hyperplasia, pheochromocytoma, and adrenal angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma. Median age was 4 years [range: 1–11]. Median operating time was 137 min [range 111–181 min]. No conversions to open surgery were required. One patient had intraoperative bleeding from the adrenal vein. Only 1 patient required postoperative opioids for analgesia. Median length of hospitalization after surgery was 2 days (range: 2–3 days).ConclusionsPediatric patients can achieve flattening of lumbar lordosis with less extreme positioning. Posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy in a modified prone jackknife position is a feasible operation for pediatric patients with small adrenal masses.Type of studyClinical research paper.Level of evidenceLevel III.     

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??Strategies and main points of laparoscopic operation for severe acute pancreatitis LIU Rong??ZHANG Xuan. The Second Department of Oncology Surgery??PLA General Hospital??Beijing 100853??China
Corresponding author: LIU Rong, E-mail: liurong301@126.com
Abstract Over the last decade??the treatment of SAP has undergone fundamental changes based on new concept of damage control surgery. Selecting ideal timing and appropriate operation on the basis of pathophysiologic changes of retroperitoneum and pancreatitis??A variety of laparoscopy, retroperitoneoscopic and step-up retroperitoneal necrosectomy approaches have also been used for drainage/removal of pancreatic necrosis successfully.     

腹腔镜手术治疗重症急性胰腺炎策略及要点

随着微创外科技术的发展及损伤控制外科理念的引入,重症急性胰腺炎的治疗已经发生根本性的改变。根据胰腺炎病理特点和腹膜后解剖特点合理地选择手术时机,应用腹腔镜、后腹腔镜或腹膜后坏死组织阶梯式清创术等手段对重症急性胰腺炎病人的胰腺坏死组织进行引流或清创已经成为其治疗的有效手段。     

A comparison of the lateral and posterior retroperitoneoscopic approach for complete and partial nephroureterectomy in children

OBJECTIVE: To report the comparative results of a selective posterior or lateral retroperitoneoscopic approach (RPA) for nephroureterectomy in children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Following an established experience with RPA, 36 complete and 19 partial nephrouretectomies were prospectively randomized to a posterior and lateral retroperitoneoscopic approach The patients were aged 4 months to 14 years, with a body weight at operation of 5.7-82 kg. For posterior RPA the child is positioned prone, with three access ports. The operating space was created with balloon dissection and maintained with CO2 insufflation. The child was then rotated 30 degrees with the kidney in the dependent position, and the operator and assistant standing on the affected side. In the lateral approach the child is in the lateral decubitus position with the operator and assistant facing the dorsal aspect of the patient. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in operative duration between the lateral and posterior approaches for nephrectomy (65 and 47 min) or partial nephrectomy (85 and 75 min). Two lateral nephrectomies required open conversion (one upper pole and one lower pole). CONCLUSION: The posterior approach gives easy and quick access to the renal pedicle. It is preferable for complete nephrectomy alone and partial or polar excision. In children under 5 years old a near complete ureterectomy can be achieved. The lateral approach creates more inferomedial space, gives better access to ectopic kidneys and allows complete ureterectomy in all cases. Access to the pedicle in the normal position requires more frequent positioning of the kidney. Care must be taken as peritoneal tears are more common.     

Retroperitoneoscopic treatment of ovarian vein syndrome

In this paper, we describe a case of ovarian vein syndrome (OVS) successfully treated with retroperitoneoscopic techniques. A 41-year-old woman complained with right flank pain, especially with a recumbent position. OVS was diagnosed and ureterolysis and ovarian vein resection were successfully performed, using retroperitoneoscopic techniques. The patient has been completely pain free for 36 months of follow-up. To our knowledge, no previous reports have described the retroperitoneoscopic treatment of OVS. With the minimally invasive approach, postoperative recovery and patient quality of life were markedly improved.     

A technique for laparoscopic-assisted percutaneous drainage of infected pancreatic necrosis and pancreatic abscess

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous drainage has been shown to be an acceptable method for treating both pancreatic abscesses and infected pancreatic necrosis. However, percutaneous techniques have certain shortcomings, including the time and labor required and failure of the catheters to adequately drain the particulate debris. Growing experience around the world indicates that there is a role for retroperitoneal laparoscopy as a means of facilitating the percutaneous drainage of infected pancreatic fluid collections and avoiding a laparotomy. Our technique is discussed in this paper. METHODS: Once infection is documented in a pancreatic fluid collection by fine-needle aspiration, one or more percutaneous drains are placed into the fluid collection(s). A computed tomography (CT) scan is repeated. If further drainage is indicated, retroperitoneoscopic debridement is performed. Using a combination of the percutaneous drain(s) and the post-drain CT scan, ports are placed and retroperitoneoscopic debridement of the necrosectum is performed under direct visualization. Prior to completion of the operation, a postoperative lavage system is created. RESULTS: Six patients with infected pancreatic necrosis have been treated with this technique. Prior to commencement of our laparoscopic protocol, all six patients would have required open necrosectomy. Four of the six patients were managed with retroperitoneoscopic debridement and catheter drainage alone. Complications included a colocutaneous fistula and a small flank hernia. There were no bleeding complications and no deaths. CONCLUSION: Although open necrosectomy remains the standard of care for the treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis and pancreatic abscess, there is growing evidence that laparoscopic retroperitoneal debridement is feasible.     

后腹腔镜双侧一期肾输尿管全长切除术——肾移植术后原上尿路移行细胞癌8例报告

目的探讨肾移植术后发现原肾肾盂癌和(或)输尿管癌一期行后腹腔镜双侧肾输尿管全长切除术的安全性与可行性。方法 2006年4月~2009年11月对8例肾移植术后发现原肾肾盂癌和(或)输尿管癌行腹腔镜下双侧一期肾输尿管全长切除。先取左侧卧位,后腹腔镜下游离右侧肾及输尿管,输尿管远端用钛夹夹闭;改为右侧卧位后同法处理左侧肾及输尿管;然后取截石位,经尿道用电切镜袖状切除双侧输尿管膀胱膀胱壁内段;最后取下腹正中6 cm切口取出标本。结果 8例均行后腹腔镜双侧肾输尿管全长切除联合经尿道膀胱袖状切除,其中1例因膀胱内发现肿物同时行经尿道膀胱电切术,无中转开腹。手术时间(346.9±105.4)min(230~574 min);术中出血量(162.5±102.6)ml(100~400 ml),均无输血;住院时间(18.3±5.7)d(12~49 d)。病理报告均为尿路上皮癌,其中2例为双侧病变,此2例中有1例合并膀胱癌。8例随访(22.6±14.2)月(6~49个月),其中1年6例,均存活,1例膀胱癌复发相继行电切、膀胱部分切除治疗。结论肾移植术后原肾肾盂癌或输尿管癌一期行后腹腔镜双侧肾输尿管全长切除术是一种安全可行的治疗方式。     

俯卧位背侧入路后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术(附13例报告)

目的:探讨俯卧位背侧入路行后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术的疗效及方法。方法:回顾分析2010年6月至2011年3月为13例患者行俯卧位经背侧入路后腹腔镜肾上腺手术的临床资料。其中男9例,女4例,35～57岁,平均45.3岁。术前均行超声、CT或MRI等检查证实为肾上腺占位性病变。病变位于左侧7例,右侧6例。原发性醛固酮增多症8例,嗜铬细胞瘤4例,无功能腺瘤1例。肿瘤直径1.3～4.2 cm,平均2.4 cm。结果:13例均顺利完成手术。手术时间65～125 min,平均89.5 min;术中出血量20～80 ml,平均45.6 ml;术后住院5～8 d,平均6.6 d。围手术期无并发症发生。随访5～14个月,平均10.5个月,未见肿瘤复发及转移。结论:俯卧位背侧入路行后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术安全可行。经背侧入路为腹腔镜手术入路提供了新的选择。     

Endoscopic management of bisected hemidiaphragm during retroperitoneoscopic donor nephrectomy

Retroperitoneoscopy is our preferred technique for renal surgery and is routinely performed for living donor nephrectomy. We report a case of a totally bisected left hemidiaphragm during left-sided retroperitoneoscopic donor nephrectomy. This was most likely caused when creating the retroperitoneal working space by balloon dilation. Because the cardiopulmonary situation of the patient remained stable, retroperitoneoscopic donor nephrectomy was performed with the standard technique. This report describes for the first time the retroperitoneoscopic reconstruction of a diaphragmatic injury.     

Retroperitoneoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty for pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction in infants and children

OBJECTIVE: To report our initial experience of endoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty through a retroperitoneal approach in infants and children with pelvi-ureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirteen infants and children with PUJ obstruction underwent retroperitoneoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty (mean age at operation 2.7 years, range 0.25-10). Nine patients presented with complications secondary to PUJ obstruction, including urinary tract infection, pyonephrosis and increasing hydronephrosis with impairment in renal function. The other four patients had recurrent loin pain secondary to intermittent PUJ obstruction. The patient was placed in semi-prone (for left-sided) or a semilateral position (for right-sided PUJ obstruction). The retroperitoneal space was entered via a 1-cm incision over the mid-axillary line and further developed using a glove balloon. Video-retroperitoneoscopy was undertaken using a 5-mm laparoscope. Dismembered pyeloplasty was carried out with the pelvi-ureteric anastomosis fashioned using fine polydioxanone sutures over a double-pigtail ureteric stent. RESULTS: The retroperitoneoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty was successful in 12 patients, while one with previous percutaneous nephrostomy drainage for pyonephrosis required open conversion because of difficulties in developing the retroperitoneal space. The mean (range) operative duration was 143 (103-235) min. All patients had a rapid and uneventful recovery. The drainage was satisfactory in all 12 patients on a follow-up scan. CONCLUSIONS: Retroperitoneoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty is effective and safe in infants and young children giving a good early outcome, although the long-term results await further studies.