三维适形放疗同步化疗治疗晚期食管癌的疗效分析

目的探讨吉西他滨联合顺铂同期放疗治疗局部晚期食管癌的疗效及毒副反应。方法 48例局部晚期食管癌患者随机分为两组,分别为吉西他滨联合顺铂同步放疗组和5-氟尿嘧啶联合顺铂同步放疗组。观察近期疗效及毒副反应。结果三维适形放疗同步吉西他滨联合顺铂疗效优于5-氟尿嘧啶联合顺铂,毒副反应无明显增加。结论三维适形放疗同步吉西他滨联合顺铂化疗治疗晚期食管癌近期疗效好、副反应低,可在临床推广使用。     

紫杉醇顺铂周方案同步调强放疗治疗局部晚期NSCLC

目的 观察紫杉醇顺铂周方案同步调强放疗(IMRT)治疗局部晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的疗效和毒副反应.方法 34例局部晚期NSCLC,同步组(14例)采用紫杉醇顺铂周方案化疗联合同步涮强放疗;序贯组(20例)采用紫杉醇顺铂周方案序贯化疗联合紫杉醇顺铂周方案化疗.同步组紫杉醇每次剂量50 mg/m~2,第1、8、15天;顺铂25 mg/m~2,第1、8、15天,每4周重复.放疗采用调强技术,靶区剂量60 Gy,5次/周,200 cGy/次.序贯组在放疗前给予2周期紫杉醇顺铂周方案化疗后2周行调强放疗.结果 全组34例,完全缓解(CR)3例(8.8%),部分缓解(PR)19例(55.9%),有效率(CR+PR)64.7%,稳定(SD)8例(23.5%),进展(PD)4例(11.8%).中位生存期为16.5个月,1年和2年,总生存率分别为62.5%和37.5%.同步组患者Ⅱ～Ⅲ级急性放射性食管炎发生率为50%(7/14)、Ⅱ～Ⅲ级急性放射性肺炎发生率为35.7%(5/14)、Ⅱ～Ⅲ级白细胞减小发生率为35.7%(5/14);序贯组分别为45%(9/20)、30%(6/20)、25%(5/20).同步组有1例出现Ⅳ度白细胞减少,1例出现Ⅳ级急性放射性肺炎.结论 紫杉醇顺铂周方案同步调强放疗(IMRT)治疗局部晚期NSCLC有较高的有效率,毒副反应可以耐受.     

三维适形放疗同步化疗治疗晚期直肠癌的疗效观察

目的探讨三维适形放疗联合吉西他滨为主化疗方案治疗局部晚期直肠癌的疗效及毒副反应。方法 48例局部晚期直肠癌患者随机分为两组,分别为三维适形放疗联合吉西他滨为主化疗组和单纯放疗组,观察近期疗效及毒副反应。结果观察组疗效好于对照组,毒副反应无明显增加。结论三维适形放疗联合吉西他滨为主化疗方案同步治疗局部晚期直肠癌疗效比单纯放疗好,可提高生存率,毒副反应可以耐受,是一种有效和比较安全的综合治疗方法 。     

放疗联合GP方案治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床研究

目的观察放疗联合国产吉西他滨和顺铂治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的近期疗效及耐受性。方法选择42例晚期NSCLC患者,实施放疗联合GP方案治疗,放疗的剂量60～70Gy/6～7周,同时给予吉西他滨和顺铂化疗(GP方案)。结果全部患者均完成治疗,全部缓解(CR)6例,部分缓解(PR)28例,有效率为80.9%(CR+PR)。生存质量明显改善。不良反应主要为白细胞及血小板降低,但均能耐受。结论放疗联合吉西他滨和顺铂治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌近期疗效较好,能明显提高患者的生活质量,并且毒副反应大多数患者能耐受。     

不同诱导化疗方案联合同步调强放疗治疗局部晚期鼻咽癌的临床观察

目的:评价不同化疗方案诱导联合同步调强放疗治疗局部晚期鼻咽癌的近期疗效及毒副反应。方法:将不同化疗方案按与调强放疗联合的不同方式分组。其中,PF组70例,采用奈达铂+5-氟尿嘧啶方案诱导化疗联合奈达铂同步调强放疗;TPF组54例,采用紫杉醇+奈达铂+5-氟尿嘧啶方案诱导化疗联合奈达铂同步调强放疗;GP组36例,采用吉西他滨+奈达铂方案诱导化疗联合奈达铂同步调强放疗;奈达铂单药组66例,采用奈达铂同步调强放疗。调强放疗,均为ELEKTA直线加速器(能量为8MV X线)9野调强技术,GTVnx(鼻咽部)总放疗剂量(70.4⁷4.8)GY/(3274.8)GY/(32³4)次,2.2GY/次,GTVnd(颈部淋巴结)总放疗剂量(6434)次,2.2GY/次,GTVnd(颈部淋巴结)总放疗剂量(64⁶8)GY/(3268)GY/(32³4)次,2GY/次。分析4种方案治疗局部晚期鼻咽癌的近期疗效,同时比较其毒副作用。结果:PF组、TPF组、GP组、奈达铂单药组的总有效率分别为82.86%、85.19%、83.33%、81.82%,前3组与奈达铂单药组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗过程中相关毒副反应骨髓抑制发生率TPF组较其他3组明显(P<0.05),但均可耐受。结论:诱导化疗可提高局部晚期鼻咽癌的近期局控率;选择不同的化疗方案其毒副反应也不相同。     

大分割调强放疗治疗局部晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床分析

目的 分析常规分割放疗与大分割调强放疗治疗局部晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的临床疗效及毒副反应发生情况.方法 63例局部晚期NSCLC患者为研究对象,随机分为观察组(34例)和常规组(29例).两组患者均进行顺铂+依托泊苷方案化疗与调强放疗,观察组行大分割放疗;常规组行常规分割放疗.对比两组患者临床疗效、远期疗效及毒...     

吉西他滨加顺铂联合放疗同步治疗局部晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床研究

目的评价吉西他滨（gemzar,商品名泽菲）加顺铂（DDP）联合治疗局部晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）的临床疗效和不良反应。方法84例局部晚期NSCLC患者完全随机分为联合组（43例）和化疗组（41例）。化疗组单纯采用GP方案化疗,其中吉西他滨1000mg／m2,d1,8 ;DDP25-30mg／m2,d1～3。联合组在GP方案化疗基础上,同时进行常规放疗。结果84例患者全部完成治疗计划;联合组总有效率（81．4％）明显高于单纯化疗组（46．3％,P〈0．01）。联合组不良反应稍高于化疗组,但可以耐受,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论吉西他滨加顺铂联合放疗同步治疗局部晚期NSCLC有较好的近期疗效,可提高生存率,不良反应可耐受。     

吉西他滨联合顺铂治疗老年非小细胞肺癌疗效及耐受性分析

目的:评价老年非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者应用吉西他滨联合顺铂化疗的疗效及耐受性等。方法:以吉西他滨联合顺铂治疗老年晚期NSCLC 28例,吉西他滨1000 mg/m2静脉滴注30 min,第1天,8;顺铂30 mg/m2静脉滴注第1,2,3天;21天为1个周期,完成2个周期以上评价疗效。结果:总有效率42.9%,其中初治者有效率47.4%,复治者为33.3%,中位生存期8.2个月。主要毒副反应为骨髓抑制和胃肠道反应,给予对症处理多可耐受。结论:NSCLC患者用吉西他滨联合顺铂治疗能取得较好的疗效,可缓解症状,改善生活质量,相对毒副反应较轻,可以耐受。     

吉西他滨联合顺铂序贯与同期放化疗治疗局部晚期非小细胞肺癌临床比较

目的:比较吉西他滨+顺铂(GP)序贯与同期放化疗治疗局部晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的疗效和毒副反应。方法:64例Ⅲa期和Ⅲb期NSCLC患者自愿选择分成2组。序贯组:吉西他滨1250mg·m-2,第1天、第8天;顺铂30mg·m-2,第1~3天,与放疗序贯进行。同期组:吉西他滨1000mg·m-2,第1天、第8天;顺铂20mg·m-2,第1~3天,与放疗同步进行。结果:近期疗效、毒副反应2组无统计学意义,远期疗效2组间有统计学意义。结论:GP序贯与同期放化疗治疗局部晚期NSCLC的近期疗效、毒副反应相近,但远期疗效同期组明显好于序贯组。     

吉西他滨联合顺铂治疗晚期食管癌近期临床观察

目的 观察吉西他滨 顺铂联合化疗治疗晚期食管癌的疗效和不良反应.方法 可评价疗效的晚期食管癌病人31例,吉西他滨,d 1,8,1000 mg/m2静脉滴注;顺铂,d 1～3,80mg/m2;21 d为一个周期.观察疗效和不良反应.结果 可评价疗效者31例,其中CR1例(3.2%),PR 16例(51.6%),总有效率为54.85%.毒副反应主要是骨髓抑制和胃肠道反应,治疗有效的病人进食困难和胸痛均缓解.结论 吉西他滨 顺铂治疗晚期食管癌可获得较高疗效,临床获益率高,毒副反应能耐受,为晚期食管癌的治疗提供了一种新的选择.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.