激光周边虹膜成形术及激光周边虹膜成形联合虹膜切开术对角膜内皮细胞的影响

目的 比较激光周边虹膜成形术及激光周边虹膜成形联合虹膜周边切开术对角膜内皮细胞的影响。方法 对15例20眼单纯行周边虹膜成形术；对17例23眼行周边虹膜成形联合虹膜切开术。采用接触型镜面反光显微镜(Konan SP-5500型，日本)检测术前、术后1小时、1周、1月、3月、6月的角膜内皮细胞。统计分析平均细胞密度、细胞面积的变异系数和六边形细胞的百分率。结果 两种激光术式治疗后1小时至6个月与治疗前相比较，角膜内皮平均细胞密度、平均细胞面积变异系数、六边形细胞的百分率均有显著性差异，两组间比较各时期内皮细胞密度没有显著性差异。术后3个月和6个月细胞面积变异系数和六角形细胞百分率两组间比较有显著性差异。结论 两种激光术式均可引起角膜内皮细胞的损害，联合激光术式对角膜内皮细胞的损害大于单纯术式。     

激光周边虹膜成形术治疗虹膜切除术后暗室俯卧试验阳性的原发性闭角型青光眼

目的　评价激光周边虹膜成形术治疗虹膜切除术后暗室俯卧试验阳性的原发性闭角型青光眼的临床效果。方法　对激光周边虹膜切除术后暗室俯卧试验阳性的 34例 (5 6只眼 )原发性闭角型青光眼 (非眼外引流手术指征 ,前房角粘连 <1/2周前房角范围 )患者行激光周边虹膜成形术。其中急性闭角型青光眼 2 7例 (49只眼 ) ,慢性闭角型青光眼 7例 (7只眼 )。对患者治疗前后的周边前房深度、前房角、眼压、视野及周边虹膜形态进行详细的对比观察 ,并行暗室俯卧试验及散瞳试验检查。患者术后随访 1～ 4年。结果　所有患者治疗后周边前房深度均明显加深 ,静态前房角镜检查小梁网可见范围增宽。随访期间患者未发生高眼压、前房角进行性粘连及视野损害 ,暗室俯卧试验及散瞳试验均阴性。结论　虹膜切除术后暗室俯卧试验阳性的原发性闭角型青光眼的发病机制是当瞳孔散大时 ,异常的周边虹膜组织堵塞小梁网而引起高眼压 ,瞳孔阻滞因素不起主导作用。激光周边虹膜成形术可以明显改变此类青光眼患者 (前房角粘连 <1/2周前房角范围 )的周边虹膜形态 ,从而控制病情进展。     

激光周边虹膜成形术治疗药物难控制性急性闭角型青光眼的房角观察

目的:探讨激光周边虹膜成形术(laser peripheral iridoplasty,LPIP)治疗急性闭角型青光眼(acute angle-closure glaucoma,AACG)急性发作期药物不能控制的高眼压持续状态中的疗效。方法:原发性急性闭角型青光眼67例69眼发作期药物治疗3～6h后眼压仍>30mmHg时,行LPIP治疗。监测术前和术后30,60min和2h眼压、视力变化。应用UBM测量术前、术后2h房角宽度和虹膜厚度,并应用房角镜观察前房角粘连情况。结果:LPIP后2h,房角开放距离(AOD)较术前明显增大(P<0.01),小梁虹膜夹角(TIA)增宽、部分患者周边虹膜前粘连(PAS)减少、周边虹膜变薄。所有患者眼压在激光虹膜成形术后不同时间均有不同程度下降。术前平均眼压53.81±10.22mmHg,术后30min平均眼压33.81±9.22mmHg,术后60min为21.93±7.19mmHg,2h后眼压下降至15.16±3.07mmHg,治疗前后差异有显著统计学意义(F=151.79,P<0.01)。同时所有患者视力都有所提高。结论:LPIP可以明显加深患者的周边前房,增宽房角入口,降低患者眼压,是治疗AACG急性发作期药物不能控制高眼压持续状态的重要辅助措施,为青光眼的进一步治疗创造了条件,并且能够改善预后。     

激光周边虹膜成形及切除术治疗药物难控制的急性闭角型青光眼

目的：探讨激光周边虹膜成形联合周边虹膜切除术,治疗药物难控制的急性闭角型青光眼的效果和安全性。方法：选取药物治疗24h后眼压仍高于21mmHg的原发性急性闭角型青光眼15例17眼和白内障膨胀期继发的急性闭角型青光眼4例4眼,共19例21眼,采用激光周边虹膜成形联合周边虹膜切除术,术后24h观察视力、眼压、角膜、周边前房深度、房角及并发症。结果：所有患者激光术后24h眼压均有大幅度的下降,术前眼压53.09±11.01mmHg,术后24h眼压下降至14.98±4.21mmHg,治疗前后差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01 ）。术后视力由术前手动～0.3提高至0.1～1.0。所有患者角膜水肿减轻或消退,周边前房深度增加,房角不同程度开放。其中虹膜出血11眼（52.4%）,轻度反应性虹膜炎21眼（100%）,无1眼发生角膜灼伤。结论：激光周边虹膜切除联合周边虹膜成形术,是降低药物难控制的急性闭角型青光眼眼压的一种安全有效的方法。     

联合激光治疗大范围前房角粘连慢性闭角型青光眼

目的探讨联合激光治疗前房角粘连范围大于180°的慢性闭角型青光眼的疗效。方法对43例（56只眼）前房角粘连范围大于180°的慢性闭角型青光眼,先行激光周边虹膜切除术,2d后再行激光周边虹膜成形术,对手术前后的眼压、前房角、视野进行对比观察。术后随访18个月。结果治疗后前房角粘连范围减小,眼压降低,视野无改变。随访18个月后30只眼（53．6％）眼压在21mmHg以下（1mmHg=0．133kPa）,19只眼（33．9％）局部加用1-3种降眼压滴眼液,眼压可以控制;7只眼（12．5％,7／56）加滴2～3种降眼压药物,眼压仍高,行青光眼滤过手术。结论联合激光治疗前房角粘连大于180°的慢性闭角型青光眼可降低滤过手术的比例。     

急性闭角型青光眼治疗方法的循证评价

目的 从循证医学的角度对有关急性闭角型青光眼发作眼和对侧眼的治疗方法进行文献回顾和证据评价,并对今后的研究工作提出建议.方法 系统综述,检索MEDLINE、EMBASE、Cochrane组织(1966年至2006年12月)所有相关英文文献以及中国期刊全文数据库收录的中文核心刊物发表的相关文献(1979年至2006年12月),纳入文献包括随机对照临床研究(RCT)、非随机对照研究、前瞻性病例分析和病例数大于50例的回顾性病例分析,并对相关综述和入选文献的参考文献进行手工检索.入选文献按照治疗性医学文献证据级别的判定标准进行证据分级和评价.结果 共23篇英文文献和5篇中文文献入选.英文、中文文献中分别有5项和3项RCT,其余证据来自非随机临床对照研究和病例分析,涉及的治疗方法包括药物、激光和手术三大类.结论 目前已有较为有力证据的治疗方法:急性发作时即刻行激光周边虹膜成形术较传统的药物治疗方案降眼压作用起效快;急性发作缓解后行激光周边虹膜切开术(LPI)以及对侧眼的预防性LPI,具有解除瞳孔阻滞、控制眼压和预防急性发作再发或新发的效果;LPI和周边虹膜切除手术(SPI)治疗效果相当.白内障摘除术等治疗方法缺乏足够的高级别研究证据和远期随访结果证明其效果和安全性.     

激光周边虹膜成形术治疗原发性闭角型青光眼房角相关结构的超声生物显微镜观察

目的应用超声生物显微镜(ultrasoundbiomicroscopy,UBM)观察激光周边虹膜成形术治疗原发性闭角型青光眼房角结构的变化,进一步做疗效评价。方法对原发性闭角型青光眼经虹膜切除术后暗室俯卧试验阳性的31例38眼行激光周边虹膜成形术治疗,治疗前后均行眼前节裂隙灯显微镜、房角镜及UBM检查,对于治疗后无发作性眼压升高且连续两次暗室俯卧试验阴性的病例,应用0.5%托吡卡胺点眼散瞳后再行上述检查。结果36眼(94.7%)成功治愈。表现为:无青光眼发作、连续两次暗室俯卧试验阴性且散瞳试验均阴性。所有病例经治疗后周边前房深度均明显加深,静态房角镜检查小梁网可见范围增宽。UBM检查显示周边虹膜形态较术前明显变薄而平直,500um处小梁虹膜夹角(TIA500)、250um和500um处前房角开放距离(AOD250、AOD500)均较术前显著增加(p<0.01),周边虹膜厚度(IT1)明显变薄(p<0.01)。术后观察(1～2)年,疗效稳定且未见明显并发症。结论激光周边虹膜成形术可有效的改变周边虹膜形态,增加前房角宽度,防止瞳孔散大所造成的周边虹膜堆积,是治疗虹膜切除术后仍有急性发作或激发试验阳性的原发性闭角型青光眼安全、有效的治疗方法。     

Akutes Winkelblockglaukom trotz vorhandener Nd:YAG-Laser-Iridotomie

BACKGROUND: Nd:YAG laser iridotomy is routinely used as a procedure for primary acute angle-closure glaucoma (AACG). The clear advantage of Nd:YAG laser iridotomy is to resolve pupillary block without opening the eye. Nevertheless it remains unclear whether Nd:YAG laser iridotomy is equally effective as surgical iridectomy. In this context cases in which AACG recurred despite patent Nd:YAG laser iridotomy are of interest. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a retrospective study, we analyzed the charts of 90 patients who presented with unilateral primary AACG in our department over 3 years and were treated with a surgical iridectomy. Surgical iridectomy at the 12 o'clock position was performed using a self-sealing corneal incision. RESULTS: Of the 90 patients with primary AACG, 13 (14.4%) had already been treated with Nd:YAG laser iridotomy. Despite the laser iridotomy, these eyes developed recurrent AACG. The presenting intraocular pressure (IOP) of these 13 eyes was 49.07+/-12.65 mmHg. In 4 eyes, continuous medical glaucoma therapy was used prior to AACG, 8 eyes showed signs of glaucoma damage at the optic disk or/and the visual field. In 2 eyes, the presenting high IOP at AACG could be lowered by medication. All other eyes were operated at high IOP. The average interval between the Nd:YAG laser iridotomy and the AACG was 24.5 weeks. After surgical iridectomy, the IOP was reduced to 12.69+/-4.11 mmHg and was 16.62+/-3.86 mmHg at the end of the observation period. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of Nd:YAG laser iridotomy recurrent AACG can occur. Surgical iridectomy is capable of permanently resolving the pupillar block in these cases.     

Laser peripheral iridoplasty as initial treatment of acute attack of primary angle-closure: a long-term follow-up study

PURPOSE: To study the long-term clinical course and complications of patients with acute primary angle-closure treated with immediate laser peripheral iridoplasty followed by laser peripheral iridotomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Consecutive patients with acute primary angle closure treated with immediate laser peripheral iridoplasty, followed by laser peripheral iridotomy, at the Prince of Wales Hospital from July 1997 through January 2000 were followed up to document the clinical course of their disease and any complications from the laser treatment. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure, gonioscopic findings, corneal and lens clarity, iris appearance, pupillary reaction, and progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy were evaluated. RESULTS: Thirty eyes of 29 Chinese patients with acute primary angle closure treated initially with either argon or diode laser peripheral iridoplasty were recruited. The mean follow-up period was 33.0 +/- 9.3 months. Twenty-one eyes (70%) had no further attack and maintained normal intraocular pressure without medications, and 9 eyes (30%) developed chronic angle-closure glaucoma with peripheral anterior synechiae. All eyes had pigmented laser marks on the peripheral iris, but none had peripheral corneal burn. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term follow-up data indicated that 30% of Chinese eyes with acute primary angle closure successfully treated with immediate laser peripheral iridoplasty followed by laser peripheral iridotomy developed peripheral anterior synechiae and an increase in intraocular pressure. There were minimal long-term complications on the cornea and the lens from the laser treatment.     

激光周边虹膜成形术联合周边虹膜切除术治疗高褶虹膜型青光眼

目的探讨采用联合激光技术治疗高褶虹膜型青光眼的疗效。方法对２０例（３７只眼）早期原发性慢性闭角型高褶虹膜型青光眼，一次性行氩激光周边虹膜成形术联合氩激光加ＮｄＹＡＧ激光周边虹膜切除术（联合激光手术）。结果随访８个月至４年零７个月，平均２．７年。１７例（３２只眼）获得满意疗效，在观察期内无青光眼急性发作，眼压从５．８０±１．０４ｋＰａ（１ｋＰａ＝７．５ｍｍＨｇ）下降到２．７４ｋＰａ以下，周边前房加深，房角增宽，虹膜皱缩，有效地防止了房角的进一步粘连，８６．７％的患者暗室试验转阴性。结论联合激光手术是治疗高褶虹膜型青光眼的有效方法之一。     

Argon laser iridoplasty: a primary mode of therapy in primary angle closure glaucoma.

Argon laser iridoplasty was performed in 40 eyes of 33 patients of primary angle closure glaucoma. There were 12 male and 21 female patients. The mean ages of the male and female patients were 51 years and 48.4 years respectively. Forty eyes were divided into two groups. Group I consisted of ten eyes of subacute angle closure glaucoma and group II included thirty eyes of chronic angle closure glaucoma. Argon laser iridoplasty was performed with Coherent 9000 model using laser settings of spot size 200 micron, duration 0.2 second and power 0.7 watt. A total of 80 spots were applied over 360 degree circumference. The intraocular pressure control (below 22 mm Hg) was achieved after iridoplasty in all the eyes (100%) in group I, where as in group II the intraocular pressure was controlled in 70% eyes. The follow up period varied from 3 months to one year with a mean of eight months. The success rate with iridoplasty was directly related to the extent of peripheral anterior synechiae, optic disc cupping and presence of visual field changes.     

激光周边虹膜切除及成形术治疗青光眼的体会

目的观察氩激光联合YAG激光行周边虹膜切除及周边虹膜成形术治疗急性闭角型青光眼的疗效及其并发症。方法本组共105例(169眼),包括急性闭角型青光眼临床前期91眼,先兆期32眼、间歇期46眼。均先用氩激光行360°周边虹膜成形术,然后在拟行周边切孔处用氩激光分层击射虹膜,最后用YAG激光穿透击射。随访12个月,观察其疗效及并发症。结果术后1～6小时眼压一过性升高,1天后眼压正常,周切孔均开放无闭塞,前房角开放;3眼周切孔处晶状体局限性浑浊。结论氩激光联合YAG激光行虹膜周边切除+虹膜周边成形术是治疗闭角型青光眼预防急性发作的有效而且安全的手术。     

A randomised prospective comparison of operative peripheral iridectomy and Nd:YAG laser iridotomy treatment of acute angle closure glaucoma: 3 year visual acuity and intraocular pressure control outcome

AIM—To compare visual acuity and intraocular pressure outcomes 3 years after treatment of acute angle closure glaucoma (AACG) by operative peripheral iridectomy (PI) or Nd:YAG laser iridotomy (YAG PI).
METHODS—A prospective study of consecutive patients presenting to one ophthalmology department with uniocular AACG during a 2 year period. Following informed consent patients were randomised to bilateral PI or bilateral YAG PI. Three years after treatment the mean Snellen visual acuity converted to logMAR scores of the two groups was compared using the unpaired Student's t test. The number of patients with normal intraocular pressure with no further treatment in each group was compared using the χ² test with Yates's correction.
RESULTS—21 patients underwent bilateral PI and 27 bilateral YAG PI. Three years after treatment visual acuity was 0.30 (SD 0.28) log MAR units for PI eyes and 0.57 (0.67) logMAR units for YAG PI eyes (p=0.08, NS). 15 (70.4%) PI eyes and 19 (71.8%) YAG PI eyes had an intraocular pressure less than 21 mm Hg with no further treatment (NS).
CONCLUSIONS—There was no significant difference in visual acuity or intraocular pressure control 3 years after treatment of AACG with PI or YAG PI.

     

Glaucoma management in developing countries: medical, laser, and surgical options for glaucoma management in countries with limited resources

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Most people affected by glaucoma live in developing countries. Recent trials and reports provide sound evidence for management of glaucoma. This review extrapolates relevant articles to the developing world. RECENT FINDINGS: The predictive value of gonioscopy for progression of primary angle closure suspects (PACS) to primary angle closure (PAC) is only 22% (95% CI: 9.80-34.2). PACS are not uncommon; laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) is neither indicated nor feasible for all. Twenty-eight and a half percent of PAC progress to primary angle closure glaucoma; the number needed to treat (NNT) for LPI to prevent progression is only 4. Laser peripheral iridoplasty controls acute angle closure glaucoma (AACG) faster than medical therapy alone. Primary lens extraction has also been suggested as treatment for AACG after control of the acute attack. A 5-year NNT for ocular hypertension (OH) of 20 is too high to allow treatment of all OH. High-risk OH and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) have an NNT of 5 to 6 and merit treatment.Latanoprost and brimonidine are effective in lowering IOP in Asian eyes with POAG, but primary surgical therapy may be a more viable option.For cataract and coexistent glaucoma requiring filtration, trabeculectomy combined with the Blumenthal technique of cataract surgery may be as effective as trabeculectomy combined with phacoemulsification. SUMMARY: The principles of glaucoma management should be the same the world over. Considering the paucity of resources and competing opportunity costs, countries with limited resources have to extrapolate available information in a sensible and cost-effective manner.     

激光虹膜成形联合白内障超声乳化吸除术治疗急性闭角型青光眼

目的 分析激光虹膜成形术联合白内障超声乳化吸除术,对药物治疗不能迅速缓解的合并白内障的原发性闭角型青光眼急性发作的治疗效果.方法 对药物治疗不能迅速缓解的合并不同程度白内障的原发性闭角型青光眼急性发作患者12例(14只眼)行激光虹膜成形术以开放房角、控制眼压,而后行白内障超声乳化吸除联合人工晶状体植人术,随访(3～12)月,观察房角、眼压、视力变化及并发症情况.结果 激光虹膜成形术后超声生物显微镜检查示所有术眼房角开放;激光虹膜成形术前眼压(44.5±6.3)mmHg,术后2h、4h的眼压分别为(20.5 4±3.5)mmHg、(11.9 4±2.9)mmHg,与光凝前眼压的差异均有统计学意义(t=21.4956,P=0.000;t=241.5631,P=0.000);白内障超声乳化术后2周、3月的眼压均低于21mmHg,平均分别为(16.54±2.7)mmHg、(15.84±2.6)mmHg;激光虹膜成形术后和白内障超声乳化吸除术后视力不同程度提高;无严重并发症.结论 激光虹膜成形术能有效缓解药物治疗无效的原发性闭角型青光眼急性发作,并可作为白内障超声乳化吸除术治疗急性闭角型青光眼的前期治疗.     

联合激光手术对原发性闭角型青光眼的防治价值

目的评价联合激光手术对原发性闭角型青光眼(primaryangle-closureglaucoma,PACG)的治疗和预防价值。方法对75例102眼PACG(治疗组)以及50例100眼PACG的高危人群(干预组),行联合激光手术治疗,包括激光周边虹膜切除术(laserperipheraliridectomy,LPI)或联合Argon激光周边虹膜成形术(Argonlaserperipheraliridoplasty,ALPI)。术后随访(2～4)年。结果治疗组和干预组成功率均100%。202眼最终眼压21mmHg以下。所有患者周切孔通畅、前房角不同程度开放和增宽。最终的暗室加俯卧试验均阴性。治疗前后视力、视野、眼底C/D值无明显变化。治疗组无PACG急性发作。干预组无PACG发生。除有轻微前葡萄膜炎和短暂眼压升高反应外无其它严重并发症。结论联合激光手术安全有效,是治疗PACG的较好方法之一,并能有效地预防一定高危人群PACG发生。     

Corneal transmissibility of diode versus argon lasers and their photothermal effects on the cornea and iris

Purpose : Diode laser (810 nm) may possess theoretical advantages over the argon blue‐green laser (488 nm) for iridotomy/iridoplasty in an eye with oedematous cornea, such as the acute angle‐closure glaucoma (AACG) patient, because of better diode laser tissue penetration in opaque media. We assessed the transmissibility of diode and argon lasers through corneas of varying clarity and evaluated the histopathological features of cornea and iris burns produced by these lasers. Methods : The transmission of diode and argon lasers through human donor corneal buttons of three grades of clarity – clear, intermediate, and hazy – were compared. Corneal buttons of these varying levels of clarity were also treated with argon and diode lasers, with the beams deliberately focused onto the mid‐stroma to assess their photothermal effects. Exposed pigmented irides from whole human eyes were treated directly with argon and diode lasers. The lasers were delivered via slit‐lamp systems and the energy settings used were 1000 mW for argon and 980 mW for diode; spot sizes for both lasers were 100 μm, with exposure durations of 0.1 s. Light microscopy studies of these tissues were performed. Results : Transmissibility of diode laser in clear, intermediate, and hazy corneas were 89, 87 and 85% respectively and was significantly superior to argon laser (78, 73 and 70% respectively; P < 0.001, paired Student’s t‐test). Diode laser did not produce morphological changes in all three grades of corneas whereas argon‐laser‐treated hazy corneas showed photothermal damage. Both lasers produced deep iris burns, with the diode laser tending to produce deeper burns. Conclusion : Our findings suggest that diode laser may be the ideal laser for iridotomy/iridoplasty in the AACG patient with hazy cornea.     

晶状体超声乳化术治疗合并白内障的闭角型青光眼

目的观察晶状体超声乳化联合后房型人工晶状体植入治疗合并白内障的原发性闭角型青光眼的疗效和价值。方法对35例（39眼）合并有白内障的青光眼行超声乳化后房型人工晶状体植入术,其中急性闭角型青光眼临床前期8眼,发作期15眼;慢性闭角型青光眼16眼。术后随访3-24个月。结果急性闭角青光眼临床前期组平均眼压较术前明显下降（t=3.3420,P〈0.01）。急闭发作期组术后眼压较明显下降（t=4.3741,P〈0.01）。慢闭组术后眼压平均亦明显下降（t=4.1362,P〈0.01）;急、慢闭组前房角均较术前增宽;急、慢闭组前房轴深较术前加深;周边前房深度两组均较术前增加。所有病例术后最佳矫正视力均提高,21眼（53.9%）最佳矫正视力〉0.4。结论晶状体超声乳化术对合并白内障的急闭临床前期、急慢闭青光眼均可产生良好的降眼压效果,且视力恢复较好。     

Pupillary and iridovitreal block in pseudophakic eyes

Twenty-six cases of pupillary and iridovitreal block in pseudophakic eyes are reported. Although ten patients presented with acute angle closure glaucoma, the majority were asymptomatic and had normal intraocular pressures. While cure was finally achieved in all cases, recurrence of block occurred in six eyes as late as two months after initial successful treatment. A variety of therapeutic modalities including argon laser iridectomy, argon laser gonioplasty (iridoplasty), surgical iridectomy, surgical vitrectomy, Q-switched Nd:YAG laser iridectomy and Nd:YAG laser photodisruption of the anterior vitreous face were needed. Despite successful relief of pupillary and iridovitreal block in these eyes with no evidence of glaucoma prior to cataract and lens implant surgery, four eyes developed eight or more clock hours of peripheral anterior synechiae, and nine eyes continue to require chronic medical therapy for glaucoma.     

Efficacy of Nd-YAG laser iridotomies in acute angle closure glaucoma.

Between September 1984 and April 1987 a total of 150 patients underwent Nd-YAG laser iridotomy procedures at the Bristol Eye Hospital. Forty of these patients (27%) were treated for acute angle closure glaucoma (AACG), and three of them (7%) suffered recurrent AACG. Sixteen patients who had been treated for AACG have been challenged by a pharmacological provocative test introduced by Mapstone, with a total of 23 eyes being tested. A negative result was obtained in all cases. Provocative testing is recommended to help identify those at risk of recurrent AACG.