间硝苯地平对老龄肾性高血压大鼠心肌和脑微粒体Na~＋，K~＋－ATP酶，Ca~

间硝苯地平（ｍ－Ｎｉｆ，ｉｇ２０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ１持续给药９周）可显著降低老龄肾性高血压大鼠（ＲＶＨＲ）血压和左室重量（Ｐ＜０．０１），增高心、脑微粒体Ｎａ＋，Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰ酶和Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性（Ｐ＜０．０１），降低Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性，体外量效关系研究发现，ｍ－Ｎｉｆ在较高剂量（１０～１０００μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）时可增高ＲＶＨＲ心脑微粒体Ｎａ＋，Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰ酶和Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性，且随剂量增加而增高。上述结果表明，ｍ－Ｎｉｆ可改善老龄ＲＶＨＲ心脑微粒体Ｎａ＋，Ｋ＋泵和Ｃａ２＋泵功能。     

强啡肽A（1－17）所致大鼠运动障碍及对脊髓组织AC－cAMP水平的影响

大鼠蛛网膜下腔注射强啡肽Ａ（１－１７），观察其所引起的行为变化及对脊髓组织ＡＣ－ｃＡＭＰ系统的影响。强啡肽Ａ（１－１７）５、１０、２０ｎｍｏｌ可引起大鼠双后肢弛缓性瘫痪，并在给药１０ｍｉｎ强啡肽Ａ（１－１７）１０、２０ｎｍｏｌ显著抑制脊髓组织ｃＡＭＰ含量和ＡＣ活性，呈量效关系，２ｈ后均有不同程度的恢复。选择性ｋ型阿片受体拮抗剂ｎｏｒ－ＢＮＩ３０ｎｍｏｌ可明显对抗强啡肽Ａ（１－１７）２０ｎｍｏｌ所致的后肢瘫痪并完全阻断其对ＡＣ、ｃＡＭＰ的抑制作用；Ｌ型Ｃａ２＋通道阻断剂异搏定１００ｎｍｏｌ亦可部分阻断强啡肽Ａ（１－１７）对脊髓的影响；而兴奋性氨基酸ＮＭＤＡ受体特异性拮抗剂ＡＰＶ１０ｎｍｏｌ则无效。提示ｋ型阿片受体和Ｌ型Ｃａ２＋通道参与了强啡肽Ａ（１－１７）所引起的大鼠运动障碍及对脊髓组织ＡＣ、ｃＡＭＰ水平的调控。     

1-(2,6-二甲基苯氧基)-2-(3,4-二甲氧基苯乙胺基)丙烷盐酸盐对自发性高血压大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖及对PDGF-B,bFGF,c-sis,c-myc的影响

用氚胸腺嘧啶核苷（３ＨＴｄＲ）掺入法，电镜，免疫组化，原位杂交方法，在自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲ）观察了１（２，６二甲基苯氧基）２（３，４二甲氧基苯乙胺基）丙烷盐酸盐（ＤＤＰＨ）对血管平滑肌细胞（ＶＳＭＣ）增殖的作用及对生长因子ＰＤＧＦＢ，ｂＦＧＦ及其相关癌基因ｃｓｉｓ与ｃｍｙｃ表达的影响。结果发现：ＤＤＰＨ在降低ＳＨＲ血压同时，能减少肾动脉ＶＳＭＣ的线粒体，粗面内质网和３ＨＴｄＲ掺入量，并能逆转ＶＳＭＣ增殖时ＰＤＧＦＢ，ｂＦＧＦ抗原及ｃｓｉｓ与ｃｍｙｃｍＲＮＡ的表达增强。提示：ＤＤＰＨ能抑制ＳＨＲ的ＶＳＭＣ增殖，与生长因子及癌基因调控的分子生物学机制有关。     

精氨加压素（4—8）刺激大鼠脑内促细胞分裂素活化的蛋白激酶活性增高

目的：研究精氨加压素（４－８）（ＡＶＰ（４－８）对大鼠脑内促细胞分裂素活化的蛋白激酶（ＭＡＰＫ）活性变化的影响，方法：大鼠皮下注射ＡＶＰ（４－８）后，通过柱分离后测定脑组织匀浆液中，ＭＡＰＫ对其特异性底物髓脂碱性蛋白（ＭＢＰ）的磷酸化活性。结果：ＡＶＰ（４－８）刺激的大鼠海马和大脑皮层中的４４ｋＤａＭＡＰＫ活性显著增高，这种活性增高被ＡＶＰ（４－８）的拮抗剂ＺＤＣ（Ｃ）ＰＲ降低８０％，ＭＡＰＫ蛋白     

强啡肽A（1－17）对大鼠脊髓组织钙调蛋白含量和磷酸二酯酶活性的影响

观察强啡肽Ａ（１－１７）经大鼠蛛网膜下腔注射后对胞内Ｃａ２＋受体钙调蛋白（ＣａＭ）含量及其依赖于Ｃａ２＋／ＣａＭ的磷酸二酯酶（ＰＤＥ）活性的影响。结果表明：强啡肽Ａ（１－１７）１０、２０ｎｍｏｌ给药１０ｍｉｎ可使脊髓组织ＣａＭ含量和ＰＤＥ活性明显下降，呈量效依赖关系，２ｈ后均有不同程度的恢复。选择性ｋ型阿片受体拮抗剂ｎｏｒ－ＢＮＩ３０ｎｍｏｌ、兴奋性氨基酸ＮＭＤＡ受体特异性拮抗剂ＡＰＶ１０ｎｍｏｌ可显著对抗强啡肽Ａ（１－１７）２０ｎｍｏｌ降低脊髓组织ＣａＭ含量的作用并完全阻断强啡肽Ａ（１－１７）对ＰＤＥ活性的抑制；Ｌ型Ｃａ２＋通道阻断剂异搏定１００ｎｍｏｌ亦可部分阻断强啡肽Ａ（１－１７）２０ｎｍｏｌ对脊髓组织ＣａＭ含量和ＰＤＥ活性的影响。     

左旋千金藤立定增强K~ 去极化对大鼠纹状体酪氨酸3-单加氧酶的激活作用(英文)

目的：研究Ｋ＋去极化对大鼠纹状体突触体酪氨酸３单加氧酶（ＴＭ）激活的机制及ＳＰＤ对此激活的影响．方法：应用ＨＰＬＣＥＣＤ法测定ＤＯＰＡ为ＴＭ的活性，并应用同位素法测定ＰＫⅡ和ＰＫＣ的活性．结果：ＳＰＤ１，１０和１００μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１增强Ｋ＋去极化对突触体ＴＭ的活性，ＰＫＣ抑制剂ＰＭＢ１０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１能完全逆转Ｋ＋去极化的激活效应，而选择性Ｄ２受体激动剂ＱＰ，ＣａＭ拮抗剂Ｗ７和去除反应液中的Ｃａ２＋均不影响Ｋ＋去极化对ＴＭ的激活．Ｋ＋去极化使突触体ＰＫＣ的活性增加５３％，而对ＰＫⅡ的活性无影响．ＳＰＤ和ＱＰ均不影响Ｋ＋去极化对ＰＫＣ的激活．结论：Ｋ＋去极化对突触体ＴＭ的激活作用是由ＰＫＣ介导的，不受突触前ＤＡ自身受体的调控，但被ＳＰＤ增强．     

（Sp）－8－氯腺苷－3＇，5＇－环磷酸辛酯对人白血病HL－60细胞的诱导分化作用

（Ｓｐ）－８－氯腺苷－３＇，５＇－环磷酸辛酯（Ｓｐ－ｏｃｔｙｌ８－ｃｈｌｏｒｏａｄｅｎｏｓｉｎｅ３＇，５＇－ｃｙｃｌｏｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅ，ＯＣＣ）对人白血病ＨＬ－６０细胞有生长抑制和分化诱导作用，该作用与ＯＣＣ浓度和处理时间呈正相关，为不可逆性。流式细胞光度术发现，ＯＣＣ阻断ＨＬ－６０细胞周期于Ｇ１期。参入实验证实，ＯＣＣ对ＨＬ－６０细胞ＤＮＡ合成有显著抑制作用，但不影响ＲＮＡ和蛋白质合成。ＯＣＣ能直接激活ＨＬ－６０细胞浆中提取的蛋白激酶Ａ（ＰＫＡ），并抑制它与ｃＡＭＰ的结合。经ＯＣＣ处理的ＨＬ－６０细胞浆中ＰＫＡ活性明显升高，说明ＯＣＣ能与ｃＡＭＰ竞争ＰＫＡ的结合并激活ＰＫＡ。     

粉防己碱对自发性高血压大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖及对PDGF-B,bFGF和相关癌基因表达的影响

用［３Ｈ］胸腺嘧啶核苷（［３Ｈ］ＴｄＲ）参入法，电镜，免疫组化，原位杂交方法，在自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲ）观察了粉防己碱（Ｔｅｔ，０．０３μｍｏｌ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１×８周ｉｇ）对血管平滑肌细胞（ＶＳＭＣ）增殖的作用及对生长因子ＰＤＧＦ－Ｂ，ｂＦＧＦ的抗原表达及其相关癌基因ｃ－ｓｉｓ，ｃ－ｍｙｃｍＲＮＡ表达的影响．结果发现：Ｔｅｔ在降低ＳＨＲ血压（Ｐ＜０．０１）同时，能减少ＶＳＭＣ的线粒体，粗面内质网和［３Ｈ］ＴｄＲ参入量（Ｐ＜０．０１），并能逆转ＶＳＭＣ增殖时ＰＤＧＦ－Ｂ，ｂＦＧＦ抗原（Ｐ＜０．０５）及ｃ－ｓｉｓ，ｃ－ｍｙｃｍＲＮＡ的表达增强．提示：Ｔｅｔ抑制ＳＨＲ的ＶＳＭＣ增殖与生长因子及癌基因调控的分子生物学机制有关     

反相高效液相色谱法测定慢性肾功能衰竭家兔肾组织中的磷酸腺苷

研究测定慢性肾功能衰竭家兔肾组织中ＡＴＰ,ＡＤＰ,ＡＭＰ的含量。方法：用高效液相色谱法（ＨＰＬＣ）,ＵＬＴＲＡＳＰＨＥＲＥ（ＴＭ）Ｃ１８柱（４．６ｍｍ×２５ｃｍ）,流动相为甲醇磷酸缓冲液（ｐＨ５．９,３０ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）（３∶９７）,检测波长２５４ｎｍ,在６ｍｉｎ内检测完毕。结果：家兔肾组织中磷酸腺苷ＡＴＰ,ＡＤＰ,ＡＭＰ）的含量分别为８９．６±１０．２,１１２．４±８．９,７８．４±６．２μｇ·ｇ－１（湿组织）,平均回收率分别为１００．９％,９９．９％,１０１．０％。结论：此方法简便,快速,准确,可用于药物监测及基础研究。     

Detection of DNA damage in peripheral lymphocytes by 7 compounds using comet assay

目的：检测过氧化氢（Ｈ２Ｏ２）、甲磺酸乙酯（ＥＭＳ）、丝裂霉素Ｃ（ＭＭＣ）、二甲基亚硝胺（ＤＭＮＡ）、苯并（ａ）芘（ＢａＰ）、２氨基芴（２ＡＦ）和环磷酰胺（ＣＰ）诱发小鼠、大鼠及人外周血淋巴细胞ＤＮＡ单链断裂．方法：体外单细胞微量凝胶碱性电泳试验（慧星试验）．结果：除ＥＭＳ０９７ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１在小鼠淋巴细胞，ＭＭＣ３０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１在小鼠、人淋巴细胞中呈阴性外，其余均为阳性．最低可检测浓度分别为Ｈ２Ｏ２１μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，ＥＭＳ０４８ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，ＢａＰ５０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，ＣＰ２０ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，ＭＭＣ１０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，ＤＭＮＡ２７３ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，２ＡＦ６２５μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１．ＣＰ、ＢａＰ、２ＡＦ需经Ｓ９Ｍｉｘ代谢活化才显示毒性．结论：彗星试验检测出ＭＭＣ诱导大鼠，ＥＭＳ诱导大鼠和人，以及Ｈ２Ｏ２、ＤＭＮＡ、ＢａＰ、ＣＰ和２ＡＦ诱导小鼠、大鼠和人外周血淋巴细胞ＤＮＡ单链断裂损伤．     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.