应用前臂游离皮瓣折叠法修复大型腭部洞穿性缺损

目的 探讨大型腭部洞穿性缺损修复的方法.方法 2003年至2006年,我们应用前臂游离皮瓣折叠法为7例患者进行了腭部洞穿性缺损修复,共使用皮瓣8块,其中前臂游离皮瓣7块,胸大肌岛状瓣1块.结果 除1例前臂游离皮瓣因动脉栓塞失败外,其余组织瓣完全成活,再造腭部形态良好.患者可经口腔正常进食,并进行基本正常的语言交流.结论 利用前臂游离皮瓣折叠法进行大型腭部洞穿性缺损的修复,是一种有效可行的方法.     

Soft-Tissue reconstruction of the face using the folded/multiple skin island radial forearm free flap.

Resection of malignant soft-tissue tumors of the face often results in defects of skin, lining, and contour. When local tissues are unavailable, the folded/multiple skin island forearm free flap has been used to correct complex lining, skin, and contour defects concomitantly. This study is a retrospective review of all patients reconstructed with folded/multiple skin island forearm flaps from 1992 to 2000. Facial defects included facial skin, mucosal lining, and intervening soft tissue. Reconstruction was immediate and was not combined with another local flap. There were 17 patients (mean age, 61 years). Five patients had cutaneous malignancies and 12 patients had either mucosal or salivary gland malignancy. Defects were of the cheek and nose either alone or in combination. Defects ranged from 9 to 54 cm2. Nine patients had defects of either the skin or the mucosa with an associated soft-tissue component. These were reconstructed with a folded forearm flap with one skin island. Eight patients had full-thickness defects and were reconstructed with a folded flap with two skin islands. Flap survival was 100%. One case required reexploration for hematoma. Aesthetic results were good to excellent in 76% of patients. Delayed wound healing at the donor site occurred in 2 patients (11%). The folded/multiple skin island forearm flap is a useful tool for single-stage reconstruction of complex facial defects requiring replacement of skin, lining, and intervening soft tissue. Good to excellent aesthetic results can be expected in most patients.     

Reconstruction of large intraoral and adjacent cheek defects by free radial forearm flap

Summary Eighteen patients with intraoral and oropharyngeal carcinoma were treated by radical excision for extensive infiltration of tumour into adjacent tissue. Defects were repaired by free radial forearm flaps. Three patients had bony defects in addition to mucosal and skin defects. The free flap can be easily folded to repair skin and mucosa simultaneously. We consider the free forearm flap to be the procedure of choice in selected cases of large intraoral and adjacent cheek defects.     

游离前臂皮瓣与钛网联合修复上颌骨缺损

目的观察游离前臂皮瓣与钛网联合修复上颌骨缺损的临床效果.方法 2002年1月～2002年11月,对3例上颌牙龈癌、1例腭部黏液表皮样癌和1例上颌窦癌分别行上颌骨次全切除或全切除术,术后遗留上颌骨缺损用 4 cm×5 cm～6 cm×7 cm大小的游离前臂皮瓣与钛网联合修复.术后通过临床检查、CT和鼻内窥镜检查评价其效果. 结果 5例患者均获5～15个月随访,无肿瘤复发,移植皮瓣全部成活,面部外形及牙槽突和腭部形态恢复良好,鼻腔面钛网被软组织覆盖,语言和吞咽功能恢复良好.其中2例已行可摘局部义齿修复. 结论游离前臂皮瓣和钛网联合应用是上颌骨缺损较理想的修复方法.     

Reconstruction of large palatal defects using the free anterolateral thigh flap

The ideal reconstructive method for the palatal defect should provide durable, stable coverage, and a natural contour, while simultaneously minimizing morbidity of both the defect and donor sites. Although small and usual palatal defects can be repaired easily using local adjacent tissues, successful closure of large, complex defects is still a challenging problem. Numerous free tissue options have to date been described for large palatal defects. Although the radial forearm flap constitutes a good option for ideal reconstructive goals, the sacrifice of a major artery to the hand and the skin graft to the forearm with its high potential risk of complications are evident problems attendant upon this donor site. Since the first report of the anterolateral thigh flap, this has become one of the most commonly used flaps for the reconstruction of various soft-tissue defects. Between April 2005 and May 2009, 8 free anterolateral thigh flaps were used to reconstruct defects of the palate. The study involved 6 male and 2 female patients, their ages ranging from 3 to 45. Five patients had palatal defects due to congenital cleft palate deformity, 2 patients had defects due to tumor resection, and the remaining patient had a palatal defect due to a gunshot wound. The size of the flaps ranged from 8 to 14 cm in length and from 4 to 7 cm in width. Facial vessels were used as recipient vascular sources in all patients. Primary thinning of the flap was performed in all cases. Donor sites were closed directly and healed uneventfully in all patients. There were no postoperative complications and all flaps survived totally. No debulking was needed. All patients, and their families in the case of child patients, were satisfied with the results of their surgical treatment. In conclusion, although it has some irregularity in derivation from the main vessels, with its evident structural and cosmetic advantages the anterolateral thigh flap can be considered an excellent and ideal free flap option for most large palatal defects that cannot be closed by regional tissue in selected patients. It can reconstruct defects in single stage with well-vascularized tissue, resulting in minimal donor site morbidity.     

手背软组织缺损皮瓣修复的临床选择

目的探讨利用三种游离皮瓣及带前臂皮神经营养血管岛状皮瓣修复手背软组织缺损的临床效果。方法采用小腿外侧皮支皮瓣、足背皮瓣、股前外侧皮瓣及带前臂内、外、背侧皮神经营养血管岛状皮瓣,选择性修复手背软组织缺损225例。结果本组174例三种游离皮瓣中170例成活．4例出现血管危象,经及时探查1例皮瓣全部坏死,3例部分坏死：51例前臂皮神经皮瓣．除6例远端部分坏死外,余全部成活。随访6个月～8年．皮瓣质地好,色泽正常,手外形与功能改善满意,痛、深触觉逐渐恢复正常。结论选择性游离皮瓣修复效果普遍优于前臂皮神经营养血管的岛状皮瓣,适于临床开展。     

Die Deckung von Weichteildefekten und instabilen Narben über der Achillessehne durch freie mikrochirurgische Lappenplastiken

INTRODUCTION: Coverage of the exposed Achilles tendon requires thin, supple tissue to provide adequate range of motion and a satisfying aesthetic result for the distal lower extremity. Various local flaps and free flaps have been described for reconstruction of small and large defects. Small defects can be closed with local tissue, whereas free flap coverage may be necessary for coverage of large defects. METHODS: From July 1993 to September 1998 14 patients between the age of 15 and 74 years (mean 47 years; 3 female, 11 male) underwent free flap coverage for the exposed Achilles tendon due to primary trauma, chronic wounds or tumors. The mean duration of follow-up was 33.3 months. The defect size ranged from 8 x 8 to 25 x 28 cm. RESULTS: Six parascapular flaps (three with a vascularized scapular fascial extension), four radial forearm flaps and four latissimus dorsi flaps (one combined with free serratus fascia) were used for soft tissue coverage over the Achilles tendon. Thirteen flaps survived. In one case a parascapular flap had to be removed due to venous thrombosis and a free latissimus dorsi flap was used as secondary salvage procedure. The donor site morbidity was acceptable for most patients after flap harvesting in the subscapular region and also satisfactory in the forearm region. Average active range of motion in the upper ankle joint was 15-0-40 degrees for extension/flexion. All patients were satisfied with the functional and aesthetic result. CONCLUSION: Soft tissue coverage over the exposed Achilles tendon requires an optimal solution for each patient to achieve an aesthetically pleasing result and acceptable function. Microvascular free flaps can be used to reconstruct medium and large defects and to provide gliding tissue for the Achilles tendon. The complication rate of microvascular flaps is comparable with that of local flaps.     

Free flap closure in complex congenital and acquired defects of the palate

Extensive palatal defects cause substantial morbidity, including nasal regurgitation, poor oral hygiene, loose-fitting obturators, and difficulty with speech. Microvascular techniques allow the surgeon to repair these complex defects with a one-stage reconstruction, in contrast to possible multistage local or regional flap reconstruction. In this retrospective review, the authors present their 5-year experience with free flap coverage of extensive palatal defects. From 1993 to 1998, 6 patients underwent free flap coverage of large palatal defects. The etiology of the large palatal defects included trauma (N = 1), neoplasm (N = 4), and a recurrent congenital cleft palatal fistula (N = 1). Three patients underwent osteocutaneous radial forearm flaps and 1 patient underwent a fasciocutaneous radial forearm flap. The remaining 2 patients underwent rectus abdominis muscle flaps. The ipsilateral facial artery and vein were used as the recipient vessels in all patients. There were no intraoperative complications (surgical or anesthetic). Postoperatively, 2 patients had surgical evacuation of small flap hematomas. One patient underwent revision of the fasciocutaneous flap. All flaps survived. In our experience, the benefits of free flap reconstruction of complex palatal fistulas seem to outweigh the risks of the operation, with reliable long-term results.     

Two modifications of the radial forearm flap for reconstruction of complex facial defects

The free radial forearm flap has been one of the most common free flaps of recent decades. This flap is employed predominantly in head and neck reconstruction. The possibility of combining bone, muscle, and nerves with the fasciocutaneous flap greatly enhanced reconstructive options. However, the frequently unsightly donor site and the development of other readily available free flaps have led to a decline in the use of the radial forearm flap. Nevertheless, for reconstruction in head and neck surgery, with the need for thin, pliable tissues and a long vascular pedicle, the radial forearm flap still remains a prime choice. Two modifications of the standard forearm flap are presented. The first patient had two large defects at the nose and mental area after radical resection of a basal-cell carcinoma. Soft-tissue reconstruction was achieved with a conventional forearm flap and a second additional skin island based on a perforator vessel originating proximally from the pedicle. Both skin islands were independently mobile and could be sutured tension-free into the defects after tunneling through the cheek, with vascular anastomosis to the facial vessels. The second patient required additional volume to fill the orbital cavity after enucleation of the eye due to an ulcerating basal-cell carcinoma. In this case, the body of the flexor carpi radialis muscle was included in the skin flap to fill the defect. The skin island was used to reconstruct the major soft-tissue defect.     

Shape-modified method using the radial forearm perforator flap for reconstruction of soft-tissue defects of the scalp

The authors present their clinical experience in reconstruction of soft-tissue defects of the scalp in 17 patients, using free radial forearm perforator flaps. These defects, as a rule, have a circular or elliptical shape. In order to fit this shape of the defect, they divided the radial forearm perforator flap into two or three components in each case. The donor site, in most cases, was closed primarily by cosmetic sutures. As a shape-modified method using the radial forearm perforator flap, the main point is that the shape of the flap should be an ellipse. The width of the flap should be no more than 5 cm in its proximal part, 4 cm in its middle part, and 3 cm in its distal part. All patients had complete survival of the transplanted radial forearm perforator flap with good aesthetic results.     

游离髂腹部穿支皮瓣的临床应用

目的 介绍选择供血血管的游离髂腹部穿支皮瓣的临床应用体会.方法 设计选择供血血管及穿支为蒂的髂腹部游离皮瓣移植修复四肢软组织缺损,临床应用30例,其中以旋髂浅动脉为蒂12例,以旋髂深动脉及穿支为蒂14例,以旋髂浅深动脉共干为蒂4例.皮瓣切取面积最大22.0cm×10.0cm,最小8.0cm×6.0cm.结果 术后所有皮瓣均顺利存活,供区创面直接缝合.随访时间3～6个月.修复前臂及小腿(12例)皮瓣外观满意;修复手及足踝部(18例)皮瓣较臃肿,二期行整形术.供区仅遗留线条瘢痕,未出现任何并发症.结论 髂腹部皮瓣供区隐蔽,供皮量大,是修复四肢软组织缺损的良好供区;但供血血管有旋髂浅动脉及旋髂深动脉两类,且穿支或皮支的解剖有一定变异,具体手术时应根据供血血管的口径、走行灵活选择.     

游离小腿外侧腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复手前臂及足部皮肤缺损

目的介绍游离小腿外侧腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复手前臂及足部皮肤缺损的临床效果。方法以腓动脉应用解剖为基础,术前超声多普勒定位血管蒂,并以此为中心设计皮瓣。皮瓣面积：5cm×9cm-10cm×20cm。2009年10月-2012年5月,应用游离小腿外侧腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复手前臂及足部皮肤缺损17例。结果17例皮瓣及供区植皮全部成活,受区外形及功能满意,小腿功能无影响。结论游离小腿外侧腓动脉穿支皮瓣是修复手前臂及足部皮肤缺损的理想方法。     

Creating two independent fasciocutaneous free flaps from a single radial forearm donor site

The authors describe the creation of two independent fasciocutaneous free flap units from a single radial forearm donor site. After the radial forearm flap is elevated in the standard manner, based on the entire length of the radial artery, the individual flap units are developed as island flaps based on the proximal and the distal radial artery respectively by transecting the radial artery, its accompanying veins, and the cephalic vein. Thus, two independent radial forearm free flaps are created from a single donor site: The proximal one has antegrade flow and the distal one has retrograde flow. The individual free flap units were transferred, and microvascular anastomoses were performed simultaneously by two surgical teams. This technique was used in 2 patients presenting with bilateral foot defects that required reconstruction with a thin, reliable flap such as the radial forearm flap.     

Pre-expanded arterialised venous free flaps for burn contracture of the cervicofacial region.

Despite the fact that arterialised venous flaps provide thin good-quality tissue to repair defects of the face and neck, their clinical applications have been limited by an unstable postoperative course and variable flap necrosis. In an effort to resolve these problems, a tissue-expansion technique has been applied to the arterialised venous flap before flap transfer. Three pre-expanded arterialised venous free flaps have been used to treat post-burn scar contracture of the cervicofacial region. The donor site was confined to the forearm in each case. A rectangular expander was usually placed over the fascia of the flexor muscles in the proximal two-thirds of the forearm. The mean expansion period, volume and flap size were 44 days, 420 cm(3)and 147 cm(2), respectively. There were no complications caused by insertion and expansion. The cervicofacial region was successfully reconstructed, after excision of the post-burn contractures, with pre-expanded arterialised venous flaps, with no marginal necrosis or postoperative instability. Large thin arterialised venous flaps are well matched with the recipient defect in the cervicofacial area and the colour and texture match obtained with forearm tissue produced an aesthetically favourable result. Pre-expanded arterialised venous flaps are another new option for free flap reconstruction of the face and neck.     

Mandibular reconstruction: are two flaps better than one?

This study compared the combined iliac and ulnar forearm flaps with the osteomusculocutaneous fibular free flap for mandibular reconstruction. A retrospective study of 40 patients who had oromandibular reconstruction was performed, of whom 23 patients had a combined iliac crest without skin and ulnar forearm free flap. Seventeen patients had an osteomusculocutaneous free fibular flap. Ten women and 30 men with a mean age of 57.5 years comprised this study population. Ninety percent of the cases were squamous cell carcinoma (55%, T4), of which 11% were recurrent tumors. Anterolateral mandibular defects constituted 52.9% of the fibular reconstructions and 60.9% accounted for the iliac/ulnar reconstructions. The mean bone gaps were 8.79 cm and 8.95 cm respectively. Functional evaluation was based on the University of Washington Questionnaire through phone calls and personal communication. The mean hospital stay was 15.43 days and 10.09 days for the fibular and iliac/ulnar flaps respectively. The facial artery (64.7%) and facial vein (60%) were the main recipient vessels for the fibular reconstructions whereas the external carotid artery (95.6%) and the internal jugular vein (66.7%) were the main recipient vessels for the iliac/ulnar reconstruction. Overall flap survival was 96.8% (100% of fibular flaps and 95.65% of iliac/ulnar flaps). Two flaps were lost in the iliac/ulnar series because of unsalvageable venous thrombosis. Local complications for the iliac/ulnar flaps were 30.4% but were 5.9% for the fibular reconstructions. Function such as speech, swallowing, and chewing were notably better in the fibular than the iliac/ulnar group in 23 of the patients tested. The cosmetic acceptance of 77.8% of the fibular flaps was judged to be excellent and good, whereas 71.4% of the iliac/ulnar flaps were rated good. It appears that within this study population the free osteomusculocutaneous fibular flap had fewer local complications and a higher flap survival rate than the combined iliac/ulnar forearm flaps. Overall functional outcome was also improved. The use of the double flap may be appropriate in massive oromandibular defects, but may be less appropriate in more modest functional reconstructions of mandibular defects.     

Experiences with an arterialized venous flap for intraoral defect reconstruction

This clinical investigation should try out the suitability of arterialized venous forearm flaps for immediate reconstruction of intraoral defects after excision of an oral squamous cell carcinoma. In contrast to the free radial forearm flap there is no need for either sacrificing a peripheral artery or jeopardizing motor nerves. As the exact function of arterialized venous flaps is still unknown we had to take into account the possible loss of the flap. Therefore we used this flap in patients with small or medium sized defects only. All skin fat flaps were raised out of the right forearm using two different flap types. In 34 patient we used a flap with a superficial vein passing through (type I), in 5 patients we took a flap with two parallel proximal veins (type II). After the flap had been sutured into the intraoral defect, in flap type I the original distal end of the vein was anastomosed to an artery and the original proximal end to a vein. In flap type II there was no specific differentiation between the veins both. 18 (46.2%) of the flaps survived completely, 9 (23%) had superficial epithelial loss or some marginal necrosis and 12 (30.8%) became completely necrotic. Areas of partial loss developed slowly and formed stable granulation tissue. The flap donor sites were either closed primarily (n = 19) or were covered with split thickness skin graft (n = 20). There were no functional problems of the donor forearms. These results contrast with the high success rates achieved with orthodox free forearm flaps. Further research into venous flaps is essential.     

15 years experience with microvascular free tissue transfert for repair of head and neck cancer defects

We present the modalities and results obtained with free flap reconstruction of head and neck cancers defects. This retrospective review of 165 free transfers performed between 1984 and 1999 included 89 radial forearm flaps (54%), 38 latissimus dorsi flaps (23%), 28 osteomyocutaneous flaps (17%), 6 omentum flaps (4%), 2 jejunum flaps, and 2 cutaneous scapular flaps. Indications were orobuccopharynx (34%), hypopharynx (24%), mandible (17%), craniofacial (15%) and skin (10%) defects. Flap failure rate was 9%. Reconstruction of a radiated site was a statistically significant indicator of flap failure. Four types of free flaps were preferred for reconstruction of head and neck cancer defects. The radial forearm flap was used as a lap flap for the orobuccopharynx, the tubuled radial forearm flap for reconstruction of the digestive tract after total pharyngolaryngectomy, the osteomyocutaneous free fibular flap for pelvimandibulectomy, especially for the anterior arch, the latissimus dorsi flap to fill craniofacial defects, and the free omentum flap for craniofacial complications after radiotherapy.     

Intraoral and oropharyngeal reconstruction using a de-epithelialized forearm flap

We have used free forearm flaps for closure of various intraoral and oropharyngeal defects after radical ablation of tumors. A problem remained, however, in that split-thickness skin grafts required to close the forearm defect had to be obtained from other areas. To avoid this disadvantage, we de-epithelialized forearm flaps and the donor defects were closed with the split-thickness skin obtained from flap de-epithelialization. As a result of this procedure, unnecessary scarring has been avoided and postoperative management has been simplified. Such complications as flap loss, fistulae, or scar contracture have not occurred with greater frequency than is seen in normal circumstances. The de-epithelialized forearm flap procedure is explained. Histological findings concerning the de-epithelialized forearm flap are described, and the advantages of this method stated.     

游离修薄股前外侧穿支皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨应用游离修薄股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复前臂、手、足部创面的临床疗效.方法 先确定皮瓣穿支血管部位,以此为中心,设计皮瓣并切取,保留阔筋膜盘约4.0 cm × 3.0 cm～3.0 cm×2.5 cm:"沙丘样"削除阔筋膜、皮下脂肪,皮瓣四周可将皮下脂肪完全削去,仅保留真皮层.采用游离修薄股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复前臂、手、足部创伤性软组织缺损15例.结果 全部病例术后无血管危象发生,有1例修复前臂创面皮瓣远端约2.0 cm×1.2 cm浅表坏死,经换药愈合.15例术后经3个月～2年随访,皮瓣外形、质地良好,两点辨别觉为8.0～10.0 mm.结论 游离修薄股前外侧穿支皮瓣外形、质地优良,受区感觉恢复良好,对供区创伤小,不需二期整形,是修复手、足部创面优良供区.