腹腔镜胆囊切除术作为急性胆囊炎治疗选择的评价

目的　对腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）作为急性胆囊炎的治疗选择作出评估。方法　采用回顾性调查方法对ＬＣ治疗的２０７ 例胆囊结石伴急性胆囊炎患者的中转开腹、术后并发症情况及影响中转开腹的一些因素进行研究。结果　本组中转开腹率达３２．３％ ,中转开腹的术后并发症发生率（２０．９％ ）显著高于非中转开腹病例（５．７％ ）。影响中转开腹的因素有患者的性别,急性胆囊炎的胆囊状况,现病史长短,发病至手术的时间及外周血白细胞计数等。结论　对急性胆囊炎选择ＬＣ应慎重,对经判断中转风险较高的病例,不宜选择ＬＣ。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗复杂性胆囊结石的评价

为了评价腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）治疗复杂性胆囊结石的有效性和安全性，本文对比分析了手术时间、中转开腹手术率、并发症发生率和住院时间等项指标。结果表明，单纯组和复杂组平均手术时间分别为３１．６和４５．７分钟（Ｐ＜０．０５）；中转开腹手术率分别为１．０％和７．４％（Ｐ＜０．０１）；住院时间复杂组长于单纯组。单纯组９９％的病人、复杂组９０％以上的患者能够采用ＬＣ治愈。两组术后并发症发生率无显著差异。两组总中转开腹手术率为２．７％。本文结果提示，ＬＣ用于治疗伴有各种并发症的复杂性胆囊结石是可行的，同样可以保留和体现出它的优越性。     

急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术的评价

为评价急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）治疗急性梗阻化脓性或坏疽性胆囊炎的安全性和有效性，统计了３５７例急诊ＬＣ和１６４３例择期ＬＣ的多项指标。结果表明，急诊组和择期组平均手术时间分别为５４．８２±３３．２１和３２．１７±１９．１６分钟（Ｐ＜０．０５）；中转开腹手术率分别为９．５２％和１．１３％（Ｐ＜０．０１）；腹腔引流率为２６．２１％和６．８１％；估计失血量为８６．７０±４０．２４和２９．５０±２６．９２ｍｌ；住院时间急诊组长于择期组。作者认为，对于复杂和困难的急诊组ＬＣ治疗，上述结果都是可以接受的。急诊组的９０．４８％和择期组９８．８７％的患者能够采用ＬＣ治愈。随着发病到就诊时间的延长（＞７２小时），急诊组ＬＣ难度增加，手术时间延长，中转开腹手术率明显升高（＞２０％）。这些提示，发病到就诊时间是影响ＬＣ成功率的一个非常重要的因素。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除中转开腹81例分析

腹腔镜胆囊切除术（Ｌａｐａｒｏｓｃｏｐｉｃｃｈｏｌｅｃｙｓｔｅｃｔｏｍｙ,ＬＣ）已被作为有症状的良性胆囊疾患的首选术式,其优点超过了传统的开腹胆囊切除术,但在某些情况下,仍需转作开腹胆囊手术。我院近５年共行ＬＣ中转开腹手术８１例（中转率１１．６ %）,现将中转开腹病例作回顾性分析,以期今后开展此手术时,能通过对病人的术前评估及选择,通过对中转手术指征及时机的掌握,能够在避免严重并发症的情况下,进一步提高ＬＣ手术的成功率。一般资料：ＬＣ中转开腹手术８１例中 ,男４０例,女４１例。年龄２２～７３岁 ,病史…     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术严重手术并发症的预防

目的评价腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）的安全性和有效性，对２８８０例ＬＣ及其并发症的预防加以总结．方法对２８８０例良性胆囊疾病患者行ＬＣ，术前选择性地行ＥＲＣＰ等影像学检查．结果ＬＣ时中转开腹胆囊切除术１２３例（４３％），中转原因多为Ｃａｌｏｔ三角粘连严重，解剖结构不清楚．共发生各种并发症２１例（０７２％），其中胆漏４例，出血３例，膈下积液５例，十二指肠穿孔１例，胆总管残留结石８例，均治愈．无手术死亡病例，也无胆道损伤等严重并发症发生．结论手术者的胆道外科素质，选择性术前ＥＲＣＰ检查，慎重细致的手术操作，是预防胆道损伤等严重手术并发症发生的重要因素．     

糖尿病患者白内障摘除联合人工晶体植入的临床观察

对３６例（３６只眼）Ⅱ型糖尿病患者行白内障摘除联合人工晶体植入术。随访观察６￣２４个月，术后矫正视力在０．５以上者占８０．５６％，血糖升高０．７５￣２．８６ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ者占９７．２２％，无其他严重并发症。认为手术不影响糖尿病视网膜病变的进展。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术严重并发症69例临床分析

腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）与常规开腹胆囊切除术（ＯＣ）相比，具有创伤小、痛苦小、康复快、住院期短等优点，但其引起的严重并发症应使腔镜医师高度重视。本院自１９９３年４月至１９９７年３月共完成ＬＣ２５３６例，发生严重并发症６９例。现报告如下。临床资料一、一般资料本组２５３６例中，男５９６例，女１９４０例；年龄１８～８３岁，平均４７．７岁。急性胆囊炎／结石３０８例，慢性胆囊炎／结石２１６３例，胆囊息肉６５例。术前均行Ｂ超检查。手术时间１７～１６０分钟。顺利完成手术２２５５例，中转开腹手术２２７例（８．９…     

PVCDL早期连续强烈化疗方案治疗儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病42例

近年来我院采用ＰＶＣＤＬ早期连续强烈诱导方案治疗４２例儿童急性淋巴细胞性白血病（ＡＬＬ），现将结果报告如下。１　病例和方法１．１　病例　１９９０年３月～１９９７年６月收治的初治儿童ＡＬＬ４２例，男３０例，女１２例，中位年龄６．５岁（４．５月～１２岁），标危型（ＳＲ）１５例，高危型（ＨＲ）２７例，均经临床及骨髓象确诊。ＨＲ型中治疗前ＷＢＣ计数＞１００×１０９／Ｌ６例，２例起病时合并脑膜白血病。１．２　分型　４２例ＦＡＢ分型，Ｌ１型２６例，Ｌ２型９例，Ｌ３型７例。１３例行免疫分型，Ｂ组１０例（７６．…     

支气管哮喘患者血浆内皮素1含量及临床意义

采用特异性放射免疫技术测定了２８例支气管哮喘急性发作（发作组）、２２例支气管哮喘临床控制（缓解组）和２０名健康对照者（对照组）的血浆内皮素１（ＥＴ１）含量。结果显示：发作组血浆含量（１３．４±５．２ｐｍｏｌ／Ｌ）分别显著高于缓解组（８．４±３．９ｐｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１）和对照组（６．６±２．６ｐｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１）；而缓解组与对照组间的差异无显著性；发作组血浆ＥＴ１含量分别与血氧分压（ＰａＯ＿２）和一秒钟用力呼气容积占用力肺活量比值（ＦＥＶ＿１％）呈显著负相关（ｒ＝－０．８２５７，ｒ＝－０．８１５７，Ｐ＜０．０１）。上述结果提示ＥＴ１可能涉及到支气管哮喘急性发作的病理生理过程。     

氨苄青霉素过敏致急性再生障碍性贫血一例

氨苄青霉素过敏致急性再生障碍性贫血一例王俊和，高莉患者男，５１岁。因进食梗噎感２个月，于１９９３年７月２１日入院。诊断“食道中段癌”。血象：ＲＢＣ４．５×１０￣１２／Ｌ，Ｈｂ１３０ｇ／Ｌ，ＷＢＣ７．５×１０￣９／Ｌ，分类正常，血小板（ＢＰＣ）１２０×...     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.