Food and drinking patterns as predictors of 6-year BMI-adjusted changes in waist circumference

Few studies have investigated the prospective associations between diet or drinking patterns and abdominal obesity; we therefore investigated whether food and beverage groups or patterns predicted 6-year changes in waist circumference (WC) and whether these associations were independent of concurrent changes in BMI as a measure of general obesity. The subjects were 2300 middle-aged men and women with repeated measurements of dietary intake, BMI and WC from 1982 to 1993. Intakes from ten food groups and from coffee, tea, wine, beer and spirits were assessed; gender-specific food factors were identified by factor analyses. Multiple linear regression analyses were done before and after adjustment for concurrent changes in BMI. A high intake of potatoes seemed to prevent gain in WC for men, while a high intake of refined bread was associated with gain in WC for women. The association persisted for refined bread, but not for potatoes, after adjustment for concurrent BMI changes. Among women, but not men, high intakes of beer and spirits were associated with gain in WC in both models. A high intake of coffee for women and moderate to high intake of tea for men were associated with gain in WC, but the associations were weakened, especially for women, after adjustment for BMI changes. None of the food factors was associated with WC changes. Based on the present study, we conclude that very few food items and no food patterns seem to predict changes in WC, whereas high intakes of beer and spirits among women, and moderate to high tea intake among men, may promote gain in WC.     

Relationship between changes in body weight and waist circumference in Japanese

Objectives  We investigated the correlation between changes in body weight and body composition parameters. Methods  We used the data of 2635 Japanese (40.2±12.2 years) at baseline and at 1-year follow-up from a database of 13522 subjects, which is available at the Okayama Southern Institute of Health in Okayama prefecture, Japan. Body weight, waist circumference at the umbilical level, hip circumference, and body fat percentage were used in the analyses. Results  Body composition parameters were significantly reduced after 1 year. Changes in body weight significantly correlated with changes in waist circumference, changes in hip circumference, and changes in body fat percentage. A decrease in body weight of 3 kg corresponded to a 3.45 cm decrease in waist circumference in men and a 2.83 cm decrease in that in women. Conclusion  A decrease in body weight of 3 kg corresponded to an almost 3 cm decrease in waist circumference at the umbilical level in Japanese men and women.     

海南省成年居民2型糖尿病与腰围、体质指数的相关性探讨

目的分析海南省居民2型糖尿病（简称糖尿病）与腰围、体质指数（BMI）相关联程度。方法采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,于2007年和2010年对4320名18岁以上居民进行体格检查和生化检测,以空腹血糖≥7.0 mmol/L作为糖尿病诊断依据,使用率的χ2、单因素线性相关分析在腰围和BMI水平上糖尿病变化。结果超重率、肥胖率和中心性肥胖率的高峰值在45～54岁组,分别为23.03%、5.21%、29.51%,女性的中心性肥胖率高峰值推迟10岁。糖尿病患病率从35岁开始出现成倍数上升,平均每10岁糖尿病患病率上升1.78倍,55～64岁组男、女患病率趋于等同。女性超重率、肥胖率和中心性肥胖率分别为18.19%、4.51%、26.37%,比男性（14.34%、3.35%、18.35%）分别高出26.78%、23.88%、57.71%,男性糖尿病患病率为9.53%,比女性（7.08%）高出34.60%。空腹血糖与BMI、腰围呈正相关关系（rs=0.16,0.16,P〈0.01）,BMI≥24 kg/m2组或中心性肥胖者,平均每增长10岁患病率分别上升2.19倍和3.65倍,患病率是同一年龄组BMI〈24 kg/m2、非中心肥胖者的1.37～3.18倍,其中25～34岁组最高。结论糖尿病预防工作关口前移,应将体重、腰围和空腹血糖列为25岁以上居民的健康必检项目,尤其是男性。     

Intake of macronutrients as predictors of 5-y changes in waist circumference

BACKGROUND: The diet may influence the development of abdominal obesity, but the few studies that have prospectively examined the relations between diet and changes in waist circumference (WC) have given inconsistent results. OBJECTIVE: Associations between total energy intake, energy intake from macronutrients, and energy intake from macronutrient subgroups based on different food sources and 5-y differences in WC (DWC) were investigated. DESIGN: A Danish cohort of 22 570 women and 20 126 men aged 50-64 y with baseline data on WC, diet, BMI, and potential confounders reported their WC 5 y later. Associations of baseline diet with DWC were assessed by multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Neither total energy intake nor energy intake from each of the macronutrients was associated with DWC, except for an inverse association with protein, especially animal protein. In women, positive associations with DWC were seen for carbohydrate from refined grains and potatoes and from foods with simple sugars, whereas carbohydrate from fruit and vegetables was inversely associated and significantly different from any other carbohydrate subgroup. The results for men resembled those for women, although none were significant. Vegetable fat was positively associated with DWC for both men and women in a combined analysis. A U-shaped association between alcohol from wine and DWC was present for both sexes, and alcohol from spirits was positively associated with DWC in women. CONCLUSIONS: Although no significant associations with total energy or energy from fat, carbohydrate, or alcohol were observed, protein intake was inversely related to DWC, and some macronutrient subgroups were significantly associated with DWC.     

Body mass index and waist circumference in relation to lung cancer risk in the Women's Health Initiative

Investigators in several epidemiologic studies have observed an inverse association between body mass index (BMI) and lung cancer risk, while others have not. The authors used data from the Women's Health Initiative to study the association of anthropometric factors with lung cancer risk. Over 8 years of follow-up (1998-2006), 1,365 incident lung cancer cases were ascertained among 161,809 women. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios adjusted for covariates. Baseline BMI was inversely associated with lung cancer in current smokers (highest quintile vs. lowest: hazard ratio (HR) = 0.62, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.42, 0.92). When BMI and waist circumference were mutually adjusted, BMI was inversely associated with lung cancer risk in both current smokers and former smokers (HR = 0.40 (95% CI: 0.22, 0.72) and HR = 0.61 (95% CI: 0.40, 0.94), respectively), and waist circumference was positively associated with risk (HR = 1.56 (95% CI: 0.91, 2.69) and HR = 1.50 (95% CI: 0.98, 2.31), respectively). In never smokers, height showed a borderline positive association with lung cancer. These findings suggest that in smokers, BMI is inversely associated with lung cancer risk and that waist circumference is positively associated with risk.     

Dietary patterns and changes in body mass index and waist circumference in adults

BACKGROUND: Obesity has increased > 20% in the past decade in the United States, and more than one-half of US adults are overweight or obese. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to further elucidate the nutritional etiology of changes in body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) and waist circumference by dietary intake pattern. We hypothesized that a healthy dietary pattern would lead to smaller changes in BMI and waist circumference than would other dietary patterns. DESIGN: Subjects were 459 healthy men and women participating in the ongoing Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Diet was assessed with the use of 7-d dietary records, from which 41 food groups were created and entered into a cluster analysis. RESULTS: Five dietary patterns were derived (healthy, white bread, alcohol, sweets, and meat and potatoes). The mean annual change in BMI was 0.30 +/- 0.06 for subjects in the meat-and-potatoes cluster and 0.05 +/- 0.06 for those in the healthy cluster (P < 0.01). The mean annual change in waist circumference was more than 3 times as great for subjects in the white-bread cluster (1.32 +/- 0.29 cm) as for those in the healthy cluster (0.43 +/- 0.27 cm) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Consuming a diet high in fruit, vegetables, reduced-fat dairy, and whole grains and low in red and processed meat, fast food, and soda was associated with smaller gains in BMI and waist circumference. Because foods are not consumed in isolation, dietary pattern research based on natural eating behavior may be useful in understanding dietary causes of obesity and in helping individuals trying to control their weight.     

芜湖市2017年3～6岁儿童腰围特征及高腰围影响因素分析

目的 分析芜湖市3～6岁儿童腰围特征,探讨高腰围的影响因素.方法 2017年整群抽取芜湖市7所幼儿园3～6岁儿童,测量儿童的身高、体重、腰围,描述其腰围特征,对家长进行问卷调查,通过logistic回归分析3～6岁儿童高腰围影响因素.结果 调查1 924名儿童,其中男性1 009人,女性915人,男童平均腰围(52.35±4.85)cm,女童平均腰围(51.22±4.37)cm,腰围在各性别(t=5.344,x2＜0.05)、年龄(F=75.944,P＜0.05)组间差异有统计学意义.logistic回归多因素分析结果显示,儿童超重(OR=19.579,95％CI:13.902～27.573)、父亲超重(OR=1.722,95％CI:1.236-2.397)、iPad 使用时间≥1 h(OR=2.218,95％CI:1.212-4.058)、进餐速度快(OR=2.566,95％CI:1.582-4.165)、进餐速度过慢(OR=1.578,95％CI:1.053～2.363)、喜欢吃荤食(OR=1.526,95％CI:1.060～2.197)会增加高腰围发生的风险.结论 3～6岁儿童腰围受父母BMI、视频时间和自身的饮食习惯影响.     

糖调节受损人群胰岛素早期分泌相与腰围的研究

目的探讨糖调节受损(IGR)人群胰岛素早期分泌相的变化及胰岛素早期分泌相与腰围的相关性。方法选取包钢糖尿病流行病学调查人群1 024例作为研究对象。所有研究对象均测量腰围、行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)。根据OGTT结果划分糖耐量状态:糖耐量正常、空腹血糖受损、糖耐量低减、空腹血糖受损伴糖耐量低减、糖尿病(DM)。计算早期胰岛素分泌指数(△I30/△G30)。结果腹型肥胖组与非腹型肥胖组对比,IGR、DM的患病率明显增加。随着糖耐量恶化,△I30/△G30逐渐减少。胰岛素早期分泌相与腰围呈负相关,相关系数r=-0.716,p<0.01。结论胰岛素早期分泌相与腰围间有相关性。腰围可作为评估早期胰岛素分泌指数的指标。     

上海市儿童青少年腰围百分位数值及曲线

目的 建立适合上海市儿童青少年生长发育特点的年龄别腰围、腰围指数的百分位数及曲线,为科学评价儿童青少年生长发育水平及中心性肥胖的防治提供参考.方法 以2010年上海市学生体质健康调研的7 ～18岁中小学生14 301名为样本,应用国际通用的LMS法分性别建立年龄别腰围、腰围指数正常值及百分位数曲线.结果 腰围百分位数曲线随年龄增长呈递增趋势,符合儿童青少年生长发育规律;腰围指数的P50百分位数曲线具有明显性别差异,7 ～12岁男生逐年上升,且高于女生,自13岁开始经交叉后低于女生.获得上海市7 ～18岁儿童青少年男女年龄别腰围、腰围指数百分位数(P5,P10,P15,P50,P85,P95,P95)及曲线.结论 儿童青少年年龄别腰围、腰围指数百分位数存在地区、性别差异.本研究所获得的百分位数及曲线可为进一步研究儿童青少年中心性肥胖提供基本数据.     

Five year changes in waist circumference, body mass index and obesity in Augsburg, Germany

Summary Aims To assess temporal changes in body fat distribution, body mass index and obesity in Augsburg, Germany. Methods Waist circumference, weight and height were measured in two independent samples of 4804 and 4792, men and women, aged 25–74 years, in the MONICA Augsburg surveys 1989/90 and 1994/95. Abdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference greater than the 80^th gender-specific percentile (men:103, women: 92 cm) in the 1989/90 population. Obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m². Results Age-standardized mean waist circumference increased by more than 1 cm (p-value < 0.00003) in both men and women while BMI increased by 0.3–0.4 kg/m² (p-value < 0.01). We observed both a shift to higher values in the waist circumference distribution plus – particularly in women older than 45 years – a substantial right shift in the top of the distribution. Moreover, survey participants in 1994/95 who were at the higher end of the BMI distributions were disproportionately more obese than their respective peers in 1989/90. The prevalence of abdominal obesity rose by 3.3 % in men and 3.6 % in women, while the prevalence of obesity rose by 2 % from 17 % in men and by 2.5 % from 19 % in women. Conclusions While changes in the Augsburg population may not be as alarming as in other countries, the secular increase in waist circumferences in both men and women occurring over a short time period indicates a need for prevention given the already high absolute weight, BMI and waist circumference levels in the population. Received: 8 August 2001, Accepted: 14 November 2001     

男性下尿路症状与腰围及腰臀比相关性分析

目的 采用国际前列腺症状评分量表(IPSS)对≥55岁临床术后良性前列腺增生(BPH)的男性进行调查,探讨下尿路症状(LUTS)程度与腰围(WC)及腰臀比(WHR)的关系.方法 2005年7月～2007年6月,收集280例55～85岁临床术后BPH男性的LUTS资料,同时测量腰围和臀围.采用多元Logistic回归模型对中～重度LUTS(梗阻性和刺激性症状)进行分析.结果 LULS的严重程度随年龄的增长呈显著性升高.在调整了多因素之后,WC>85cm和WHR≥0.9者发生中～重度LUTS(刺激性症状)的危险增加.WC与中～重度LUTS和刺激性症状的OR值分别为2.807和1.105(95%=2.506～15.587和1.023～2.892);WHR与发生LUTS(OR=3.635,95%CI=3.432～10.624)和刺激性症状(OR=1.195,95%CI=1.135～3.286)的危险性呈正相关.结论 向心性肥胖可能是LUTS的重要危险因素,不良生活行为方式可能是促使LUTS恶化的因素.     

The activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system in relation to waist/hip circumference ratio in men

OBJECTIVE: To investigate possible differences, between generally and abdominally obese men, in activity and regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Fifty non-diabetic, middle-aged men were selected to obtain two groups with similar body mass index (BMI) but different waist/hip circumference ratio (WHR). Measurements were performed of the activity of the HPA axis and the sympathetic nervous system, as well as metabolic and endocrine variables. RESULTS: Men with a high WHR, in comparisons with men with a low WHR, had higher insulin, glucose, and triglyceride values in the basal state and higher glucose and insulin after an oral glucose tolerance test. Men with high WHR had elevated diurnal adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) values but similar cortisol values, except lower cortisol values in the morning. Diurnal growth hormone concentrations showed reduced peak size. Stimulation of the HPA axis with corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and laboratory stress showed no difference in ACTH values between groups, but cortisol values were lower in men with high WHR. In comparison with men with a low WHR, men with a high WHR had elevated pulse pressure and heart rate in the basal state and after challenges by CRH and laboratory stress. They also had increased urinary excretion of catecholamine metabolites. DISCUSSION: These results suggest a mild dysregulation of the HPA axis, occurring with elevated WHR independent of the BMI. The results also indicate a central activation of the sympathetic nervous system, such as in the early phases of hypertension, correlating with insulin resistance.     

The utility of waist circumference in assessment of obesity

The objective of this study was to assess the correlation between waist circumference and waist hip ratio and body mass index. Also to assess if a simple measurement like the waist circumference can be used as an independent indicator for detecting health risk and management. 500 men and 500 women were included in this study from the out patient department and indoor wards of Medical College, Calcutta. Only 7% of the males and 16% of the females had body mass index > or = 25. About 50% of both males and females had waist hip ratio above the desirable range (0.80 for females and 0.95 for males). About 99% of females with, waist circumference > or = 72 cm. had either body mass index > or = 25 or high waist hip ratio > or = 0.80 or both. Similarly 99% of males with waist circumference > or = 80 cm. had either high body mass index > or = 25 or high waist hip ratio > or = 0.90 or both. Waist circumference is simple to assess and can be used as an independent measurement to identify those at risk from either increased body weight or central fat distribution or both.     

中学生不同肥胖判定指标与骨代谢标志物的关系

目的分析银川市中学生体质量指数(BMI)、腰围(WC)和腰围身高比(WHtR)与骨代谢标志物的关系,为评价青少年骨代谢状况提供依据。方法采用现况研究,以方便整群抽样的方法于2018年9—12月共抽取银川市某中学12～18岁青少年1 084名,进行问卷调查、体格检查及实验室检测。结果 BMI、WC、WHtR与Ca均呈负相关(r值分别为-0.10,-0.15,-0.15),WC与Ⅰ型胶原交联C末端肽(β-CTX)呈负相关(r=-0.06)(P值均<0.05);调整年龄、性别、维生素D补充情况等因素后,WC对Ca、β-CTX的影响结果均有统计学意义(β值分别为-0.33,-0.22,P值均<0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,不同肥胖类型与骨钙素(OC)水平无显著关系(P值均>0.05),血清β-CTX水平肥胖者增加是正常学生的1.93倍,血清Ca水平肥胖者与腹型肥胖者(以WC定义)增加分别是正常学生的0.31和0.54倍。结论银川市青少年体内BMI、WC和WHtR与OC、β-CTX、Ca存在关联,且WC与Ca、β-CTX的关系更为密切,提示肥胖对骨吸收有负面影响...     

中国成年人文化程度与体格指标的长期变化关系

目的 分析中国慢性病前瞻性研究（CKB）人群文化程度与成年人不同阶段体格测量指标及其长期变化之间的关系。方法 本研究在参加第2次重复调查的研究对象中,剔除调查时年龄>65岁者、体格测量指标缺失或极端值者、基线或重复调查时自报患有重大慢性病者。分析研究对象的文化程度与25岁、基线调查时（2004-2008年）和重复调查时（2013-2014年）BMI和腰围、及每5年体重与腰围的变化值的关系。结果 纳入分析3 427名男性和6 320名女性。研究对象的体重和腰围都随年龄增长逐渐增加。从25岁到基线调查[年龄（45.2±6.5）岁],男性和女性每5年体重变化值分别为（1.70±2.63）和（1.27±2.10）kg。从基线到重复调查[年龄（53.2±6.5）岁],男性和女性每5年体重变化值分别为（1.12±2.61）和（0.90±2.54）kg,每5年腰围变化值分别为（3.20±3.79）和（3.83±3.85）cm。无论是25岁、基线还是重复调查时,文化程度低的女性BMI和腰围都更大。而在男性中,25岁时文化程度越低的男性BMI略大;到了基线和重复调查时,不同文化程度者间的BMI差异消失,但初、高中文化程度者的腰围及其增幅略高于其他文化程度者。结论 无论男性或女性,随年龄增长,体重和腰围都在不断增加。文化程度与BMI和腰围的关系存在性别差异。     

Correlation of dyslipidemia with waist to height ratio, waist circumference, and body mass index in Iranian adults

Overweight and obesity are increasing problems in many countries and are related to multiple cardiovascular risk factors. Although imaging techniques can determine total body fat and its distribution reliably, anthropometric measurements remain important in clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between some anthropometric measurements and dyslipidemia as an important cardiovascular risk factor in Iranian population. A total of 750 subjects (580 females and 170 males) were selected by multistage random sampling from residents of Arak (Iran) and related villages in 2005. None of them had any significant past medical history. Body mass index(BMI), waist circumference(WC), and waist to height ratio(W/Ht) of subjects were measured to identify their relationship with their lipid profile including total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C), and the ratio of total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein cholesterol(TC/HDL-C). Fasting blood sugar (FBS) was also measured. WC and W/Ht showed greater correlation with TC, TG, LDL-C, TC/HDL-C level than did BMI. Among lipid profile, TG showed the closest correlation with W/Ht (r=0.309, p<0.001) and WC (r=0.308, p<0.001). HDL-C level did not show any statistical relationship with W/Ht, but it was weakly correlated with WC (r=-0.088, p<0.05). None of the indices showed any association with FBS level. It can be concluded that W/Ht and WC can best predict dyslipidemia in an Iranian adult population. We suggest using both W/Ht and WC as inexpensive and easy methods in clinical and epidemiological fields.     

女青少儿腰围与性发育关系研究

【目的】分析不同腰围女青少儿体脂肪和性发育的关系。【方法】选择6 157名6~18岁女孩,依据中国汉族学龄儿童青少年腰围正常值的第75和第95百分位数(P75、P95),划分为适宜腰围、偏大腰围和较大腰围组,分析各组身高、体重、体脂率、第二性征分期,现状法分析来潮状况,回顾法分析初潮年龄。【结果】偏大腰围、较大腰围检出率分别为29.35%和16.86%,其性发育明显超前于同龄适宜腰围者。来潮率表现为:较大腰围组偏大腰围组适宜腰围组,初潮年龄表现为:较大腰围组偏大腰围组适宜腰围组。【结论】腰围与性发育(尤其初潮年龄)早晚密切相关。通过监测腰围变化控制中心性肥胖发生,对青春期少女健康至关重要。