精神分裂症患者脑部质子波谱特点及其与临床症状的关系

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者前额叶、丘脑氧质子磁共振波谱(proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy,1H-MRS)的特点及其与临床症状的关系.方法 本研究纳入7 d内未使用抗精神病药物及影响脑内乙酰胆碱神经递质药物的32例精神分裂症患者和36名正常对照,入组24 h内采用多体素1H-MRS检测受试者前额叶和丘脑生化代谢物N-乙酰基天门冬氨酸(NAA)、胆碱复合物(Cho)与肌酸复合物(Cr),并计算NAA/Cr、Cho/Cr和NAA/(Cho+Cr)的比值.患者组同时进行阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评估.结果 患者组左侧前额叶及左右侧丘脑NAA/Cr值[分别为(1.30±0.39)、(1.53±0.36)和(1.47±0.35)]均低于对照组[分别为(1.74±0.24)、(1.73±0.25)和(1.74±0.31)],差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);患者组左侧前额叶NAA/(Cho+cr)值[(0.63±0.12)]低于对照组[(0.74±0.21)],差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).患者组左侧前额叶NAA/Cr值与PANSS总分及阴性症状分呈负相关(r=-0.48,P＜0.01;r=-0.54,P＜0.01),右侧丘脑NAA/Cr值与阴性症状呈负相关(r=-0.44,P＜0.01).结论 精神分裂症患者前额叶及丘脑存在神经元功能和(或)结构异常,左侧前额叶NAA/Cr值可能作为反映精神分裂症患者阴性症状严重程度的参考指标.     

精神分裂症早发未用药患者脑质子磁共振波谱的异常特征

目的 探讨早发未经药物治疗的精神分裂症男性、女性患者前额叶和丘脑的神经生化代谢物质特点及差异.方法 纳入符合DSM-Ⅳ中精神分裂症诊断标准的早发患者44例(患者组),其中男25例(男性患者组)、女19例(女性患者组),以及健康对照者50名(对照组),其中男30名(男性对照组)、女20名(女性对照组).采用多体素质子磁共振波谱(hydrogen proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy,1 H-MRS)在患者入院24 h内抗精神病药治疗之前及健康对照入组时检测所有受试者前额叶和丘脑N-乙酰基天冬氨酸(N-acetylaspartate,NAA)、胆碱复合物(choline-congtaining compounds,Cho)与肌酸复合物(creatine compounds,Cr).采用PANSS评估患者临床症状.结果 男性与女性患者组之间PANSS总分及各因子分、病程的比较,差异均无统计学意义.男性患者组和女性患者组的NAA/Cr值:左侧前额叶(1.44±0.27和1.41 ±0.24)、右侧前额叶(1.41 ±0.28和1.39 ±0.26)及左侧丘脑(1.47±0.28和1.49±0.29)均分别低于同性别对照组(1.62±0.33和1.60±0.34、1.65±0.32和1.59 ±0.30、1.62 ±0.36和1.71±0.36),差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为2.18、2.06、2.23、2.28、2.20、2.09,均P＜0.05).男性与女性患者组之间1H-MRS各代谢指标比较,差异均无统计学意义,且2组前额叶、丘脑的NAA/Cr值、Cho/Cr值与PANSS总分及各因子分、病程间均无相关性(r=-0.37 ～0.27,P＞0.05).结论 早发未经药物治疗的精神分裂症患者可能存在双侧前额叶和左侧丘脑的神经元损害,这种损害与临床症状和病程均无直接关系,未发现存在性别差异.     

首发未用药精神分裂症患者脑内神经生化代谢物与认知功能的相关性

目的 探讨首发未经治疗的精神分裂症患者用药前脑内神经生化代谢物质的特点及其与 认知功能之间的相关性。方法 纳入首发未治精神分裂症患者33例（男性19例、女性14例）作为研究组, 对照组为符合纳入标准的健康成人33人（男性14名、女性19名）。采用单体素氢质子磁共振波谱（1H-MRS） 检测左侧前额叶和丘脑N-乙酰基天门冬氨酸（NAA）、胆碱复合物（Cho）、肌酸复合物（Cr）与磷酸化肌酸 复合物（Cr2）的水平,并计算NAA/Cr 值、Cho/Cr 值、Cr2/Cr 值、NAA/Cho 值。选取剑桥神经心理自动化成 套测试（CANTAB）中的图形识别记忆（PRM）延迟再识别正确率评定其认知功能。结果 研究组左侧前 额叶Cr2/Cr 值（1.15±0.87）高于对照组（0.72±0.46）,差异有统计学意义（P ＜ 0.05）。左侧前额叶NAA/Cr 值、Cho/Cr 值、NAA/Cho 值以及丘脑NAA/Cr 值、Cho/Cr 值、Cr2/Cr 值、NAA/Cho 值与对照组比较差异均 无统计学意义（P ＞ 0.05）。CANTAB 认知测试中PRM 正确率,研究组为（82.81±15.44）% 低于对照组的 （95.20±6.26）%,差异有统计学意义（P ＜ 0.05）。Pearson 相关分析发现,研究组左侧前额叶Cho/Cr 值与 PRM 正确率呈负相关（r=-0.424,P ＜ 0.05）,NAA/Cho 值与PRM 正确率呈正相关（r=0.473,P ＜ 0.01）。研 究组左侧前额叶NAA/Cr 值、Cho/Cr 值与PANSS 总分呈正相关（r=0.538、0.450,P ＜ 0.01）。结论 首发 未治精神分裂症患者用药前存在认知功能缺陷,其左侧前额叶部分神经生化代谢物质神经元细胞膜磷 酸化水平在用药前就出现了异常。提示首发未治精神分裂症患者用药前的认知功能损害与前额叶神经 生化代谢功能异常存在一定的相关性。     

首发未治精神分裂症神经系统软体征与脑内神经生化代谢物的相关性研究

目的探讨首发未经治疗的精神分裂症患者用药前脑内神经生化代谢物质的特点及其与神经系统软体征之间的相关性。方法研究组纳入符合《中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第3版》(CCMD-3)诊断标准的首发未治精神分裂症患者33人(男19人、女14人)。对照组为健康成人33人(男14人、女19人)。选取部分额、颞叶功能测试量表评定其神经系统软体征。采用单体素氢质子磁共振波谱(1H-MRS)检测左侧前额叶和丘脑N-乙酰基天门冬氨酸(NAA)、胆碱复合物(Cho)、肌酸复合物(Cr)与磷酸化肌酸复合物(Cr2)的水平,并计算NAA/Cr值、Cho/Cr值、Cr2/Cr值、NAA/Cho值。结果研究组左侧前额叶Cr2/Cr值(1.15±0.87)显著高于对照组Cr2/Cr值(0.72±0.46)(P0.05)。NSS量表总分研究组(10.33±5.07)显著高于对照组(4.18±2.15)(P0.05)。研究组NSS总分与左侧前额叶Cr2/Cr值呈正相关(P0.05),与左侧前额叶NAA/Cho值呈负相关(P0.05)。结论首发未治精神分裂症神经系统软体征明显,提示可能存在中枢神经系统的整合缺陷,其脑内部分神经生化代谢物与神经系统软体征存在相关性。     

精神分裂症患者质子磁共振波谱变化特点及与疗效、认知功能的相关分析

目的探讨不同疗效的精神分裂症患者前额叶、丘脑神经生化代谢物质的变化特点,及神经生化代谢物质与疗效和事件相关电位P300的相关性。方法对经非典型抗精神病药物治疗8周的171例精神分裂症患者,治疗前后分别采用多体素1H-MRS检测前额叶和丘脑N-乙酰基天门冬氨酸(NAA)、胆碱复合物(Cho)与肌酸复合物(Cr),计算NAA/Cr值、Cho/Cr值;运用事件相关电位P300(P300)评估认知功能。运用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定临床症状,以PANSS减分率评定疗效;根据PANSS减分率分为有效组(≥50%)、改善组(20%～49%)和无效组(<20%),比较不同疗效组上述脑代谢指标的变化。结果治疗后有效组(n=79)、改善组(n=71)和无效组(n=21)的左侧前额叶NAA/Cr变化值分别为(0.054±0.019)、(0.047±0.017)和(0.037±0.014),前者高于后两者,改善组高于无效组(P<0.05或P<0.01);有效组左、右侧丘脑NAA/Cr变化值均高于无效组(P均小于0.01)。左侧前额叶、左侧和右侧丘脑NAA/Cr变化值均与PANSS减分率呈正相关(r值分别为0.45、0.38、0.41,P均小于0.01)。左侧前额叶NAA/Cr变化值与靶刺激P2、P3潜伏期变化值成负相关(r值分别为-0.37,-0.33,P<0.01或P<0.05),与靶刺激P2、P3及非靶刺激P2波幅变化值成正相关(r值分别为0.42,0.38,0.36,P<0.01);左侧丘脑NAA/Cr变化值与靶刺激P2潜伏期变化值成负相关(r=-0.30,P<0.05),与靶刺激P2及非靶刺激P2波幅变化值成正相关(r值分别为0.40,0.35,P<0.01);右侧前额叶、右侧丘脑NAA/Cr变化值与靶刺激P2潜伏期变化值成负相关(r值分别为-0.33,-0.34,P<0.05),与波幅变化值成正相关(r值分别为0.34,0.32,P<0.05)。结论精神分裂症患者左侧前额叶和左侧丘脑NAA/Cr值变化与抗精神病药物疗效相关,与认知功能变化也存在相关性。     

阴性和阳性症状为主型精神分裂症患者脑部质子波谱与症状相关性

目的：比较阴性和阳性症状为主型精神分裂症患者前额叶和丘脑质子波谱及其与临床症状、执行功能的相关性方法：对61例阴性症状为主型精神分裂症患者（阴性组）和53例阳性症状为主型精神分裂症患者（阳性组）,在入组时应用抗精神病药治疗前与治疗后8周末,采用多体素磁共振质子波谱（1H-MRS）检测前额叶和丘脑N-乙酰基天门冬氨酸（NAA）与肌酸复合物（Cr）,计算NAA/Cr值;采用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）和威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）评定临床症状和执行功能;进行两组1H-MRS、PANSS、WCST的比较与相关分析。结果：治疗前阴性组右侧丘脑NAA/Cr值（1.43±0.33）低于阳性组（1.58±0.35）,（t=2.35,P〈0.05）;治疗前阴性组分类数（1.68±0.54）低于阳性组（2.06±0.66）,（t=3.38,P〈0.01）,持续错误数（43.3±11.2）高于阳性组（31.8±9.22）,（t=5.95,P〈0.01）;治疗前阴性组左侧前额叶NAA/Cr值与阴性症状分、持续错误数呈负相关（r=-0.35,P〈0.05）;（r=-0.36,P〈0.01）。治疗前后阴性组左侧前额叶NAA/Cr值变化与阴性症状分变化、持续错误数变化呈负相关（r=-0.30,P〈0.05）;（r=-0.29,P〈0.05）,与分类数变化呈正相关（r=0.31,P〈0.05）。结论：不同亚型精神分裂症患者可能存在不同的神经生物学基础,阴性症状为主型精神分裂症患者左侧前额叶神经元的损害可能是引起阴性症状、执行功能障碍的生物学基础。     

男性精神分裂症患者前额叶质子波谱特点及其与执行功能的关系

目的探讨男性精神分裂症患者前额叶氢质子磁共振波谱(proton magnetic resonance spectrosco-py,1H-MRS)的特点及与执行功能的关系。方法纳入26例7d内未使用抗精神病药物及影响脑内乙酰胆碱神经递质药物的男性精神分裂症患者及28名男性正常对照。两组在入组24h内采用多体素1H-MRS检测前额叶生化代谢物N-乙酰基天门冬氨酸(NAA)、胆碱复合物(Cho)与肌酸复合物(Cr),完成NAA/Cr值、Cho/Cr值和NAA/(Cho+Cr)值的计算,同时进行威斯康星卡片分类测验(Wisconsin Card Sorting Test,WCST)评定受试者的执行功能。结果患者组左侧前额叶NAA/Cr值(1.40±0.34)低于对照组(1.69±0.31),差异有统计学意义(t=2.93,P0.01)。患者组WCST的错误应答数、持续应答数、持续错误数均明显高于对照组(t分别为2.32、2.25、2.40,P均小于0.05),分类数和概念化水平应答数均明显低于对照组(t=2.91,P0.01;t=2.46,P0.05)。患者组左侧前额叶NAA/Cr值与错误应答数、持续错误数呈正相关(r=0.45,P0.05;r=0.47,P0.05),与分类数、概念化水平应答数呈负相关(r=-0.54,P0.01;r=-0.56,P0.01)。结论男性精神分裂症患者左侧前额叶可能存在神经元功能和(或)结构异常,这可能是引起额叶执行功能障碍的原因。     

阳性症状为主型精神分裂症首次发病患者前额叶和海马磁共振质子波谱成像研究

目的 探讨阳性症状为主型精神分裂症首次发病患者前额叶和海马的磁共振质子波谱(1H-MRS)变化特点,为其病因学探讨提供线索.方法 对22例首次发病精神分裂症阳性症状为主型患者(患者组)和11名年龄、性别、受教育时间均匹配的正常对照者(对照组),应用2D 1H-MRS成像技术检测2组双侧前额叶白质、前扣带回皮质、海马N-乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)、胆碱(Cho)、肌酸(Cr)3种代谢物,分别计算NAA/Cr和Cho/Cr的比值;采用配对t检验、独立样本t检验进行统计分析.结果 (1)患者组左侧额叶白质NAA/Cr和Cho/Cr分别为(1.63±0.30)和(1.23±0.26),均低于对照组[(2.10±0.30)、(1.54±0.25)],右侧额叶白质NAA/Cr(1.70±0.34)低于对照组(1.97±0.34),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01和P<0.05);(2)双侧前扣带回皮质NAA/Cr、Cho/Cr值与对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);(3)患者组右侧海马NAA/Cr(1.59±0.27)高于对照组(1.24±0.17),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);(4)对照组内左侧额叶白质Cho/Cr(1.54±0.25)高于右侧(1.35±0.18),左侧海马NAA/Cr(1.45±0.28)高于右侧(1.24±0.17),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);(5)患者组内左侧海马NAA/Cr和Cho/Cr分别为(1.43±0.27)和(1.39±0.38),均低于右侧[(1.59±0.27)、(1.56±0.39)],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 首发精神分裂症阳性症状为主型患者的1H-MRS代谢物与正常人存在差异,提示阳性症状为主型患者存在双侧前额叶白质、海马的神经功能障碍.

Abstract：

Objective To identify the possible alteration of brain functioning in prefrontal lobes and hippocampus in the first-episode positive symptoms of schizophrenia using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). Methods 1H-MRS was performed on prefrontal white matter, anterior cingulated cortex and hippocampus in 22 patients and 11 age-, sex-, and education-matched right-handed healthy controls. The ratios of N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/creatine (Cr) and choline-containing compounds (Cho)/Cr were calculated. Results The NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios in the left prefrontal white matter in patients were lower than that in normal controls (patients, NAA/Cr 1. 63 ±0. 30; Cho/Cr 1. 23 ±0. 26; controls, NAA/Cr 2. 10 ±0. 30; Cho/Cr 1. 54 ± 0. 25, P<0. 01) , and NAA/Cr in the right prefrontal white matter was lower in patients than in controls (patients 1. 70 ± 0. 34; controls 1. 97 ± 0. 34, P<0. 05). There were no significant difference in NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr for the bilateral anterior cingulated cortex between patients and controls (P>0. 05). The ratio of NAA/Cr in the right hippocampus was significantly higher in patients than that in controls (patients 1. 59 ± 0. 27; controls 1. 24 ± 0. 17, P<0. 01). In addition, in healthy controls,Cho/Cr was significantly higher in the left prefrontal white matter than in the right (left 1. 54 ± 0. 25; right 1. 35 ±0. 18, P<0. 05) , and NAA/Cr in the left hippocampus was significantly higher than in the right (left 1. 45 ± 0. 28; right 1. 24 ± 0. 17, P<0. 05). While NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr in the left hippocampus were significantly lower than in the right hippocampus in schizophrenia patients (left, NAA/Cr 1.43 ± 0. 27;Cho/Cr 1.39 ±0.38; right, NAA/Cr 1.59 ±0.27; Cho/Cr 1.56 ±0.39, P<0.05). Conclusion There is the significant difference of manifestation of 1H-MRS between schizophrenia patients with positive symptoms and normal controls, which reflects neuronal dysfunction in the prefrontal lobes and hippocampus.     

军人创伤后应激障碍治疗前后前额叶磁共振质子波谱的变化

目的探讨军人创伤后应激障碍(post-traumatic stress disorder,PTSD)患者治疗前后前额叶质子波谱的变化及临床疗效。方法纳入23例军人PTSD患者,并随机抽取某部25名健康官兵作为对照。采用前额叶氢质子磁共振波谱(proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy,1H-MRS)检查,测定两组前额叶N-乙酰基天门冬氨酸(N-acetylaspartate,NAA)、谷氨酰胺复合物(glutamate/glutamine,Glx)、胆碱复合物(choline-congtaining compounds,Cho)、肌醇(myo-inositol,m I)、肌酸复合物(creatine compounds,Cr)等化合物的含量。治疗前后采用创伤后应激障碍自评量表(post traumatic stress disorder self-rating scale,PTSD-SS)评估研究组症状。结果研究组治疗前左侧前额叶Cho/Cr与对照组存在统计学差异[(1.23±0.36)vs.(1.14±0.31),P0.05];研究组治疗前后左侧前额叶NAA/Cr存在统计学差异[(1.34±0.42)vs.(1.49±0.52),P0.05];相较治疗前,研究组治疗后PTSD-SS总分降低[(57.68±11.35)vs.(45.57±10.86)],各因子分亦均降低(P0.05)。结论军人PDST患者双侧前额叶均存在NAA/Cr、Cho/Cr等代谢物质的改变,且可能与患者精神症状的严重程度有关。     

首发精神分裂症额叶白质和海马氢质子波谱的非对称性异常及其治疗1年后的变化

目的探讨首发精神分裂症患者脑代谢物非对称性的改变及其受非典型抗精神病药物治疗的影响。方法对符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,DSM-Ⅳ)诊断标准的21例首发精神分裂症患者和21名健康对照进行氢质子磁共振波谱扫描,并在治疗1年后对患者再次进行扫描,检测双侧额叶白质和海马的N-乙酰天门冬氨酸(N-Acetylaspartate,NAA)、胆碱(choline,Cho)和肌酸(creatine,Cr),以Cr为参照物,分别计算双侧NAA/Cr、Cho/Cr比值。在治疗前后对患者进行阳性和阴性量表(positive and negcotive symtoms scale,PANSS)、大体功能量表(global assessment function,GAF)评定。采用配对t检验进行脑代谢物非对称性分析。结果非对称性分析发现基线期健康对照组左侧海马NAA/Cr比右侧高[(1.41±0.09)vs.(1.32±0.10),P<0.05],首发精神分裂症组左、右侧海马代谢物比较,差异无统计学意义;而经过1年治疗后,与治疗前相比首发精神分裂症组PANSS评分显著降低(68.57±27.74vs.97.95±13.81)、GAF量表评分显著增加(58.76±23.07 vs.28.05±8.99),均P<0.05,精神分裂症组左侧海马NAA/Cr比右侧高[(1.41±0.10)vs.(1.31±0.13),P<0.05]。健康对照组及首发精神分裂症组治疗前后双侧额叶白质代谢物差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论首发精神分裂症患者海马NAA/Cr的非对称性消失,经非典型抗精神病药物治疗后,在精神症状改善的同时海马NAA/Cr的非对称性恢复。     

Mental illness in England,in Scotland and in Scots living in England

Summary Beginning from the observation that Scots living in England have much higher rates of mental hospital admission than do the English, several hypotheses are proposed to account for this. Much of the excess in rates of mental illness is accounted for by those diagnosed as having alcohol-related disorders and behaviour and personality problems. The results of an examination of offical statistics in the two countries enabled some explanations to be offered. It was found that rates of admissions to mental hospitals are higher in Scotland than in England but not as high as those found among Scots migrants who have a much higher rate of readmission to hospitals than either of the other groups. In fact, if first admissions only are considered the rates of admission in Scotland are not only higher than rates for English natives but also higher than for Scottish migrants. It seems that Scots living in England are somewhat less likely to become mental patients than Scots in Scotland but that once they do achieve this status they are very much more likely to be readmitted on subsequent occasions. It was concluded that there might be two fairly distinct groups of migrants from Scotland to England who have different backgrounds, different reasons for migrating and different psychological characteristics. On the one hand there are stable, economically motivated migrants who move south for definite employment related reasons and who show few psychological symptoms. While on the other hand there is a group of migrants who perhaps have psychological problems and who move more in hope than expectation without definite prospects and who account for the high rates of mental hospital admission found in Scottish migrants.     

Prostacyclin release in the coronary circulation during sustained stimulation in in vitro and in in vivo experimental systems

Prostacyclin release from rat isolated perfused hearts and from dog coronary circulation was studied by measuring immunoreactive 6-keto-PGF1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1a) in heart perfusate and in plasma obtained from the great cardiac vein respectively. Continuous infusion of arachidonic acid at constant concentration in isolated perfused hearts induced an increased prostacyclin release. This release showed a rapid peak within 10 min and a subsequent decrease. Low-flow ischemia induced an increased perfusate concentration of 6-keto-PGF1a but, considering the decreased flow, prostacyclin release was actually reduced. During the whole period of ischemia (60 min) prostacyclin release was constant. In open-chest anesthetized dogs 6-keto-PGF1a concentration in the great cardiac vein was increased after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. A prolonged period of coronary occlusion (4.5 hours) resulted in a progressive rise of prostacyclin release. 6-keto-PGF1a determinations in the femoral vein and in the aorta did not show relevant variations during the observation period.     

癫痫与抑郁关系的研究进展

抑郁是癫痫患者中常见的精神障碍,严重地影响了患者的生活质量。传统的观点认为癫痫患者因为存在着诸多社会学问题易出现抑郁倾向,癫痫和抑郁是单向的联系,但大量的研究已经证明癫痫和抑郁之间存在双向的联系,一种异常状态的存在可能易转化为另一种异常状态的发展。癫痫和抑郁存在着共同的发病机制。本文主要就癫痫和抑郁的双向联系以及抗抑郁药物在癫痫患者中的应用进行阐述。     

神经介入：回眸2022

<正>2022年,国际上公布了多项大型神经介入领域的随机对照试验（randomized controlled trial,RCT）结果,在血管内治疗（endovascular treatment,EVT）急性大血管闭塞（large vessel occlusion,LVO）适应证的扩展、药物治疗、管理,症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄（symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis,sICAS）治疗,无症状性颈动脉狭窄治疗,     

Neuroimaging in epilepsy in tropics

Epilepsy is a major public health problem in many tropical countries. Also, some of the tropical diseases are major contributors to the higher prevalence of epilepsy in these countries. The etiologic factors responsible for epilepsy in these countries are quite different from those in the developed world. This article discusses the etiologic factors and neuroimaging of epilepsy in light of the conditions in these tropical countries.