急性缺血性卒中3 h内rt-PA溶栓的成本效用分析

目的 评价在当前中国医疗环境下,急性缺血性卒中3 h内重组人组织型纤溶酶原激活剂
（recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator,rt-PA）溶栓治疗的成本效用情况。
方法 建立决策树与Markov模型相结合的模型,采用现有数据库分析和文献查阅等方法收集急性
缺血性卒中3 h内rt-PA溶栓治疗的效果、成本、健康效用及转移概率等模型参数。通过模型模拟,计
算溶栓后短期（1年或2年）和长期（30年）增量成本效果比（incremental cost-effectiveness ratio,ICER）
情况。
结果 溶栓治疗后1年ICER值为93 796元/健康调整寿命年（quality-adjusted life-years,QALY）,
ICER<3个人均国内生产总值（gross domestic product,GDP）（105 000元）/QALY。rt-PA治疗后30年ICER
值为5953元/QALY,ICER<1个人均GDP（35 100元）/QALY,rt-PA治疗增加的成本完全值得。
结论 在我国当前国情背景下,急性缺血性卒中患者3 h内rt-PA溶栓后短期和长期均具有经济性。     

计算机断层扫描灌注成像对颈内动脉重度狭窄支架成形术的术前指导及术后评价

目的 探讨计算机断层扫描灌注成像（computer tomography perfusion,CTP）结合数字减影血管造影（digital subtraction angiography,DSA）对颈内动脉重度狭窄支架成形术的术前适应证选择及术后血流变化评价的作用。方法 40例经DSA检查提示单侧颈内动脉重度狭窄患者,按照DSA检查结果对缺血部位代偿良好的20例患者行保守治疗,代偿不良的20例患者行狭窄部位支架成形术,行CTP检查,比较非手术组及手术组基线和术后1年的CT相对灌注参数,并比较手术组基线、术后7 d、术后1年的手术侧和健侧的绝对灌注参数。结果 手术组基线相对脑血流量（relative cerebral blood flow,rCBF）明显较非手术组降低,相对脑血容量（relative cerebral blood volume,rCBV）升高（P分别为0.018和0.015）,两组相对平均通过时间（relative mean transit time,rMTT）无差异,1年后手术组rMTT较非手术组低（P =0.012）,rCBF、rCBV差异无统计学意义;与健侧相比,手术组术前患侧基线平均通过时间（mean transit time,MTT）延迟、脑血流量（cerebral blood flow,CBF）减低、脑血容量（cerebral blood volume,CBV）增高,术后7 d患侧MTT缩短、CBF明显增加、CBV回落,术后1年MTT、CBF、CBV患侧与健侧相比更加接近,两组比较尽管有统计学意义（P =0.015、0.012、0.037）,但三个变量总体趋势逐渐接近;手术组术前、术后7 d、术后1年,不同时间点患侧与健侧绝对灌注参数变化有统计学意义（P =0.001,0.009,0.028）;支架成形与时间之间有交互作用（P =0.006,0.002,0.032）。结论 CTP结合DSA对颈动脉狭窄的患者合理选择手术适应证有一定指导作用。颈动脉支架成形术（carotid artery stenting,CAS）可以改善患者的脑血流状况。     

大脑中动脉狭窄或闭塞患者侧支循环320排计算机断层扫描血管成像联合脑灌注成像研究

目的   利用320排计算机断层扫描血管成像（computed tomography angiography,CTA）及脑灌注成像（computed tomography perfusion imaging,CTP）探讨单侧大脑中动脉（middle cerebral artery,MCA）重度狭窄或闭塞的急性缺血性卒中患者侧支循环与脑灌注的关系。 方法  对72例单侧MCA重度狭窄或闭塞的急性缺血性卒中患者行头部320排CTA及CTP检查,根据有无侧支循环分为2组,对2组CTA和CTP情况进行分析比较。 结果  共入组72例患者,有侧支循环组58例,无侧支循环组14例。有侧支循环组38例（65.52%）MCA闭塞,无侧支循环组中5例（35.71%）MCA闭塞,两组差异有显著性（P=0.041）。有侧支循环组脑灌注代偿率高于无侧支循环组（68.97% vs 21.43%,χ2＝10.595,P＝0.001）;在CTP异常的68例患者中,有侧支循环者54例,无侧支循环者14例,有侧支循环组患侧的脑血容量［35.00（29.92,41.13）ml/100?g vs 26.25（18.23,37.18）ml/100?g］及脑血流量［（2.39±0.73）ml/100?g·min vs （1.75±0.72）ml/100?g·min］高于无侧支循环组,P分别为0.007和0.040。但2组患侧平均通过时间（mean transit time,MTT）及平均达峰时间（time to peak,TTP）差异无显著性。 结论  320排CTA联合CTP检查显示急性缺血性卒中患者中有侧支循环者脑灌注代偿率高,而且其脑血容量和脑血流量均高于无侧支循环者。     

脑梗死静脉溶栓后24 h内选择性双联 抗血小板治疗的安全性观察

目的 探讨阿替普酶（alteplase,rt-PA）静脉溶栓治疗缺血性卒中后1 h内选择性早期使用口服抗血
小板药物治疗的安全性。
方法 本研究为前瞻性研究,通过多模影像和溶栓后出血风险（hemorrhage after thrombolysis,
HAT）评分连续入选了第三军医大学第三附属医院神经内科2011年1月～2014年4月期间出血性转化
（hemorrhagic transformation,HT）风险较低（HAT评分≤2分或者HAT评分3～5分但多模影像提示侧支循
环良好）的急性脑梗死静脉溶栓住院病例（n =112）。根据患者或家属是否同意早期使用口服抗血小
板药物（阿司匹林100 mg联合氯吡格雷75 mg）治疗分为溶栓后1 h内的早期使用治疗组（n =66）和溶
栓24 h后的标准治疗组（n =46）;观察溶栓后1 d内的再闭塞发生率、3 d内颅内及其他部位出血的发生
率、溶栓7 d后的美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS）评
分和死亡率。
结果 两组的性别构成、年龄分布、高血压病史、2型糖尿病病史、高胆固醇血症病史、冠状动脉粥
样硬化性心脏病病史、短暂性脑缺血发作病史、心脏瓣膜病史、心房颤动病史、收缩压、舒张压、血糖、
溶栓前NIHSS评分、发病到溶栓时间、HAT评分、责任血管的构成比等基线情况比较差异无显著性（P＞
0.05）;早期使用治疗组的HT发生率与标准治疗组比较差异无显著性（7.6% vs 6.5%,P =1.000）;两
组的症状性脑出血（symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage,sICH）和死亡数均为0;早期使用治疗组再闭塞
发生率有低于标准治疗组的趋势,但差异无显著性（4.5% vs 15.2%,P =0.107）;早期使用治疗组溶
栓7 d后NIHSS评分也有低于标准治疗组的趋势,但差异也无显著性（NIHSS=6 vs NIHSS=7,P =0.143）。
结论 通过多模影像和HAT评分选择HT风险较低的rt-PA静脉溶栓患者在溶栓后1 h内使用口服抗血
小板药物治疗并不增加溶栓后出血风险。     

基于表面肌电技术对卒中患者上肢运动时躯干肌用力疲劳程度的研究

目的 探讨卒中患者上肢运动过程中躯干肌用力疲劳情况。
方法 前瞻性连续纳入2019年4-9月于中山大学附属第三医院康复医学科住院的卒中患者作为卒中
组，并招募年龄、性别匹配的健康志愿者作为对照组。使用木插板分别让卒中患者的健侧和患侧上
肢、健康志愿者利手侧上肢进行前后向置物-返回运动各15次，分3组完成，每组5次，组间间隔30 s。
受试者在运动前后根据改良版Borg自觉用力程度量表对其自身疲劳程度进行评价，对比受试者运动
前后的量表评分结果。利用表面肌电技术采集进行前后向置物-返回运动时躯干肌（运动侧斜方肌、
双侧腹直肌、双侧腹外斜肌、双侧胸段及腰段竖脊肌）的肌电频域指标[平均功率频率（mean power
frequency，MPF）]平均值，分别比较卒中患者健侧、患侧运动时与健康志愿者利手侧肌肉MPF的差异。
结果 卒中组患侧和健侧上肢运动后改良版Borg自觉用力程度量表评分均较运动前升高（均P
＜0.001），而对照组运动前后差异无统计学意义。使用表面肌电图技术分析发现，在前后向置物-返
回运动过程中，相比对照组，卒中组患者不论用患侧还是健侧上肢运动，其健侧腹直肌、患侧腹直
肌、健侧腹外斜肌、患侧胸段竖脊肌的MPF均较低，以上差异均具有统计学意义；其余肌肉两组差异
无统计学意义。
结论 卒中患者双上肢活动时躯干肌群容易出现疲劳。在进行上肢前后向置物-返回动作过程中，
双侧腹直肌、健侧腹外斜肌和患侧胸段竖脊肌的疲劳程度更加明显。     

急性缺血性卒中围静脉溶栓时间窗临床症状波动的静脉溶栓研究

目的 探讨急性缺血性卒中患者围静脉溶栓时间窗临床症状波动的患者进行静脉溶栓治疗的临
床特征及预后分析。
方法 前瞻性纳入绵阳市中心医院2013年10月-2018年6月连续登记的发病4.5 h内进行静脉溶栓的
患者，以实施静脉溶栓时NIHSS评分较入院时NIHSS评分上下波动2分作为临床症状波动判断标准，将
所有纳入患者分为无变化组、波动组。分析比较两组患者的临床特征及24 h出血转化率、出院NIHSS
评分、3个月预后良好（mRS评分≤2分）和全因死亡率，多因素Logistic回归分析围静脉溶栓时间窗发生
临床症状波动的影响因素。
结果 共纳入156例，其中男性110例（70.5%），年龄范围42～87岁，平均65±13岁，发生围静脉
溶栓时间窗临床症状波动41例（26.3%）。与无变化组患者相比，波动组患者年龄、基线NIHSS评
分、糖尿病比例、高血压比例、随机血糖水平、后循环梗死比例较高，差异均具有统计学意义。两
组患者的24 h出血转化率、出院NI HSS评分、3个月良好预后率、3个月时全因死亡率差异无统计学意
义。Logistic回归分析发现年龄（每增加10岁：OR 1.143，95%CI 1.016～1.836，P =0.040）、基线NIHSS
评分（每增加1分：OR 1.353，95%CI 1.053～1.393，P =0.006）、随机血糖（每增加1 mmol/L：OR 2.120，
95%CI 1.185～2.748，P =0.001）、后循环梗死（OR 2.603，95%CI 1.037～3.950，P =0.042）是围静脉
溶栓时间窗临床症状波动的独立危险因素。
结论 尽管高龄、NIHSS评分高、血糖水平高、后循环梗死患者容易出现围静脉溶栓时间窗临床症
状波动，但对终点事件并无影响。对于出现临床症状波动的患者，溶栓可使患者获益。     

尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗急性缺血性卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作的院内死亡率及相关影响因素的多中心分析

目的 探讨尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗急性缺血性卒中/TIA患者的院内死亡率及其影响因素。
方法 回顾性分析2013年1月-2016年5月河南省11家市级、县级医院神经内科连续收治的发病6 h内
接受尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗的急性缺血性卒中和TIA患者的临床资料，统计院内全因死亡率，采用多因
素Logistic回归分析院内死亡的相关影响因素。
结果 共入组444例患者，平均年龄60.19±11.61岁，男性296例（66.7%），院内死亡25例（5.6%）。多
因素Logistic回归分析显示，发病至溶栓时间3～6 h（OR 3.006，95%CI 1.120～8.071，P =0.029）、溶栓前
NI HSS评分（OR 1.130，95%CI 1.079～1.183，P＜0.001）及心房颤动病史（OR 3.671，95%CI 1.282～10.511，
P =0.015）是尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗急性缺血性卒中/TIA患者院内死亡的独立影响因素。
结论 发病至溶栓时间3～6 h、严重神经功能损害、心房颤动病史是尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗急性缺
血性卒中/TIA患者住院期间死亡的独立危险因素。     

磁共振灌注成像－弥散成像不匹配对指导超时间窗急性缺血性卒中患者溶栓的价值

目的 探讨磁共振灌注成像－弥散成像（perfusion weighted imaging-diffusion weighted imaging,PWI-DWI）不匹配对指导超时间窗（>6h）的急性缺血性卒中患者溶栓的价值。方法 选择在发病12h内完成磁共振检查,且（PWI-DWI）/DWI×100%>30%的40例急性缺血性卒中患者,分为溶栓组和对照组,溶栓组给予重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（recombinant tissue plasminogen activator,rt-PA）0.6～0.9mg/kg静脉溶栓治疗,对照组常规治疗。两组患者在溶栓前、溶栓后1周、2周、3个月分别行美国国立卫生院卒中量表（National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS）评分,溶栓前、溶栓后2周、3个月分别行日常生活能力量表（activities of daily living,ADL）评分。结果 溶栓组在溶栓后1周、2周、3个月NIHSS评分均较对照组降低（P<0.01）;在2周和3个月,溶栓组ADL评分较对照组明显升高（P<0.01）。结论 在PWI>DWI影像学模式指导下,适当延长急性缺血性卒中的溶栓时间窗具有可行性。     

建立急性缺血性卒中的临床/多模式CT预后评分系统

目的 建立一个简便、有效的临床/多模式CT评分系统,用以指导急性缺血性卒中患者的临床治疗和评估90 d后临床功能恢复情况。方法 选择49例急性缺血性卒中（发病时间＜9 h）的患者行“多模式CT”扫描,包括平扫CT（non-contrast enhanced computed tomography,NCCT）、CT灌注成像（computed tomography perfusion,CTP）和CT血管成像（computed tomography angiography,CTA）;评价患者基线NCCT、动脉期CTP原始图（arterial phase CTP source images,ACTP-SI）、静脉期CTP原始图（venous phase CTP source images,VCTP-SI）、CTA卒中溶栓分级（thrombolysis in cerebral ischemia scale,TICI）、Alberta卒中项目早期CT评分（Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score Study,ASPECTS）及基线美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（National Institute of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS）评分,并应用受试者工作特征曲线（receiver-operating characteristics,ROC）分析,判断90 d临床功能恢复良好［采用改良的Rankin量表（modified Rankin Scale,mRS）<2作为评判标准］的临床和CT参数阈值;按照获得的阈值进行评分,将多模式CT各参数的阈值评分整合在一起获得多模式CT评分系统,将基线NIHSS阈值评分加入多模式CT评分系统中获得临床/多模式CT评分。最后应用ROC曲线分析比较各评分模式预测临床功能恢复的效能。结果 判断90 d临床功能恢复良好的阈值：临床/多模式CT评分>1,多模式CT评分>1,基线NCCT ASPECTS>9,动脉期CTP原始图ASPECTS>6.5,静脉期CTP原始图ASPECTS>8.5,CTA TICI>1及基线NIHSS≥7;临床/多模式CT评分ROC曲线下面积最大（0.87,95%可信区间0.75～0.95),其预测急性缺血性卒中患者90 d临床功能恢复的效能最高,接下来依次是多模式CT评分、ACTP-SI、VCTP-SI、NIHSS、NCCT及CTA,除临床/多模式CT评分与ACTP-SI（P=0.226）及NIHSS阈值评分（P=0.174）的差异显著性外,其余各参数阈值评分与临床/多模式CT评分的差异均有显著性（P＜0.05）。结论 应用临床/多模式CT评分系统比多模式CT及NIHSS各参数单独预测90 d急性缺血性卒中患者的临床功能恢复的效能均高,临床/多模式CT评分系统是预测患者预后的有效评分方法。     

缺血性脑卒中超早期选择性动脉溶栓治疗

目的评价超早期选择性脑动脉溶栓疗法(SIT)对急性缺血性脑卒中的疗效及安全性.方法32例急性缺血性脑卒中患者起病至溶栓时间介于1～6小时.尿激酶用量87.66±17.63万单位.溶栓前先用微导丝通过血栓到达血栓远端,导丝撤出后,将导管置于靶血管闭塞点或患侧颈内动脉进行溶栓治疗.结果颈内动脉闭塞12例,3例完全再通,2例部分再通.大脑中动脉闭塞20例,19例完全再通.治疗后3个月神经功能恢复率为81%(26/32).4例合并无症状性脑出血均痊愈.血管再闭塞1例(经重复造影证实).结论超早期SIT治疗可使闭塞血管再通.溶栓后并发无症状性脑出血患者临床可恢复正常.SIT是目前治疗急性缺血性脑卒中有效的治疗手段.     

急性缺血性卒中患者血尿酸水平与脑白质病变的相关性研究

目的 探讨急性缺血性卒中患者血尿酸水平与脑白质病变（white matter lesions,WMLs）的相关性。 方法 连续入选2011年1月～2012年12月发病48 h内的首发缺血性卒中患者进行横断面研究,按 照Ylikoski评分将患者分为两组：重度WMLs组、无或轻度WMLs组。比较两组患者血糖、甘油三酯 （triglyceride,TG）、总胆固醇（total cholesterol,TC）、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇（low density lipoproteincholesterol, LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇（high density lipoprotein-cholesterol,HDL-C）及血尿酸水 平,并行Logistic回归分析重度WMLs危险因素。 结果 共入选急性缺血性卒中患者321例,其中重度WMLs组159例,无或轻度WMLs组162例。重度 WMLs组患者年龄（P＜0.001）、糖尿病发生率（P =0.011）、血糖（P＜0.001）、血尿酸水平（P＜0.001）、 高尿酸血症发生率（P =0.002）均高于无或轻度WMLs组（P均＜0.05）,两组性别、高血压发生率、收 缩压、舒张压、心房颤动发生率、血TG、TC、LDL-C、HDL-C水平、吸烟史比例无显著差异。校正年 龄、性别、血压、伴发高血压、糖尿病、心房颤动、血糖、血脂及吸烟史后,年龄［比值比（odds ratio, OR）1.062,95%可信区间（confidence interval,CI）1.0008～1.119,P =0.023］、血尿酸水平（OR 1.531, 95%CI 1.186～1.975,P =0.001）和高尿酸血症（OR 1.131,95%CI 1.047～1.222,P =0.002）是急性缺血 性卒中患者发生重度WMLs的独立危险因素。 结论 血尿酸水平和高尿酸血症是急性缺血性卒中患者伴发重度WMLs的独立危险因素     

The prognostic value of pulsatility index, flow velocity, and their ratio, measured with TCD ultrasound, in patients with a recent TIA or ischemic stroke

Wijnhoud AD, Koudstaal PJ, Dippel DWJ. The prognostic value of pulsatility index, flow velocity, and their ratio, measured with TCD ultrasound, in patients with a recent TIA or ischemic stroke.
Acta Neurol Scand: 2011: 124: 238–244.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Background – Increased flow velocities, and combinations of low mean flow velocity (MFV) and a high pulsatility index (PI) are associated with intracranial arterial disease. We investigated the association of MFV and the ratio of PI and MFV (PI–MFV ratio) in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) with recurrence of vascular events in patients with a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or minor ischemic stroke. Methods – Five hundred and ninety‐eight consecutive patients underwent TCD investigation. Outcome events were fatal or non‐fatal stroke and the composite of stroke, myocardial infarction, or vascular death (major vascular events). Hazard ratios (HR) were estimated with Cox proportional hazards multiple regression method, adjusted for age, gender, and vascular risk factors. Results – TCD registration was successful in 489 patients. Mean follow‐up was 2.1 years. Cumulative incidence was 9% for all stroke and 12% for major vascular events. MFV over 60.5 cm/s increased the risk for both stroke (HR 2.8; 95% CI: 1.3–6.0) and major vascular events (HR 2.6; 95% CI: 1.3–5.0). Each unit increase in PI–MFV ratio was associated with a HR 2.8 (95% CI: 1.7–4.8) for stroke and HR 2.2 (95% CI: 1.3–3.6) for major vascular events. Conclusion – In patients with a TIA or non‐disabling ischemic stroke, MFV and the PI–MFV ratio in the MCA are independent prognostic factors for recurrent vascular events.     

Hyperresponsiveness of platelets in ischemic stroke

Platelet activation and aggregation are critical in the pathogenesis of acute ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. The aim of our study was to characterize platelet function in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), and to evaluate the effect of platelet activation on clinical outcome. One hundred thirty-eight consecutive patients with TIA (n = 74) or stroke (n = 64) were enrolled in this study. Platelet aggregation in response to ADP, epinephrine, arachidonic acid, or collagen, and expression of platelet activation receptors (CD62P, CD63, LIBS-1 and PAC-1) in the acute phase and at three months follow-up were evaluated. Platelets derived from stroke patients were more hyperaggregable in response to agonists in the acute phase compared to TIA patients (p[ADP] = 0.002, p[arachidonic acid] = 0.047, p[epinephrine] = 0.020). Platelet activation was enhanced in the acute phase irrespective of the severity of the disease (stroke or TIA) and returned to baseline levels three months later. Persistent elevated platelet activation at three months follow-up (PAC-1) was associated with increased incidence of recurrent stroke (median, [interquartile range] 3.4, [3.0-5.2] versus 2.9, [2.3-4.0], p = 0.048). In conclusion, platelets are hyperactive in acute stroke compared with TIA. A more intensified dual antiplatelet therapy may be of benefit for stroke patients.     

Heart rate variability - a potential early marker of sub-acute post-stroke infections

Günther A, Salzmann I, Nowack S, Schwab M, Surber R, Hoyer H, Witte OW, Hoyer D. Heart rate variability – a potential early marker of sub‐acute post‐stroke infections.
Acta Neurol Scand: 2012: 126: 189–196.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Objective – Infection is the most relevant complication after acute ischemic stroke. Activity of the autonomic nervous system seems to control post‐stroke immunodepression. We investigated heart rate variability (HRV) indices that reflect autonomic readjustments as predictors of post‐stroke infection. Materials and methods – Forty‐three patients with acute ischemic stroke were enrolled in a prospective study. The predictability of sub‐acute infections (day 4 ± 1 after admission) was investigated in 34 patients without acute infection by means of HRV indices obtained in the acute period (48 h after admission). Results – Sub‐acute infection could be predicted in patients without clinical or paraclinical (white blood cell count and C‐reactive protein) signs of infection in the acute period at (i) day: increased HFnorm, reduced LFnorm and LF/HF; (ii) night: reduced LF and VLF (P < 0.05). Conclusions – HRV indices are candidates for early markers of developing post‐stroke infections, preceding routine blood samples. Thus, HRV‐based early diagnosis of post‐stroke infection should be investigated in more detail as it may have implications as a novel tool for timely and appropriate treatment. A corresponding continuous HRV‐based risk assessment using the ECG provided by the routine stroke monitoring system would be possible without any additional burden for patients and staff.     

多时相CTA联合CTP全脑灌注成像在缺血性脑卒中患者侧支循环影像学诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨多时相CTA联合CTP全脑灌注成像在缺血性脑卒中患者侧支循环影像学诊断中的应用价值。方法 选择2016年3月-2019年3月本院收治的83例缺血性脑卒中患者作为观察对象,经ASPECTS侧支评估法实施侧支循环分级,将得分0～3分患者纳入侧支循环不良组,将得分4～5分者纳入侧支循环良好组; 通过NIHSS评分判定缺血性脑卒中患者预后,分析侧支循环和缺血性脑卒中患者预后的相关性。结果 侧支循环良好组患者的梗死核心区rMTT、rCBV、rTTP均高于侧支循环不良组(P<0.05); 2组患者梗死核心区rCBF比较无明显差异(P>0.05); 侧支循环良好组、侧支循环不良组患者的缺血半暗带rMTT、rCBV、rTTP比较无明显差异(P>0.05); 侧支循环良好组患者的缺血半暗带rCBF高于侧支循环不良组(P<0.05); 侧支循环良好组、侧支循环不良组患者入院时NIHSS评分比较无明显差异(P>0.05); 侧支循环良好组患者入院2周后、随访3个月后的NIHSS评分均低于侧支循环不良组(P<0.05)。结论 多时相CTA联合CTP全脑灌注成像在缺血性脑卒中患者侧支循环影像学诊断中能评估侧支循环水平,而建立良好的侧支循环能改善缺血性脑卒中患者的预后。     

Association Between CT Angiogram Collaterals and CT Perfusion in Delayed Time Windows for Large Vessel Occlusion Ischemic Strokes

ObjectivesRecent endovascular trials have established the use of CT perfusion (CTP) in endovascular treatment selection for patients with large vessel occlusions (LVO). However, the relationship between CTP and collateral circulation is unclear in delayed time windows. We explored the relationship between CT Angiogram (CTA) collaterals and CTP parameters in delayed time windows (6-24 hours).Materials and MethodsWe utilized a single institutional, retrospective stroke registry of consecutive patients between May 2016 and May 2018 with anterior LVO with CTA and CTP imaging within 6-24 hours of stroke onset. We graded baseline collaterals on single phase CTA using modified Tan collateral score (0-3) and dichotomized into good (2-3) and poor (0-1) collaterals. We recorded automated CTP parameters, including estimated ischemic core (cerebral blood flow (CBF)<30%), penumbra (T_max>6 s), and mismatch ratio. We used Mann-Whitney test and linear regression to assess associations.ResultsWe included 48 patients with median age of 62 years (IQR= 52-72), median core of 17.5 mL (IQR=0-47), and median penumbra of 117.5 mL (IQR= 62-163.5). Patients with good collaterals had smaller median core (0 mL, IQR=0-12 mL vs. 40.5 mL, IQR=15-60 mL) (p < 0.001), smaller median penumbra (83.5 mL, IQR=43-135 mL vs. 142.5 mL, IQR=77-190 mL) (p = 0.04), larger median mismatch ratio (13.7, IQR=5.7-58.0 vs. 3.1, IQR=2.1-5.0) (p < 0.001), and lower median hypoperfusion intensity ratio (0.23, IQR=0-0.44 vs. 0.52, IQR=0.45-0.63) (p < 0.001) than patients with poor collaterals.ConclusionsIn delayed time window LVO patients, good CTA collaterals are significantly associated with smaller CTP core, smaller penumbra, larger mismatch ratio, and lower hypoperfusion intensity ratio. CTA collateral assessment could be a potential valuable surrogate to perfusion imaging, particularly in stroke centers where CTP is unavailable.     

Transient ischemic attack and risk of stroke recurrence: The Lehigh Valley Recurrent Stroke Study

We investigated the effect of transient ischemic attack occurring both before and after an initial stroke on risk of recurrent stroke in a population-based study. In the Lehigh Valley Recurrent Stroke Study, patients were enrolled between July 1987 and August 1989 and followed up regularly at about 6-month intervals for up to 4 years (mean, 2 years). In addition to history of transient ischemic attack before and after the initial stroke, information on comorbidities including hypertension, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmia, and diabetes mellitus was collected at the baseline visit and at follow-up visits. The 621 patients with an initial ischemic stroke constituted the cohort analyzed in this report. A history of transient ischemic attack was present at enrollment in 114 (18.4%) patients. During follow-up, 20 patients experienced a transient ischemic attack, and 77 had a recurrent stroke. Using a Cox proportional hazards model taking comorbidities, sex, and age into account, we analyzed the relationship between transient ischemic attack and recurrent stroke in the 503 patients with at least one follow-up visit. History of transient ischemic attack before the initial stroke was associated with a decreased risk of recurrent stroke (Hazards ratio, 0.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.08 to 0.86; P=.03), whereas a new transient ischemic attack after the initial stroke was associated with an increased risk of recurrent stroke (Hazards ratio, 11.7; 95% C.I. confidence interval=3.45 to 39.83; P=.0001).     

Are There Differences in Long-Term Functioning and Recovery Between Hemorrhagic and Ischemic Stroke Patients Receiving Rehabilitation?

ObjectivePrevious research suggested better recovery in functioning of patients with hemorrhagic as compared to ischemic stroke. Now that more effective acute treatment for ischemic stroke, i.e. thrombolysis and thrombectomy, has become available, this observational cohort study aimed to examine if current rehabilitation outcomes differ between patients with hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke.Materials and MethodsThe Barthel Index, 4 domains of the Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) and the EuroQol 5Dimensions were completed in all consecutive patients who received stroke rehabilitation at start of rehabilitation and during follow-up (for Barthel Index at discharge, SIS and EuroQol 5D after three and six months). Outcomes and recovery (i.e. change of scores between baseline and last follow-up) were compared between patients with hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke (total and categorized by initial hospital treatment) using the Kruskall Wallis test. In addition, recovery was compared between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in multiple regression analyses with bootstrapping.ResultsBaseline functioning did not differ between 117 patients with a hemorrhagic stroke, 118 ischemic stroke patient treated with reperfusion therapy, and 125 ischemic stroke patients without reperfusion therapy. There were no differences in functioning at follow-up nor in recovery concerning the Barthel Index, SIS domains ‘mobility’, ‘communication’, ‘memory and thinking’ and ‘mood and emotions’, and EuroQoL 5D between the three categories.ConclusionsIn a rehabilitation population the recovery and functioning at three or six months did not differ between ischemic stroke patients and hemorrhagic stroke patients, regardless of the hospital treatment they had received.     

Dose reduction in perfusion CT in stroke patients by lowering scan frequency does not affect automatically calculated infarct core volumes

Background and purposeCT Perfusion technique (CTP) is a quantitative, easily performed, accepted and reliable method for detection of ischemic brain changes. Based on calculated parameters, the size of ischemic penumbra and irreversibly damaged infarct core can be determined which helps guide treatment decisions. However, due to the dynamic nature of the CTP study, it is dose intensive. This study determines the consequences of retrospectively reducing the number of scans in the dynamic acquisition by half on the volume of the automatically calculated infarct core (non-viable tissue) and penumbra (tissue at risk) volumes. Our hypothesis was that equivalent volumetric information could be obtained at a substantial dose savings.Materials and methodsFifty one consecutive patients with occlusion of M1 and/or M2 segment of the middle cerebral artery and ischemic stroke proven by follow-up MRI were included. CTP scans were first analyzed in a standard fashion and automatically generated volumes measured in milliliters were recorded in a database. A second analysis was conducted after removing every second data acquisition from the sequential CTP scans. Automatic volume measurements were repeated, recorded and compared to the initial values obtained using the full dataset.ResultsThe two CTP protocols were statistically equivalent pertaining to automatic infarct core volume calculation but a case-by-case analysis revealed substantial overestimation in some cases.ConclusionReduction of radiation exposure in CTP without objective loss of accuracy of automatically calculated infarct core volume is feasible but might lead to clinically relevant infarct core overestimation in individual cases.     

Ischemic stroke of the cortical “hand knob” area: stroke mechanisms and prognosis

Cortical ischemic stroke affecting the precentral “hand knob” area is a rare but well known stroke entity. To date, little is known about the underlying stroke mechanisms and the prognosis. Twenty-nine patients admitted to our service between 2003 and 2007 were included in the study on the basis of an acute ischemic infarct of the cortical “hand knob” area confirmed by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging with contralateral hand paresis. For all patients clinical, epidemiological as well as imaging data at the time point of admission were analysed retrospectively and follow-up data on all patients was obtained. The majority (n = 21/72%) had an isolated infarct of the cortical “hand knob” area. In 23 (79%) patients it was a first ever stroke. Ten patients (34%) had ipsilateral extracranial stenosis of the internal carotid artery (ICA), whereas potential cardiac embolic sources were less frequent (n = 4/14%). No patient exhibited ipsilateral MCA stenosis. All but two patients (93%) had marked atherosclerotic alterations of the ICA. Hypertension was the most prevalent vascular risk factor (n = 23/79%). At follow-up (mean 25.0 months, range 0.4–47.4 months) no patient had died and only one (3%) experienced a recurrent stroke. The majority of patients (79%) reported improvement of hand paresis, 17 (59%) were asymptomatic (modified Rankin score = 0). Only one patient was significantly disabled due to a recurrent stroke. In conclusion, ischemic infarcts affecting the cortical “hand knob” area are frequently associated with atherosclerotic changes of the carotid artery, suggesting an arterio-arterial thrombembolic stroke mechanism. It mostly reflects first ever ischemic stroke, and follow-up data suggest a rather benign course.