全面性癫痫伴热性惊厥附加综合征六家系的临床和遗传学分析

目的探讨全面性癫痫伴热性惊厥附加症(GEFS+)的临床特点。方法收集我们收治的6个GEFS+家系资料,详细调查及建立家系图谱,并对患者及家系成员的临床症状和体征进行总结分析。对各个家系的临床发作和癫综合征进行分类。结果 6个家系共106名家系成员接受调查,结果发现受累患者41例,符合GEFS+临床表型患者37例(死亡1例),男19例,女18例,性别比较差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.40,P0.05);表现为热性惊厥(FS)者25例,热性惊厥附加症(FS+)者7例,FS+伴失神发作2例,FS+伴局灶性发作2例,FS+伴肌阵挛1例。结论 GEFS+是一种常于儿童时期起病的癫痫综合征,常见表型为FS和FS+,少见的表型为FS+伴失神发作、FS+伴肌阵挛发作、FS+伴局灶性发作等。GEFS+家系符合常染色体显性遗传,具有明显的表型异质性和遗传异质性。     

中国10个全面性癫痫伴热性惊厥附加症家系的临床特征分析

目的探讨中国全面性癫痫伴热性惊厥附加症(generalized epilepsy with febrile seizure plus,GEFS+)家系的临床特征。方法通过门诊就诊、个人访视、电话等方式,对10个GEFS+家系所有成员进行详细临床资料收集,包括家系图谱、有无发作、发作形式以及检查结果等。结果10个家系共有140名成员接受了调查(其中3名去世,由亲属提供病史),发现受累者80例,其中74例符合GEFS+临床发作谱,2例为特发性全面性癫痫,4例不能明确分类。其中有两个家系较为特殊(家系I和家系H),2个家系受累者绝大部分仅表现为热性惊厥(febrile seizure,FS),每个家系仅有先症者1人表现为热性惊厥附加症(febrile seizure plus,FS+)。此外还发现3例FS+伴局灶性发作,2例为FS+伴儿童良性癫痫伴中央颞部棘波,1例为FS+伴颞叶癫痫。结论GEFS+是一种常见的、儿童时期起病的遗传性癫痫综合征,GEFS+最常见的表型为FS和FS+,其次是FS+伴局灶性发作、FS伴IGE、FS+伴失神发作以及FS+伴肌阵挛发作,我们的10个GEFS+家系中未发现FS+伴失张力发作、肌阵挛站立不能性癫痫和婴儿严重肌阵挛癫痫,说明这些表型为临床少见表型;此外我们还发现了GEFS+合并IGE以及在FS遗传背景上仅个别患者为FS+的较特殊家系,这些将进一步扩展GEFS+的概念。     

全面性癫（癎）伴热性惊厥附加症河南两家系临床分析

目的 探讨全面性癫（癎）苘伴热性惊厥附加症（GEFS＋）河南两家系的临床特征.方法 首先对2个GEFS＋家系的先证者进行详细的问诊及体格检查,建立完善的家系图谱和详细的临床资料,按照国际分类法对癫（癎）苘发作和癫痫综合征进行分类,最后进行临床分析.结果 2个家系共43名成员（2名已去世）,受累者共13例（1例去世）,其中男5例（1例去世）,女8例.发作起始年龄均在儿童期.受累者中表现为热性惊厥（FS）者7例,热性惊厥附加症（FS＋）者2例,FS＋伴失神发作1例,FS＋伴复杂部分发作1例,家系A中先证者没有热性惊厥病史,主要表现为失神发作及全身强直阵挛发作.结论 GEFS＋具有表型异质性和遗传异质性,常见表型为FS和FS＋.GEFS＋是儿童期常见的一种癫茼综合征,多呈现常染色体显性遗传.     

CHRNA2基因突变致失神癫■综合征一家系(附2例报告及文献复习)

目的报道CHRNA2基因突变致失神癫■综合征的1家系。方法回顾性分析1家系2例失神癫■综合征患者的临床表现、脑电图、全外显子检测结果,结合文献复习进行分析讨论。结果 2例患者起病年龄相似,均表现为失神发作及全面强直阵挛发作,脑电图提示全面性放电,全外显子检测提示2例患者及其母亲均携带CHRNA2基因突变,诊断考虑失神癫■综合征。结论以往报道一般在局灶性癫■综合征患者被检出CHRNA2基因突变。失神癫■综合征的患者也携带CHRNA2基因突变,其可能是失神癫■综合征的新致病基因。     

全面性癫(痫)伴热性惊厥附加症的临床和遗传学特点(附9家系报告)

目的 探讨全面性癫(痫)伴热性惊厥附加症( GEFS+)的临床和遗传学特点.方法 回顾性分析9个GEFS+家系的临床资料.结果 本组9例先证者中男7例,女2例;起病年龄1～3岁;发作类型均为全面性强直-阵挛发作(GTCS).其中,1例为GTCS,4例为热性惊厥(FS),4例为热性惊厥附加症(FS+).脑电图检查示6例有...     

儿童肌阵挛癫(癎)临床和录像脑电图分析

目的:探讨儿童肌阵挛癫(癎)患儿的临床、脑电图(EEG)和治疗特点.方法:对35例肌阵挛癫(癎)患儿的临床表现、录像脑电图(V-EEG)及抗癫(癎)药物的治疗效果进行回顾性分析.结果:35例均有肌阵挛发作,以肌阵挛为唯一的发作形式9例,其它26例合并强直阵挛发作、强直发作、部分性发作等发作类型.30例患儿EEG可见全导...     

睑阵挛伴失神癫癎发作1例报告

睑阵挛伴有或不伴有失神癫癎发作,在2001年国际癫癎发作分类中单独列为泛化性癫癎发作的一种类型.我院电视录像脑电图(video EEG)监测诊断1例睑阵挛伴失神癫癎发作,现报告如下.     

肌阵挛失神发作1例并文献复习

目的:探讨肌阵挛失神发作的临床症状学、神经电生理学特点及治疗效果.方法:报告1例肌阵挛失神发作的临床表现、脑电图、肌电图特点及治疗效果,并结合文献进行回顾性分析.结果:肌阵挛失神发作临床表现为失神伴双侧节律性肌阵挛,常伴发肢体的强直,脑电图表现为双侧、广泛、节律性3 Hz的棘慢复合波,肌电图则表现为与发作期放电频率一致的肌电暴发.此类患者对药物治疗反应较差,伴有强直发作的患者可行胼胝体切开术,该手术可有效减少强直发作导致的跌倒.结论:肌阵挛失神发作病程多样,大部分患者药物治疗反应差,伴有强直发作的患者可以考虑手术治疗.     

全面性癫癎伴热性惊厥附加症的临床和遗传学特点(附9家系报告)

目的探讨全面性癫癎伴热性惊厥附加症(GEFS+)的临床和遗传学特点。方法回顾性分析9个GEFS+家系的临床资料。结果本组9例先证者中男7例,女2例;起病年龄1~3岁;发作类型均为全面性强直-阵挛发作(GTCS)。其中,1例为GTCS,4例为热性惊厥(FS),4例为热性惊厥附加症(FS+)。脑电图检查示6例有典型疒间样波,1例有θ波,2例无异常。9个GEFS+家系184人中共有患者45例,男32例,女13例;男性发病比率(34.4%)明显高于女性发病比率(14.3%)(P<0.05)。其中,2例为GTCS,39例为FS,4例为FS+。家系系谱图分析显示,17例患者(37.8%)父母一方或双方患病,符合常染色体显性遗传;28例患者(62.2%)父母不发病或发病情况不详,但其近亲中至少有2例或以上患者。结论 GEFS+的脑电图不一定有异常波。GEFS+具有遗传异质性,本组中男性显著多于女性,不完全符合常染色体显性遗传。     

家族性颞叶癫痫的临床与脑电图特征分析

目的探讨家族性颞叶癫痫(FTLE)的临床和脑电图(EEG)特点。方法收集6个 FTLE的家系资料,通过详细的调查,建立较完善的家系谱,并对受累者的临床资料、EEG进行分析总结。结果6个家系共78名家族成员,其中受累者20例,每个家系2-6例受累者不等,2代发病居多。发病年龄0．5-27岁,平均(13．7±10．5)岁。平均发作频率(6．7±8．9)次/月。表现为复杂部分性发作13 例次(76．5％),继发全身强直一阵挛性发作12例次(70．6％),单纯部分性发作4例次(23．5％),强直发作和全身强直一阵挛性发作各1例次;无法分类3例。20例受累者中3例出现复杂视幻觉,1例出现听幻觉。受累者中13例进行发作间期EEG检查,仅1例示颞叶局灶痫性放电(7．7％),2例痫性异常放电, 余未见明显异常;10例进行MRI检查,仅1例示右额颞发育异常(10．0％)。18例受累者疗效观察,3例发作自然缓解,另15例接受抗癫痫药物(AEDs)治疗,14例有效(4例发作控制),仅1例无效。结论 FTLE家庭受累者临床症状呈多样性,发作间期EEG大部分未见局灶异常放电,MRI检查未见异常。 FTLE的正确诊断主要依据患者临床发作特征和家系谱,AEDs治疗疗效良好。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.