骨的恶性巨细胞瘤临床病理观察

目的 探讨骨的恶性巨细胞瘤临床病理学特征及其诊断和鉴别诊断.方法 对13例恶性巨细胞瘤的临床及病理学资料进行回顾性分析.结果 13例恶性巨细胞瘤中原发性恶性巨细胞瘤6例,发病年龄21-71岁,平均年龄39.5岁.复发后继发性恶性巨细胞瘤7例,发病年龄27-52岁,平均年龄36.7岁.6例原发性恶性巨细胞瘤除可见到骨巨细胞瘤区域外,还可见到高度恶性的梭形细胞肉瘤区域,7例继发性恶性巨细胞瘤其原发性肿瘤均为骨巨细胞瘤,而复发性肿瘤则呈恶性纤维组织细胞瘤/未分化肉瘤形态.结论 诊断恶性巨细胞瘤时需将临床、影像及病理结合,并除外其他肉瘤如富含巨细胞的骨肉瘤、富含巨细胞的恶性纤维组织细胞瘤等.     

Primary malignant giant cell tumor of bone: "dedifferentiated" giant cell tumor

Well documented examples of primary malignant giant cell tumor of bone (giant cell tumor and concurrent sarcoma arising de novo) are exceedingly rare in the literature. We report a case arising in the left ischium of a 44-yr-old man. He had no previous history of radiation therapy or multiple resections. Histologically, the tumor was a typical giant cell tumor of bone juxtaposed to a malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH). The juxtaposition of a high grade sarcoma (MFH) and a locally aggressive nonmalignant neoplasm such as giant cell tumor is analogous to several other tumors of bone and soft tissue in which a low grade malignant or locally aggressive tumor can be associated with MFH or fibrosarcoma de novo, namely chondrosarcoma, chordoma, liposarcoma, and well differentiated intraosseous and parosteal osteosarcoma. The presence of a high grade malignant component in each of the aforementioned neoplasms generally portends a more ominous prognosis, although this is not invariably true. Recognition of the phenomenon of "dedifferentiation" (or tumor progression) in some bone tumors and sarcomas is important to ensure appropriate treatment. Distinction from secondary malignant giant cell tumors which are usually radiation induced is also important, since the latter have a much worse prognosis than those with dedifferentiation occurring de novo.     

Sarcomatoid carcinoma (so-called pseudosarcoma) of the larynx simulating malignant giant cell tumor of soft parts. A case report

A tumor of the larynx composed of a small infiltrating and well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma and a large polypoid sarcomatous mass showing the histologic features of the malignant giant cell tumor of soft parts (MGCT) is reported. Other types of sarcomatous components have been described with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the larynx and names such as pseudosarcoma, carcinosarcoma, and spindle cell carcinoma have been used for these peculiar tumors. Because most data support that the sarcomatous component is an unusual carcinoma transformation due to unknown factors the authors prefer the term sarcomatoid carcinoma. Sarcomatoid carcinomas having the features of MGCT have been described in multiple epithelial organs. Therefore, an extensive search for a carcinoma component always should be carried out in tumors arising in any organ, including the larynx, and showing the typical histologic features of MGCT.     

Disseminated malignant fibrous histiocytoma (giant cell rich): a case report

Giant cell rich malignant fibrous histiocytoma accounts for 3 -15% of all malignant fibrous histiocytomas. Currently, the nomenclature giant cell malignant fibrous histiocytoma is reserved for undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas with prominent osteoclastic giant cells. It is considered to be synonymous with malignant giant cell tumor of soft parts. We report a case of disseminated giant cell malignant fibrous histiocytoma involving the scalp, cervical node, lungs, spine, abdominal wall, base of penis, gluteal cleft, paraspinal region and back. The diagnosis was established after staining for a panel of immunohistochemical markers namely cytokeratin, vimentin, S100, desmin, CD68 and smooth muscle actin. CD68 positivity in tumor cells helped in arriving at the final diagnosis. It is essential to recognize this tumor as a giant cell rich distinct entity and differentiate from other giant cell rich pleomorphic sarcomas since therapeutic and prognostic differences are being appreciated currently.     

Malignant giant cell tumor of tendon sheath

Summary A benign, but aggressive, giant cell tumor of tendon sheath developed over a period of 20 years into a metastasizing, histologically malignant giant cell tumor. Ultrastructure of the malignant tumor showed the same five cell types as described in giant cell tumors of tendon sheath. Even the same crystals were identified in the osteoblast-like and osteoclast-like cells.It therefore appears reasonable to assume that giant cell tumors of tendon sheath indeed are neoplasms with a malignant potential and not an inflammatory reaction of synovial cells as previously suggested.Both the benign and malignant tumors seem to be of mesenchymal derivation with partial osseous differentiation. No ultrastructural similarities with fibrous histiocytoma were apparent.     

Histological and clinical characteristics of malignant giant cell tumor of bone

Malignant giant cell tumors of bone (MGCTB) are rare, and the diagnosis can be difficult due to the occurrence of a variety of malignant tumors containing giant cells. To better understand its clinicopathological features, we have reviewed our experience with 17 cases of MGCTB. Five cases were primary malignant giant cell tumor of bone (PMGCTB), and 12 cases were giant cell tumors of bone initially diagnosed as benign but malignant in a recurrent lesion (secondary MGCTB, SMGCTB). The patients included six women and 11 men (age ranged from 17 to 52 years; mean, 30.5 years). The tumor arose in the femur (six cases), the tibia (seven cases), the humerus (three cases), and the fibula (one case). Microscopically, PMGCTB showed both conventional giant cell tumor and malignant sarcoma features. SMGCTB were initially diagnosed as conventional giant cell tumor of bone, the recurrent lesion showing malignant features. Histologically, the malignant components included osteosarcoma (11 cases), undifferentiated high-grade pleomorphic sarcoma (two cases), and fibrosarcoma (four cases). SMGCTB cases showed strong expression of p53. Follow-up information revealed that four patients died of lung metastasis, two patients are alive with lung metastases, and 11 patients are alive without tumor. MGCTB should be considered as a high-grade sarcoma. It must be distinguished from GCTB and other malignant tumors containing giant cells. p53 might play a role in the malignant transformation of GCTB.     

Orbital solitary fibrous tumor: encompassing terminology for hemangiopericytoma, giant cell angiofibroma, and fibrous histiocytoma of the orbit: reappraisal of 41 cases

Hemangiopericytomas and solitary fibrous tumors are uncommon neoplasms found in many locations, including the orbit. Both mesenchymal neoplasms share several clinicopathologic features, thus prompting intense debate as to whether they are variants of the same entity or merit separate designations in the orbit. These 2 entities, with the addition of giant cell angiofibroma of orbit, are of benign- to uncertain-behavior, CD34-positive, collagen-rich, specialized fibroblastic tumors, which may have overlapping or histologically identical features. In addition, so-called fibrous histiocytoma of orbit, a previous designation, has overlapping morphologic features with these tumors. To date, a large series of these collagen-rich fibroblastic tumors of the orbit has not been fully explored. Forty-one fibroblastic orbital tumors, originally diagnosed as hemangiopericytomas (n = 16), fibrous histiocytomas (n = 9), mixed tumors (hemangiopericytomas/fibrous histiocytoma) (n = 14), and giant cell angiofibromas of orbit (n = 2) between 1970 and 2009, were retrieved from our consultation files, the Ophthalmic Registry, at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Slides and clinical records were reviewed, analyzed, and compared. Immunochemistry was performed for CD34, CD99, Bcl-2, Ki-67, and p53. Upon histologic review, all cases were reclassified as solitary fibrous tumor (41/41). The patients included 23 (56%) males, 17 (41%) females, and 1 unknown, with a mean age at presentation of 40.7 years (range, 16-70 years). The sites of involvement were the right orbit in 18 (44%) cases and the left in 16 (39%) cases. Tumors ranged in size from 0.4 to 5.0 cm (mean, 2.2 cm). Seventeen (41%) patients presented with an orbital mass, 8 (20%) with proptosis, 2 (5%) with painful mass, and 2 (5%) with painless mass. Duration of symptoms ranged from 3 to 96 months, with a mean of 23 months (median, 9 months). Microscopically, all lesions showed considerable similarity, varying in degree of cellularity, stromal collagen, and the presence of giant cells. Overlapping features with soft tissue giant cell fibroblastoma were observed. Immunochemistry revealed positivity for CD34 in all cases (100%), p53 in 85%, CD99 in 67.5%, and Bcl-2 in 47.5%. Although Ki-67 labeling was seen in all cases, it ranged from less than 1% in 54.3% of cases to 5% to 10% in 20% of cases. Taken together, the findings of this study suggest that orbital hemangiopericytoma and some cases previously designated as fibrous histiocytoma, giant cell angiofibroma of orbit, and solitary fibrous tumor have overlapping morphologic and immunohistochemical features and should be designated as solitary fibrous tumor. Adipocytes and unusual multivacuolated adipocytic cells may be present in these tumors, as well stromal myxoid change; and even stromal intramembranous ossification can be observed. There are overlapping features of orbital solitary fibrous tumor with another CD34-positive specialized fibroblastic tumor of soft tissue, giant cell fibroblastoma. Morphologic criteria for uncertain behavior to low-grade malignant ocular solitary fibrous tumors can be made by cytologic atypia and increased mitotic activity, but overall outcome for malignant solitary fibrous tumors of the eye should be further explored.     

Expression of Ia and monocyte-macrophage lineage antigens in giant cell tumor of bone and related lesions

An immunohistochemical study of six giant cell tumors of bone and eight related lesions (aneurysmal bone cyst, fibrous histiocytoma, and giant cell tumor of tendon sheath) was performed using a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed to the Ia and monocyte-macrophage lineage antigens. In all types of lesion, osteoclastlike multinucleate giant cells were negative for both types of antigen, but a proportion of mononuclear cells gave positive reactions. While the possibility that these cells are reactive cannot be excluded, in giant cell tumor and malignant fibrous histiocytoma, their frequency and their morphologic similarity to the rest of the tissue suggest that they may be an intrinsic part of the neoplasm. This finding is consistent with the presumed fibrohistiocytic nature of these tumors.     

颗粒细胞瘤15例临床病理分析

目的探讨颗粒细胞瘤的组织起源及临床病理学特征。方法回顾分析15例颗粒细胞瘤的临床资料及组织学形态特征,并采用免疫组化(SP法)观察其免疫表型。结果良性颗粒细胞瘤13例,恶性颗粒细胞瘤2例。男性5例,女性10例,年龄19~69岁,平均年龄41·6岁,2例恶性颗粒细胞瘤年龄分别为67岁和69岁。良性颗粒细胞瘤直径0·4~5·3cm,平均2·3cm,2例恶性颗粒细胞瘤直径分别为6和14cm。均为单发病例,临床上主要表现为真皮、皮下或黏膜下孤立性无痛性结节,分别位于腰部3例、腋下、胸壁各2例,乳腺、上臂、子宫、肛周、声带、食管、结肠、舌部各1例。病理组织学上,良性颗粒细胞瘤的肿瘤细胞通常有比较丰富的嗜酸性颗粒状胞质和小而深染的胞核,而恶性颗粒细胞瘤的肿瘤细胞中可见带有明显核仁的空泡状核,细胞核明显异型及部分细胞呈梭形。免疫组化示神经标记物NSE、S-100蛋白强阳性,表达溶菌酶的标记物CD68也强阳性,而表达平滑肌和横纹肌的标记物SMA、MG均阴性。结论颗粒细胞瘤为来源于雪旺细胞的肿瘤,恶性者少见,大多发生在年龄大的患者,且肿瘤体积比较大。     

伴有巨细胞的血管外皮细胞瘤/孤立性纤维性肿瘤的临床病理观察

目的 探讨伴有巨细胞的血管外皮细胞瘤/孤立性纤维性肿瘤的病理学特点、诊断及鉴别诊断要点.方法 采用HE及免疫组织化学(EnVision法)方法 ,对7例分别发生于眼眶及眶外的伴有巨细胞的血管外皮细胞瘤/孤立性纤维性肿瘤进行病理学分析.结果 2例为发生于眼眶的肿瘤,其中1例为复发病例;5例为眶外肿瘤.镜下特征:肿瘤境界清楚,由无明显异型性的圆形或梭形的肿瘤细胞与胶原混杂组成,富含血管,部分区域形成假血管腔隙样结构,多核巨细胞衬于腔隙的内壁或散布于间质中.免疫组织化学标记显示肿瘤细胞和巨细胞表达CD34.7例均行肿块切除术,术后随访4例,均无复发.结论 伴有巨细胞的血管外皮细胞瘤/孤立性纤维性肿瘤是一种眼眶和眶外组织的中间型软组织肿瘤,局部切除多可治愈,组织学上需与巨细胞纤维母细胞瘤、软组织多形性透明变性血管扩张性肿瘤、血管瘤样型纤维组织细胞瘤相鉴别.     

The rise and fall of malignant fibrous histiocytoma

The term malignant fibrous histiocytoma was coined by Stout and associates in the 1960s to encompass pleomorphic soft tissue sarcomas presumably derived from histiocytes that are capable of fibroblastic transformation. The concept was reaffirmed in the following 2 decades and malignant fibrous histiocytoma thus was regarded as the most common soft tissue tumor in older adults. However, recent more critical clinicopathologic, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical studies have shown that malignant fibrous histiocytomas are not derived from histiocytic "facultative fibroblasts" and many neoplasms so diagnosed actually are pleomorphic subtypes of other sarcomas. Meticulous electron microscopic and immunohistochemical investigations also found that the more common storiform-pleomorphic, myxoid, and perhaps the giant cell subtypes are composed of variable mixtures of fibroblasts and phenotypically modulated fibroblastic cells, notably myofibroblasts and histiofibroblasts. On the basis of these findings, we propose a new classification for the above subtypes of so-called malignant fibrous histiocytoma, the majority of which are variants of pleomorphic fibrosarcoma.     

Primary giant cell tumor of soft tissues similar to bone giant cell tumor: A case report and literature review

In this report we describe a primary giant cell tumor (GCT) of soft tissues located in the left dorsal wrist of a 52-year-old man. Plain radiographs did not reveal any lesion in his carpal or hand bones. Although the tumor was clinically considered a ganglion initially, the microscopic features were identical to those found in classic GCT of bone. Light microscopy showed a lesion composed of a homogeneously mixed proliferation of spindle and polygonal mononucleated stromal cells and evenly distributed multinucleated, osteoclast-like giant cells. Whereas most bone tumors have an extraosseous counterpart, only 13 cases of GCT in soft tissues had been published until 1998. Moreover, 64 new cases have been reported in three series. Nevertheless, most major reviews and textbooks do not consider this tumor as a specific entity and regard it as a low grade variant of malignant GCT of soft tissue. We describe the clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical features of this rare benign neoplasm emphasizing the differential diagnosis with its malignant soft tissue counterpart, an ominous tumor.     

Bronchogenic sarcomatoid squamous cell carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells

A 60-year-old man developed a widely metastatic spindle cell neoplasm with admixed osteoclast-like giant cells indistinguishable from malignant giant cell tumor of soft parts. Autopsy revealed a bronchogenic sarcomatoid squamous cell carcinoma that was the primary source of the sarcomatoid metastases. The osteoclast-like giant cells in the metastatic lesions were negative for lysozyme on immunoperoxidase staining. This finding suggested that the multinucleated giant cells were not formed as a cellular response to hemorrhage or to cellular debris induced by the tumor. Extraosseous neoplasms with osteoclast-like giant cells are rare neoplasms that may occur in a variety of organs. This case is the second reported case of a primary neoplasm in the lung that contained these osteoclast-like giant cells. These tumors may cause considerable diagnostic confusion.     

Malignant giant cell tumor of bone

Summary The fine structure of the different cell types constituting a primary malignant giant cell tumor of bone has been studied and the localization of acid phosphatase in relation to the subcellular organelles been demonstrated. Three distinct cell types with characteristic ultrastructural features were observed: giant cells, fibroblast-like cells, and cells with abundant lipid inclusions and mitochondria. Certain differences were noted between these three cell types and their counterparts in benign giant cell tumors of bone (described in a separate report). The enzyme histochemical and morphological data suggested that the giant cells in the malignant tumor might possess a more active and expansive lysosomal apparatus than corresponding cells in the benign variant.This investigation has been aided by a grant from the Swedish Cancer Society (grant 77:64, project No. 617-B77-06XA)     

Histogenesis of malignant fibrous histiocytoma and giant-cell tumor of bone

Ten tumours: 5 malignant fibrous histiocytomas (2 with a primary site in the bone and 3 in the soft tissue), 3 giant cell bone tumours (one of them was malignant with metastasis to the lung) and 2 osteogenic sarcomas were studied in organ culture. The blood was added into some tumour pieces with a subsequent examination of blood phagocytosis by means of checking the hemosiderin granule accumulation in the cell cytoplasm. Malignant fibrous histiocytoma and giant cell bone tumour were very similar by the pattern of their growth and phagocytic activity of their cells; both differed strikingly from the osteogenic sarcoma. This implies the histogenetic similarity of malignant fibrous histiocytoma and giant cell tumour of the bone.     

Malignant giant cell tumor of the sphenoid

Malignant giant cell tumors (MGCTs) of the sphenoid sinus are extremely rare neoplasms. They are challenging to diagnose and difficult to treat because of their skull base location. To the best of our knowledge, we report the first case of a primary MGCT of the sphenoid arising in a patient with Paget's disease. A 77-year-old man presented with epistaxis and a history of Paget's disease. There was normal cranial nerve function although radiographic images disclosed a large mass centered in the sphenoid sinus and extending into the ethmoid and maxillary sinuses. Excisional biopsy revealed a MGCT composed of a cellular stroma with increased mitotic activity and necrosis with giant cells present throughout. Additional therapy was declined and the patient died with disease 7 months later. Because of their rarity, no treatment guidelines exist for the management of MGCTs of the sphenoid. We discuss both the diagnostic and therapeutic considerations based on a review of the pertinent literature.     

Primary giant cell malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the lung: A case report

A rare case of malignant fibrous histiocytoma of giant cell type originating in the lung of a 46-year-old woman is presented. The patient complained of having a cough that had lasted for a few weeks. A chest X-ray photograph showed a tumor shadow on the left lung. Histological and cytological examination of the biopsy specimen revealed that the tumor was a kind of sarcoma. An operative procedure was selected because of tumor invasion into the trunk of the left pulmonary artery, which was discovered on computed tomography examination, and because metastatic tumor was excluded clinically. The tumor was almost encapsulated and 6 x 6 x 6 cm in size; however, it also showed invasion into the pulmonary artery and bronchial lumen. A histological survey of the tumor showed a wide range of patterns such as fibrous, pleomorphic, fascicular and osteoclast-like giant cell figures; however, the osteoclast-like giant cell area was predominant. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for vimentin, CD68 for histiocytic marker and alpha1-antichymotrypsin, and negative for keratin, epithelial membrane antigen, S-100 protein, MT-1, desmin, myoglobin and lysosome. No primary tumor was found clinically in any part of the patient's body at 2 and 4 months after operation. Consequently, she was diagnosed as having primary giant cell malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the lung.     

恶性颗粒细胞瘤10例临床病理学观察及文献复习

目的 探讨恶性颗粒细胞瘤的临床病理学特征,评价组织学上诊断恶性的标准。方法 对10例恶性颗粒细胞瘤的临床资料和组织学形态进行回顾性分析,并采用免疫组织化学(LSAB法)和电镜检测研究其免疫表型和超微结构。结果男性4例,女性6例,年龄范围为27～73岁(平均46岁)。临床上,9例表现为皮下或深部软组织内无痛性生长的孤立性肿块,其中1例伴有周围神经症状。肿瘤位于下肢3例,乳腺2例,项部2例,胸壁、右颈部和盆腔者各1例。肿瘤直径2～11cm,平均4．8cm。镜下由成巢或成片的多边形细胞组成,胞质呈嗜伊红色颗粒状,与良性性颗粒细胞瘤极为相似,但仔细观察发现,9例显示至少下述形态中的3种：核增大呈空泡状并可见明显的核仁;多形性瘤细胞;核质比增大;瘤细胞趋向梭形;可见核分裂象;凝固性坏死。除经典性形态外,1例尚可见散在的多核性瘤细胞。余1例除局部区域显示核增大呈空泡状并可见明显的核仁外,其余形态均不明显,但临床上却呈恶性经过。9例均强阳性表达S-100蛋白和神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE),7例尚表达CD68。电镜观察显示瘤细胞胞质内充满大量退变的复合性溶酶体。随访7例,5例复发,4例转移,2例死于肿瘤。结论 (1)Fangburg-Smith等的组织学恶性标准具有较高的可重复性,但在少数情形下,最终诊断仍需结合肿瘤的生物学行为;(2)提议将核分裂象的标准修订为＞5／50HPF;(3)广泛性局部切除加上必要的区域淋巴结清扫仍是目前最主要的治疗手段,辅助性化疗和(或)放疗并不能明显改善患者的预后;(4)描述一种尚未见报道的多核性瘤细胞形态亚型。