绝经后妇女钙摄入量及膳食来源分布

为了解绝经后妇女膳食钙的摄入量,钙的食物来源以及膳食结构,对济南市区154名绝经后妇女进行了7d膳食调查及24h尿钙测定.膳食调查采用记录和称重相结合的方法,用原子吸收分光光度法测定尿钙,依据《食物成份表》计算12类食物的平均摄入量以及钙在各类食物中的分布,对膳食钙摄入量与尿钙排出量进行相关分析.结果显示,济南市区绝经后妇女平均每天膳食钙摄入量为349±112mg,占RDA的44%,奶类和豆类食品虽然钙含量丰富,但摄入量较少.在被调查者中,18%的人钙摄入量不足200mg/d,66%的人不足400mg/d,仅有6%的人大于800mg/d,24h尿钙排出量平均258±83mg/24h,占膳食摄入钙的74%,膳食摄入钙与尿钙排出量无显著相关性(r=0.018,P>0.05).建议绝经后妇女增加奶和豆类食品的摄入量或摄入适量的钙补充剂以使钙的摄入量(RDA)不低于1000～1200mg/d.     

24h尿钠法评估汕头市社区居民钠盐摄入情况

目的了解汕头市社区居民钠盐摄入情况及钠钾比,为高血压防控措施的制定提供依据。方法采用整群随机抽样方法抽取汕头市澄海区、龙湖区和金平区164名18~90岁居民,进行现场问卷调查和体格检查,并收集24 h尿液,记录尿量后检测尿液中尿钠、尿钾以及尿肌酐的含量。用SPSS 19.0进行t检验、χ~2检验和Pearson相关分析。结果平均每人每天尿量为(1 692.0±607.1)ml,平均24 h尿钠含量为(130.95±54.99)mmol,尿钾含量为(46.98±24.00)mmol,尿肌酐为(7.47±2.41)mmol,钠钾比为3.32±2.02(男性为3.58±1.96,女性为3.25±2.04),转换为钠盐摄入量为(7.65±3.21)g/d[男性为(7.49±3.12)g/d,女性为(7.70±3.25)g/d]。24 h钠肌酐比值及钾肌酐比值女性均明显高于男性,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),而不同性别间24 h尿钠、尿钾含量及钠钾比差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。24 h尿钠含量随着体质指数(BMI)的增高而上升(r=0.296,P<0.01)。钠盐摄入量与收缩压和舒张压间均呈明显的正相关(r值分别为0.224、0.275,P<0.01)。结论汕头市社区居民钠盐摄入量高于中国居民膳食指南推荐摄入量,且钠盐摄入水平与血压水平间呈正相关,仍需进一步控制钠盐摄入达标及适当增加钾盐的摄入量。     

南方食管癌高、低发区人群总N-亚硝基化合物接触水平

目的　评价南方食管癌高发区和低发区人群总N 亚硝基化合物 (TNOC)的接触水平。方法　在食管癌高发区南澳县和低发区陆丰县各随机选择 12 0名 35～ 6 4岁男性 ,采用双份饭法收集2 4h膳食和 12h尿液 ,测定TNOC、非挥发性亚硝胺和挥发性亚硝胺。结果　高发区膳食TNOC检出率(95 % )、膳食TNOC日摄入量 [(4 2 5± 0 84 ) μmol/d]和尿 12h排出量 [(1 76± 0 2 3)ng/ 12h]、膳食挥发性亚硝胺日摄入量 [(2 6 6± 31 2 ) μg/d]均高于低发区。食管癌死亡率分别与膳食TNOC日摄入量和尿TNOC排泄量呈等级正相关关系。尿非挥发性亚硝胺排泄量两地无差异。结论　南方食管癌高发区人群TNOC的接触水平明显高于低发区人群     

孕期不同钙摄入量对孕产妇钙代谢的影响

目的　研究孕期不同钙摄入量对孕产妇钙代谢的影响。方法　 36名孕妇通过膳食指导和监测按钙摄入量水平随机分为传统膳食组、膳食钙干预组和膳食加钙剂联合干预组 ,对孕产期有关钙代谢指标、骨钙素及产后 45天骨密度监测。结果　血清钙磷各期各组间无差异 ( P>0 .0 5) ,随孕期进展钙吸收率、钙贮留量、血清碱性磷酸酶和尿羟脯氨酸增加 ,孕末期达高峰 ,产后下降 ;骨钙素也增加 ,产后仍增加 ;粪钙和尿钙降低 ,产后粪钙略增加而尿钙明显降低。母体腰椎骨密度组间差异显蓍 ( P<0 .0 1 )。钙摄入量与尿钙、钙贮留量和骨钙素呈正相关 ( r>0 .53,P<0 .0 1 ) ,与钙吸收率呈负相关 ( r=- 0 .51 ,P<0 .0 1 )。结论　我国传统膳食导致孕期低钙摄入情况下 ,母体虽可通过降低尿钙和粪钙的排泄 ,增加肠道钙吸收率和骨钙动员等调节 ,维持胎儿钙需要和自身血钙稳定 ,产生对摄入低钙的适应 ,但这种适应是有限的 ,不能达到较高钙贮留来满足妊娠期钙需要 ,对自身骨健康和代谢有一定影响 ,因此孕期应强调富钙食物、钙剂和 VD的补充     

碘用食物频率问卷对在校大学生碘摄入水平调查的应用研究

目的探讨针对北方在校大学生碘营养评价而设计的碘用食物频率问卷(I-FFQ)在个体碘摄入水平评估中的应用效果和反映个体实际碘摄入水平的能力。方法针对北方在校大学生设计一份评价其碘摄入水平的I-FFQ,选取30名志愿者,平均年龄(22.0±1.5)岁,对过去半年的膳食情况进行问卷调查,并用双份饭法收集连续3d的膳食样品进行碘含量测定同时收集3d 24h尿样测定尿碘排出量。结果 I-FFQ调查显示30位志愿者的平均碘摄入量为261.18μg/d,双份饭法3d膳食碘摄入量测定值为219.51μg/d,3d 24h尿碘排出量中位数为221.35μg/d。I-FFQ与双份饭结果显著相关(r=0.497,P=0.005),24h尿碘排出量占I-FFQ碘摄入量的86%,两者之间显著相关(r=0.471,P=0.009)。结论针对碘营养水平设计的I-FFQ问卷,简便易行,可以作为快速评价北方在校大学生个体碘摄入状况及碘营养水平的有效工具,为公众提供个体碘营养评价技术支撑。     

我军部分陆勤部队常量元素摄入量调查

目的调查我军部分陆勤部队膳食常量元素摄入量,为修订军队营养素供给量标准提供依据。方法选择南北方步兵、通信兵、炮兵、装甲兵、防化兵、二炮等32个基层伙食单位,采用5 d称重法进行膳食调查,计算钙、磷、钾、钠、镁的摄入量。结果所调查的我军陆勤部队膳食钙、磷、钾、钠、镁平均摄入量分别为650.01、471.12、697.11、0 128.64、20.9 mg,部分元素南北方部队膳食摄入量有一定差异,但无明显规律性。结论我军某些陆勤部队膳食钙摄入量偏低,钠和磷摄入量偏高,有必要调整膳食结构,达到平衡膳食的要求。     

1989—2018年中国15个省(自治区、直辖市)18～35岁成年人部分矿物质摄入现状及其变化趋势

目的 分析中国15个省(自治区、直辖市)18～35岁成年人1989—2018年部分矿物质摄入量,了解其变化趋势。方法 利用开放性纵向追踪队列研究“中国健康与营养调查(1989—2018年)”11轮的随访调查数据,选取18～35岁成年人为研究对象。个人连续3天24小时膳食回顾法结合家庭称重记账法进行膳食调查,计算钙、磷、钾、钠、镁、铁、锌、硒、铜和锰10种矿物质的膳食摄入量,利用非参数统计方法分析摄入量随年份的变化趋势。将膳食矿物质摄入量与平均需要量进行比较,膳食矿物质摄入不足风险的人群比例的变化趋势利用Cochran-Armitage趋势检验分析。针对2018年不同人口特征分析膳食摄矿物质的摄入状况。结果 2018年青年人膳食矿物质的摄入量中位数分别为钙302.96 mg/d、磷887.91 mg/d、钾1451.69 mg/d、钠3760.09 mg/d、镁238.50 mg/d、铁19.40 mg/d、锌9.91 mg/d、硒43.54μg/d、铜1.41 mg/d和锰4.59 mg/d,并且不同性别间摄入量差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。城市地区钙、钾、硒膳食摄入量显著高...     

膳食中铝和几种元素的相互影响

采用化学分析法测定大学生膳食中铝、钙、镁、锌、铁、磷的摄入量及各元素间的相互影响发现,大学生膳食中铝的摄入量平均为每人4.59mg/d,钙、锌、铁的摄入量分别为供给量的40~1％、81.8％、191.1％,建议应增加富含钙食品的摄入。在摄入高铝(33.88mg·Capita~(-1)·d~(-1))状态下,短期内对血清中铝、钙、镁、锌、铁含量影响不显著,多元逐步回归分析血清铝与磷摄入量存在正相关,与镁摄入量存在负相关。     

食物频率问卷法评估1-3岁幼儿营养素摄入量准确性及重现性研究

目的食物频率问卷法(FFQ)问卷评估1³岁幼儿膳食能量和营养素摄入量的准确性及重现性进行验证。方法采用分层整群随机抽样方式在中国北京分别选取2个社区卫生服务中心,随机抽取60名13岁幼儿膳食能量和营养素摄入量的准确性及重现性进行验证。方法采用分层整群随机抽样方式在中国北京分别选取2个社区卫生服务中心,随机抽取60名1²岁幼儿和60名22岁幼儿和60名2³岁幼儿,使用24h膳食回顾(24HDR)和FFQ收集其食物摄入资料,调查共两轮,间隔时间2个月,通过两轮24HDR和FFQ的均值间的比较进行FFQ准确性研究,首轮FFQ1结果与二轮FFQ2结果之间的比较进行FFQ重现性研究。结果由24 HDR计算得到的对象能量摄入为4.64kJ(1108kcal)/d,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物摄入分别为41.4、44.7和146.9g/d。由FFQ得到的能量摄入量为4.76kJ(1138 kcal)/d,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物摄入量分别为46.2、63.9和136 g/d,两种方法调查所得的膳食能量、蛋白质、碳水化合物及其供能比无显著性差异,FFQ显著高估膳食脂肪摄入量(高估42.9%)。FFQ得到的膳食维生素和矿物质的摄入量普遍高于24HDR,但低估了钠和硒的摄入量。由FFQ得到的能量和营养素摄入,只有能量、碳水化合物及其供能比、膳食纤维、维生素A、B2、钙和磷在能量调整后与24HDR呈显著正相关,相关系数在0.33岁幼儿,使用24h膳食回顾(24HDR)和FFQ收集其食物摄入资料,调查共两轮,间隔时间2个月,通过两轮24HDR和FFQ的均值间的比较进行FFQ准确性研究,首轮FFQ1结果与二轮FFQ2结果之间的比较进行FFQ重现性研究。结果由24 HDR计算得到的对象能量摄入为4.64kJ(1108kcal)/d,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物摄入分别为41.4、44.7和146.9g/d。由FFQ得到的能量摄入量为4.76kJ(1138 kcal)/d,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物摄入量分别为46.2、63.9和136 g/d,两种方法调查所得的膳食能量、蛋白质、碳水化合物及其供能比无显著性差异,FFQ显著高估膳食脂肪摄入量(高估42.9%)。FFQ得到的膳食维生素和矿物质的摄入量普遍高于24HDR,但低估了钠和硒的摄入量。由FFQ得到的能量和营养素摄入,只有能量、碳水化合物及其供能比、膳食纤维、维生素A、B2、钙和磷在能量调整后与24HDR呈显著正相关,相关系数在0.3⁰.5之间。能量和营养素摄入在两轮FFQ间的Spearman相关系数在0.208(胡萝卜素)0.5之间。能量和营养素摄入在两轮FFQ间的Spearman相关系数在0.208(胡萝卜素)⁰.593(脂肪)之间,且均呈显著性相关。结论 FFQ可以用于评估10.593(脂肪)之间,且均呈显著性相关。结论 FFQ可以用于评估1³岁幼儿膳食能量、碳水化物、膳食纤维、维生素A、维生素B2、钙和磷的摄入量,但FFQ不适于评估膳食脂肪、蛋白质及其他微量元素的摄入量。[营养学报,2014,36(1):45-48]     

人群两次24小时尿量及食盐摄入量关联性分析

  目的   分析两次24 h尿量和尿盐排出量, 探讨24 h尿用于评估群体和个体食盐摄入量的价值。   方法   于2013-2014年在山东省和江苏省4个项目县, 采用多阶段整群随机抽样的方法, 抽取18~69岁调查对象进行问卷调查并收集间隔1 d两次24 h尿液, 比较两次24 h尿量的差异, 从个体和群体两个层面分析两次24 h尿盐排出量的差异。   结果   1 288名研究对象年龄为(42.3±14.0)岁, 男性626名(48.6%)。24 h平均尿量为(1 462±437)ml, 第1次24 h尿量(1 427±488)ml低于第2次24 h尿量(1 498±552)ml(t=-4.439, P < 0.001)。调查对象每日食盐摄入量为(9.8±3.3)g, 男性每日食盐摄入量(10.1±3.5)g高于女性(9.5±3.1)g(t=3.09, P=0.002), 不同年龄组人群每日食盐摄入量差异有统计学意义(F=7.57, P < 0.001), 1 136名(88.2%)研究对象每日食盐摄入量高于推荐值。从个体层面比较, 调查对象两次24 h尿盐排出量绝对差异 < 1 g, 人数为279(21.7%), 而有48.5%的调查对象差异 > 3 g。从群体层面比较, 调查对象两次24 h尿盐排出量分别为(9.9±4.1)g和(9.7±4.0)g, 差异无统计学意义(P=0.102), 两次24 h尿盐排出量的组内相关系数为0.508(95% CI:0.451~0.559)。   结论   本研究结果提示24 h尿钠能较好评估人群食盐摄入量, 但不能准确反映个体食盐摄入量。     

Self-Reported Taste Preference Can Be a Proxy for Daily Sodium Intake in Middle-Aged Japanese Adults

Reducing dietary salt intake remains a challenging issue in the management of chronic disease. Taste preference is suspected to be an important proxy index of daily sodium consumption. This study examined the difference in daily sodium intake according to self-reported taste preference for miso soup as representative of homemade cooking in middle-aged urban Japanese adults. Among 896 candidates randomly selected from examinees of cancer screening provided by the National Cancer Center, Japan, 143 men and women participated in this cross-sectional study. During the period from May 2007 through April 2008, participants provided a food frequency questionnaire, which included information on taste preference and dietary behaviors, a weighed food record over 4 consecutive days, a simultaneous 24-hour urine collection, and a sample of miso soup as it is usually prepared in the home. Mean 24-hour urinary sodium excretion and daily sodium intake were compared according to the self-reported taste preference for miso soup. Taste preference was significantly associated with both 24-hour urinary sodium excretion (trend P<0.01) and daily sodium intake (trend P=0.01), with a corresponding regression coefficient per 1 rank preference increment of 403 mg and 315 mg/day, respectively. The observed association between preference and urinary excretion was attenuated by further adjustment for discretionary salt-related behaviors. These findings suggest that self-reported taste preference for homemade cooking is a defining feature of daily sodium intake through discretionary salt-related dietary behaviors. A reduction in daily sodium consumption per 1 rank light preference was estimated to equate to approximately 1 g salt/day.     

Does dietary recall adequately assess sodium, potassium, and calcium intake in hypertensive patients?

OBJECTIVE: A diet low in sodium, high in potassium, and high in calcium is recommended to lower blood pressure. However, compliance with this diet is poor, probably because of dietary intake underestimation. Therefore, we compared electrolyte intake as estimated from dietary recall with a 24-h urinary excretion. METHODS: Thirty-six patients (26 men and 10 women) with a mean age of 46 +/- 8 y participated in the study. All participants had essential hypertension and were on no drug therapy (n = 20) or non-diuretic monotherapy (n = 16). Patients were instructed to consume a low-sodium (50 mmol/d), high-potassium (supplementation with 30 to 60 mmol/d), and high-calcium (1000 mg/d) diet. Compliance with the diet was assessed at baseline and then 1, 2, and 3 mo after starting the diet. Sodium, potassium, and calcium intakes were carefully estimated from patients' dietary recall and 24-h urinary collection. RESULTS: Estimated sodium intake significantly correlated with 24-h urinary excretion (R = 0.43 P < 0.001). However, estimated sodium intake was lower than urinary sodium excretion by 34% at baseline and by 47% after 3 mo of dieting (P < 0.05). Estimated potassium intake correlated with 24-h urinary excretion. Estimated calcium intake significantly increased from 933 +/- 83 mg/d to 1029 +/- 171 mg/d (P < 0.05). Calcium intake derived from patients' recall far exceeded and only slightly correlated with 24-h urinary excretion (R = 0.23, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Patients tend to underestimate their sodium intake by 30% to 50%; therefore, urinary sodium excretion is more accurate to assess sodium intake. Thus, 24-h urinary sodium excretion should be used in clinical practice and in clinical trials, especially when dietary non-compliance is suspected.     

Calciuric Effects of Short-Term Dietary Loading of Protein,Sodium Chloride and Potassium Citrate in Prepubescent Girls

Objective: Studies using adult human subjects indicate that dietary protein and sodium chloride have negative effects on the retention of calcium by increasing urinary calcium excretion, while alkaline potassium improves calcium retention along with decreasing urinary calcium losses. This study investigated the effect of these dietary factors on acute urinary calcium excretion in 14 prepubescent girls age 6.7 to 10.0 years.

Methods: Subjects provided a fasting urine sample then consumed a meal containing one of five treatments: moderate protein (MP) providing 11.8 g protein, moderate protein plus 26 mmol sodium chloride (MP+Na), high protein (HP) providing 28.8 g protein, high protein plus 26 mmol sodium chloride (HP+Na), or high protein plus 32 mmol potassium as tripotassium citrate (HP+K). Urine was collected at 1.5 and 3.0 hours after the meal. Supplemental protein was given as 80:20 casein:lactalbumin. Test meals were isocaloric, and unless intentionally altered, components of interest except phosphate were equal between treatments. Each subject completed all five treatments.

Results: Urinary calcium excretion rose after the meal, peaking at 1.5 hours. There were no significant differences in calcium excretion between treatments at any time point. The high protein treatments did not result in a significant increase in either net acid or sulfate excretion at 1.5 hours compared to moderate protein. Dietary sodium chloride had no effect on urinary sodium or calcium excretion over the 3 hours. After the potassium treatment, sodium excretion increased (p≤0.002) and net acid excretion decreased (p<0.001) compared to other treatments at 1.5 hours.

Conclusions: In children, a simultaneous increase in protein and phosphorus due to increased milk protein intake did not increase acute urinary calcium excretion. An effect of dietary sodium chloride on acute urinary calcium excretion was not observed. Both these findings were similar to those of adult studies previously conducted in the same laboratory using similar format and treatments. Potassium citrate was not hypocalciuric in children, a response differing from that for adults, who have shown a decrease in acute urinary calcium excretion in response to alkaline potassium treatment. Further characterization of calciuric responses to dietary factors is required for children, who may differ from adults in many respects.     

Sodium chloride supplementation and urinary calcium excretion in postmenopausal women

It was hypothesized that variations within the range of usual salt intakes of North Americans influence urinary excretion of calcium in healthy postmenopausal women. The effects of sodium chloride supplements of 0.51, and 102 mmol/d, randomly assigned to 17 healthy, noninstitutionalized, postmenopausal women consuming their usual diets were compared. Diets and discretionary salt intake were repeated exactly for three experimental periods of 4 d each for 3 consecutive weeks. Supplementing with 51 mmol NaCl/d increased average daily urinary excretion of Ca, Na, and Cl by 0.5, 51.0, and 48.9 mmol respectively, urine pH by 0.1, and serum Cl by 1.5 mmol/L (p less than 0.05). Supplementing with 102 mmol/d induced additional increases in these variables (p less than 0.05). Assuming a total body mass of 900 g Ca and no decrease in renal or fecal losses, additions of 51 and 102 mmol/d NaCl to the diet for 10 y would mobilize Ca stores of 7.5% and 10%, respectively, and could thus constitute a risk factor for osteoporosis.     

The interrelation of urinary calcium and sodium intake in healthy elderly Japanese

To evaluate whether habitual excess sodium intake is significant as a risk factor for calcium loss in elderly Japanese, a relationship between calcium excretion and sodium excretion was studied in 39 male and 44 female Japanese, aged 60 and over. They are healthy, free-living and consuming a self-selected diet. A significant positive correlation between urinary calcium excretion and sodium excretion per 24-hour was observed both in males (r = .415, p less than 0.01) and in females (r = .330, p less than 0.05). The relationship was still significant even after adjustment for sex, age, body mass index, alkaline phosphatase levels and protein as well as calcium and phosphorus intake. It was estimated that the increase in urinary calcium excretion was about 1.0 mmol/day per 100 mmol increase in urinary sodium excretion.     

Sodium, potassium, body mass, alcohol and blood pressure in three United Kingdom centres (the INTERSALT study)

Standardised data on blood pressure, 24 h urinary electrolyte excretion, body mass index (BMI) and alcohol intake were collected as part of the INTERSALT study in 598 men and women aged 20-59 years, selected randomly from three population groups in the United Kingdom. For the three centres combined, mean systolic blood pressure was 121.4 mm Hg and diastolic pressure 72.1 mm Hg, urinary sodium excretion 152.1 mmol/24 h, urinary potassium excretion 61.0 mmol/24 h, urinary sodium/potassium ratio 2.64 and BMI 25.2 kg/m2. Prevalence of heavy alcohol drinking in men (greater than or equal to 300 ml/week) was 27.5 per cent. Applying overall INTERSALT regression coefficients to the United Kingdom data suggested that modest changes in average sodium and potassium intakes, together with reductions in the prevalence of obesity and (in men) of heavy alcohol drinking could lead to important reductions in average population blood pressures and the prevalence of hypertension. The potential of this multifactorial approach to blood pressure control was illustrated by stratifying individuals within each of the United Kingdom centres by sodium and potassium excretion, BMI and alcohol intake. The 20 (out of 299) men considered at 'lower risk' for high blood pressure with respect to the above variables had systolic pressure lower by 11 mm Hg (P less than 0.01); for the 27 (out of 299) 'lower risk' women, systolic pressure was lower by 5 mm Hg (P = 0.06). These non-pharmacological approaches towards more favourable blood pressure levels could be accompanied by reductions in mortality from stroke and coronary heart disease.     

Urinary Sodium Excretion and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Older Adults

Despite the well-known benefits of the Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet), data on the sodium intake is scarce. This study aimed to quantify the association between sodium excretion and the adherence to the MedDiet in the elderly. A representative sample of 1500 Portuguese adults (≥65 years) was assessed (1321 were eligible for the present analysis). A 24 h urine sample was collected and analysed for creatinine and sodium. Excessive sodium intake was defined as above 2000 mg/day. The adherence to the MedDiet was assessed by the PREDIMED. A binary logistic regression model was conducted to evaluate the association between urinary sodium excretion and the adherence to the MedDiet. Odds Ratios (OR) and respective 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI) were calculated. Excessive sodium excretion was observed in 80.0% of men and 91.5% of women whereas a high adherence to the MedDiet was reported by 42.2% of women and 46.4% of men. After adjusting for confounders, excessive sodium excretion was associated with a high adherence to the MedDiet in men (OR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.03–3.65) but not in women. These results show that the MedDiet can be an important source of sodium and highlight the need for implementing strategies to reduce sodium intake when following a MedDiet.     

The DASH diet and sodium reduction improve markers of bone turnover and calcium metabolism in adults

Dietary strategies to prevent and treat osteoporosis focus on increased intake of calcium and vitamin D. Modification of whole dietary patterns and sodium reduction may also be effective. We examined the effects of two dietary patterns and three sodium levels on bone and calcium metabolism in a randomized feeding study. A total of 186 adults, aged 23-76 y, participated. After a 2-wk run-in period, participants were assigned randomly to diets containing three levels of sodium (50, 100 and 150 mmol/d) to be consumed for 30 d in random order. Serum osteocalcin (OC), C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), fasting serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), urinary sodium, potassium, calcium and cAMP were measured at baseline and at the end of each sodium period. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet reduced serum OC by 8-11% and CTX by 16-18% (both P < 0.001). Urinary calcium excretion did not differ between subjects that consumed the DASH and control diets. Reducing sodium from the high to the low level significantly decreased serum OC 0.6 microg/L in subjects that consumed the DASH diet, fasting serum PTH 2.66 ng/L in control subjects and urinary calcium 0.5 mmol/24 h in both groups. There were no consistent effects of the diets or sodium levels on urinary cAMP. In conclusion, the DASH diet significantly reduced bone turnover, which if sustained may improve bone mineral status. A reduced sodium intake reduced calcium excretion in both diet groups and serum OC in the DASH group. The DASH diet and reduced sodium intake may have complementary, beneficial effects on bone health.     

Urinary Sodium and Potassium Levels and Blood Pressure in Population with High Sodium Intake

The purpose of this study was to examine the association of urinary sodium-to-creatinine ratio and potassium-to-creatinine ratio with blood pressure in a cross-sectional study comprising Korean adults who participated in the Healthy Twin Study. The participants consisted of 2653 men and women in the Healthy Twin Study aged ≥19 years. Participants’ urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, and creatinine was measured from overnight half-day urine samples. Food intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. We examined systolic and diastolic blood pressures according to sodium- or potassium-to-creatinine ratios using the generalized linear model. We determined food groups explaining high urinary sodium- or potassium-to-creatinine ratio using the reduced rank regression and calculated sodium- or potassium-contributing food score. We observed that systolic blood pressure was higher among men and women in the highest quintile of urinary sodium-to-creatinine ratio or sodium-to-potassium ratio than it was in the lowest quintile. Geometric means (95% CIs) of the lowest and the highest quintiles of systolic blood pressure (mmHg) were 113.4 (111.8–115.0) and 115.6 (114.1–117.2; P for trend = 0.02), respectively, for sodium-to-creatinine ratio. The association between urinary sodium-to-creatinine and systolic blood pressure was more pronounced among individuals whose body mass index (BMI) was less than 25 kg/m² (P for interaction = 0.03). We found that vegetables, kimchi and seaweed intake contributed to high sodium intake and a sodium-contributing food score were associated with increased blood pressure. In our study, we identified the food groups contributing to high sodium intake and found that high urinary sodium levels were associated with increasing blood pressure among Korean adults.     

Balancing Sodium and Potassium: Estimates of Intake in a New Zealand Adult Population Sample

Dietary intakes of sodium and potassium are important determinants of blood pressure. We assessed sodium and potassium intake in a cross-sectional survey which included a random sample of New Zealand Adults aged 18 to 64 years from two New Zealand cities: Dunedin and Wellington. Participants completed a short questionnaire, had height, weight and blood pressure measured, and collected a 24 h urine sample. Mean 24 h sodium excretion was 3386 mg/day (95% CI 3221, 3551): 3865 mg/day for men and for 2934 mg/day women. Mean 24 h potassium excretion was 2738 mg/day (95% CI 2623, 2855): 3031 mg/day for men and 2436 mg/day for women. Mean sodium:potassium ratio was 1.32 (95% CI 1.26, 1.39); 1.39 for men and 1.26 for women. Sodium intake was higher among younger people, men, those with a higher BMI and higher potassium excretion. Potassium excretion was higher among older people, men and those with a higher sodium excretion. New Zealand adults have high sodium intakes and low potassium intakes compared to recommended levels. This is likely to adversely affect population blood pressure levels as well as incidence of cardiovascular disease. A comprehensive public health programme to reduce dietary sodium intake and increase intake of fruit and vegetables is warranted.