不同程度的缺氧缺血对新生大鼠神经元凋亡和星形胶质细胞增生的影响

目的 探讨不同程度的缺氧缺血(HI)对新生大鼠神经元凋亡和星形胶质细胞增生的影响.方法 72只日龄为7 d的Wistar大鼠随机平均分为假手术对照组、轻度HI组和重度HI组.后两组大鼠行右颈总动脉结扎,分剐置于含8%氧的密闭氧舱内34.5℃、40 min和35.5℃、65 min.用免疫组化法观察脑内胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)表达的变化;TUNEL染色评估细胞凋亡.结果 与假手术对照组相比,轻度HI后48 h和1周缺血侧脑皮质与白质GFAP阳性细胞数均明显增加(P＜0.01,P＜0.05),有些区域GFAP阳性细胞增多可持续至4周(P＜0.05);重度HI后48 h和1周脑皮质与白质GFAP阳性细胞数明显多于假手术对照组(P＜0.01)和轻度HI组(P＜0.05),4周时GFAP阳性细胞不再增加.与假手术对照组相比,轻度HI后48 h、1周和4周,缺血侧皮质下白质TUNEL阳性细胞数量均明显增加(P＜0.05),而皮质阳性细胞数量无明显变化.重度HI后48 h缺血侧皮质与白质TUNEL阳性细胞数量均明显增加(P＜0.01),1周和4周梗死周边区TUNEL阳性细胞数量仍增加(P＜0.05).结论 轻度缺氧缺血细胞凋亡主要局限于皮质下白质,星形胶质细胞增生持续较久;重度缺氧缺血可致缺血侧大脑半球广泛的细胞凋亡,星形胶质细胞增生短暂且强烈.     

HIBD新生大鼠海马神经元血红素加氧酶-1的表达及纳洛酮的干预作用

目的:研究新生大鼠脑缺氧缺血(hypoxia-ischemia,H/I)后血红素加氧酶-1(heme oxygenase,HO-1)活性和蛋白表达的变化?海马神经元凋亡及纳洛酮注射液的干预作用?方法:新生7日龄SD大鼠随机分为3组:假手术组(S)?生理盐水对照组(C)?纳洛酮干预组(N)?每组按照观测的时间点(H/I后3 h?6 h?12 h?24 h?3 d?7 d)分为6个亚组,每个亚组8只?用Rice法制备新生大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤(hypoxic-ischemic brain damage,HIBD)模型?将大鼠断头取右侧海马组织匀浆,Western blot 方法测HO-1蛋白表达,分光光度计法检测HO-1活性变化,用TUNEL染色法检测海马CA1区的细胞凋亡?结果:① Western blot 显示S组海马HO-1表达很弱,各时间点表达无差异(P > 0.05),C组和N组右侧海马HO-1表达在H/I后3 h即明显增加(P < 0.01),24 h达到峰值,3 d后明显下降,7 d接近S组,但仍较正常偏高(P < 0.01),N组在12 h?24 h?3 d?7 d海马HO-1表达均较C组高(P < 0.01)?② C组和N组右侧海马HO-1活性在H/I后3 h即明显增加(P < 0.01),H/I后24 h海马HO-1活性达到峰值,3 d后明显下降,7 d接近S组(P = 0.168),N组在12 h?24 h?3 d海马HO-1活性均较C组高(P < 0.01)?③TUNEL显示S组各时间点右侧海马CA1区仅见少量凋亡细胞,H/I后3 h C组和N组右侧海马神经元凋亡细胞数即明显增加(P < 0.01),24 h达到高峰,3 d开始下降,7 d时仍高于S组(P < 0.01),N组凋亡数在24 h?3 d?7 d这3个时间点上均较C组明显下降(P < 0.01)?结论:H/I后脑海马组织细胞中HO-1活性及蛋白表达均增加,与H/I后海马组织的细胞凋亡趋势相一致,在时间上吻合,表明HO-1参与了新生大鼠H/I后细胞凋亡的病理过程,纳洛酮注射液能够促进HO-1的表达及活性,抑制神经元凋亡,发挥神经保护作用?     

红藻氨酸致痫大鼠海马区神经元凋亡的动态变化

目的探讨红藻氨酸(kainic acid,KA)诱导的大鼠癫痫状态海马神经元的形态学变化、凋亡情况及抗痫药物的神经保护作用.方法90只Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、KA组和卡马西平(CBZ)组,后两组再按癫痫发作后1 h、4h、12h、24h、48h和72h不同时点分为6个亚组.KA注射后,观察大鼠癫痫发作后的行为学变化;采用HE染色法观察大鼠癫痫状态海马CA1、CA3区神经元形态学改变;采用原位细胞凋亡检测法观察癫痫状态海马CA1、CA3区神经元凋亡情况.结果KA注射后,大鼠出现严重的惊厥;在癫痫发作后12h,海马CA1区、CA3区开始出现凋亡细胞[CA1区:KA组(6.53±1.36)个,CBZ组(5.85±1.68)个;CA3区:KA组(9.58±1.63)个,CBZ组(7.36±1.27)个],48h凋亡细胞达到峰值(P＜0.01)[CA1区:KA组(42.263±3.28)个,CBZ组(35.39±2.36)个;CA3区:KA组(57.64±12.76)个,CBZ组(38.37±13.65)个].经CBZ干预后凋亡细胞明显减少(P＜0.05).结论癫痫发作后的迟发性神经元死亡很可能是由凋亡引起的,CBZ可抑制癫痫状态海马神经元凋亡.     

幼鼠惊厥持续状态脑损伤时依达拉奉的神经保护作用

目的 观察幼年大鼠惊厥持续状态后海马CA1区神经细胞损伤的情况,探讨依达拉奉对惊厥性脑损伤是否具有保护作用。方法 采用随机数字表法将195只幼年大鼠分为3组,依达拉奉组、惊厥持续状态组和对照组,每组65只,各组再按处死时间点不同分为4、12、24、48和72h5个亚组,每个亚组13只。采用氯化锂-匹罗卡品法制作惊厥持续状态模型,使用依达拉奉进行干预,并观察各组幼年大鼠出现惊厥发作的行为学表现;利用HE染色观察幼年大鼠脑神经元病理形态,电镜观察海马CA1区超微结构变化,原位末端标记（TUNEL）法观察神经元凋亡情况。结果两组大鼠5级惊厥率和平均惊厥潜伏期比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;与对照组相比,惊厥持续状态组和依达拉奉组12、24、48和72h海马CA1区TUNEL阳性细胞数差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;在惊厥持续状态后,依达拉奉组12、24、48和72h海马CA1区TUNEL阳性细胞数均较惊厥持续状态组下降（P＜0.01）,但在4h,两组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论惊厥持续状态可导致幼年大鼠海马神经元损伤,依达拉奉预处理能减轻幼年大鼠惊厥持续状态后海马神经元损伤程度,提示依达拉奉对幼年大鼠惊厥持续状态后脑损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

内质网应激相关因子CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白在蛛网膜下腔出血后早期脑损伤中的作用

目的 探讨内质网应激相关因子CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白（CHOP）的表达及其在蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）后早期脑损伤（EBI）中的作用。方法 选取健康雄性SD大鼠78只,采用随机数字表法将其分为空白对照组（6只）、假手术组（36只）与SAH组（36只）。将假手术组和SAH组分别于1、6、12、24、48、72 h,采用简单随机抽样法选取6只大鼠处死。比较各组不同时间点光镜及电镜下大鼠海马神经元形态改变、CHOP相对表达水平、海马神经元凋亡细胞水平及神经行为学评分。结果 3组大鼠6、12、24、48 h时CHOP相对表达水平比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;其中SAH组大鼠6、12、24、48 h时CHOP相对表达水平均高于空白对照组和假手术组（P＜0.05）。空白对照组和假手术组大鼠不同时间点CHOP相对表达水平比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。空白对照组与假手术组仅有极少数海马神经元凋亡细胞;SAH组1 h海马神经元未见明显凋亡改变;SAH组6、12 h海马神经元凋亡细胞较前增多,部分散在的海马神经元凋亡细胞的细胞核呈棕褐色;SAH组24 h海马神经元凋亡细胞明显增多;SAH组48 h海马神经元凋亡细胞逐渐减少,72 h可见少量海马神经元凋亡细胞。3组大鼠6、12、24、48 h时海马神经元凋亡细胞水平比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;其中SAH组大鼠6、12、24、48 h时海马神经元凋亡细胞水平均高于空白对照组和假手术组（P＜0.01）。空白对照组和假手术组大鼠不同时间点海马神经元凋亡细胞水平比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。空白对照组、假手术组及SAH组大鼠实验前神经行为学评分比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。3组大鼠6、12、24、48 h时神经行为学评分比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;其中SAH组大鼠6、12、24、48 h时神经行为学评分均低于空白对照组和假手术组（P＜0.01）。空白对照组和假手术组大鼠不同时间点神经行为学评分比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。SAH组CHOP相对表达水平与海马神经元凋亡细胞水平呈正相关（r=0.933,P＜0.01）。结论 SAH后早期CHOP表达增高,海马神经元凋亡细胞增多,神经行为学评分降低,提示CHOP在SAH后内质网应激诱导的细胞凋亡中发挥重要作用。     

PDTC 对惊厥持续状态大鼠海马细胞凋亡及 TLR4、caspase-3表达的影响

目的观察大鼠惊厥持续状态后海马中 Toll 样受体 4（TLR4）、NF-κB 和半胱氨酸蛋白酶 -3（caspase-3）的动态表 达及神经细胞凋亡的变化,探讨吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸盐（PDTC）对惊厥后脑损伤的可能保护机制。 方法 将 106 只 SD 大鼠随机 分为 0.9%氯化钠组（A 组）、SC 组（B 组）和 PDTC 组（C 组）,B 组根据大鼠惊厥后处死时间（4、24、48 和 72h）,分为 B1~B4 组,B 组和 C 组大鼠惊厥持续状态模型的制作采用氯化锂 - 匹罗卡品法,C 组在大鼠制模成功后,每天腹腔注射 PDTC（100mg/kg）1 次,连用 3d,于惊厥后 72h 处死。电镜观察海马超微结构改变;免疫组化法测定大鼠海马 NF-κB/p65 的表达;RT-PCR 法检测海马 TLR4、 caspase-3 mRNA 表达的动态变化;TUNEL 法检测神经细胞凋亡数的变化。 结果 B 组大鼠海马神经元超微结构损伤存在动态变 化,72h 内病变进行性加重;C 组大鼠病理改变较 B4 组减轻。B1~B4 组海马神经元胞核内有不同程度 NF-кB/p65 的表达,且较 A 组 明显升高（P＜0.05 或 0.01）。C 组较 B4 组 NF-κB/p65 表达明显下降（P＜0.01）。B1~B4 组 TLR4、caspase-3 mRNA 的表达量均高 于 A 组 （P＜0.05 或 0.01）,且随时间延长逐渐升高,72h 达到高峰;C 组 TLR4、caspase-3 mRNA 的表达较 B4 组明显降低 （P＜ 0.05）。B 组在惊厥 24h 后海马 CA1 区 TUNEL 阳性细胞数已明显高于 A 组（P＜0.01）,72h 达高峰,而 C 组 TUNEL 阳性细胞数较 B4 组明显下降（P＜0.01）。 结论 惊厥持续状态后大鼠海马 TLR4、NF-κB/p65 和 caspase-3 的表达增强。NF-κB 抑制剂 PDTC 可 以下调 TLR4 和 caspase-3 的表达,并使神经细胞凋亡减轻;提示 TLR4/NF-κB 信号通路在惊厥后海马细胞凋亡的发生、发展过程 中起促进作用。     

神经生长因子对新生大鼠HIBD后海马区凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响

目的:应用新生大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤(HIBD)模型,观察神经生长因子对海马区细胞凋亡及相关蛋白Bcl-2和Bax的影响,探讨其神经保护作用的分子生物学机制. 方法:72只大鼠随机分为对照组、HIBD组和NGF治疗组. 应用改良RICE法制作大鼠HIBD模型,TUNEL法检测各组动物海马区细胞凋亡数,免疫组化染色观察Bcl-2, Bax蛋白的表达. 结果:与假手术组相比,新生大鼠HIBD后海马区存在不同程度的细胞凋亡,Bcl-2表达轻度升高,Bax表达明显升高. 与HIBD组比较,NGF治疗后,凋亡细胞减少(P＜0.01),Bcl-2蛋白表达升高(P＜0.01),Bax表达下降(P＜0.01). 结论:HIBD后,新生大鼠海马区细胞存在细胞凋亡,NGF治疗增强Bcl-2表达,减少损伤基因Bax表达,抑制细胞凋亡,具有脑保护作用.     

二氮嗪抑制癫痫大鼠海马神经元凋亡的研究

目的 观察线粒体ATP敏感性钾离子通道(mitoKATP)开放剂二氮嗪(DZ)对氯化锂-匹鲁卡品致痫大鼠海马神经元线粒体凋亡通路相关凋亡因子的影响,探讨DZ对癫痫大鼠神经保护作用的机制.方法 采用腹腔注射的方法,建立氯化锂-匹鲁卡品( PILO)诱导的大鼠癫痫持续状态(SE)模型.在检测大鼠海马凋亡相关蛋白水平变化时分为对照组,SE后24h、72 h、5d组;在检测DZ对海马神经元保护作用时分为对照组、PILO致痫72 h组(PILO组)、DZ预处理组(PILO+ DZ组)、DZ +5-羟基癸酸(5-HD)预处理组(PILO+ DZ+ 5-HD组).SE后分别在相应时间点灌注取脑,采用TUNEL法检测细胞的凋亡;采用Western blot法检测大鼠海马Bcl-2、Bax、活性半胱氨酸天冬氨酸特异性蛋白酶-3( Caspase-3)蛋白的水平及细胞色素C(cytC)由线粒体到胞浆的释放.结果 与正常对照组比较,SE组大鼠在SE后备相应时间点TUNEL染色阳性细胞明显增加(P＜0.05),海马Bcl-2蛋白、线粒体中的细胞色素C(mito-cytC)的表达显著降低(P＜0.05),海马Bax、活性Caspase-3蛋白及胞浆中的细胞色素C(cyto-cytC)的表达明显增高(P＜0.05).与PILO组及PILO+ DZ+ 5-HD组比较,PILO+ DZ组降低的海马Bcl-2蛋白水平显著升高(P＜0.05),而升高的海马Bax、活性Caspase-3蛋白的水平明显降低(P＜0.05),cytC由线粒体到胞浆的释放减少(P＜0.05),TUNEL染色阳性细胞明显减少(P＜0.05).DZ的保护作用能被5-HD阻断.结论 DZ可通过上调Bcl-2/Bax水平,减少cytC的释放,抑制Caspase-3的激活,从而通过线粒体凋亡通路抑制氯化锂-匹鲁卡品致痫大鼠SE后海马神经元的凋亡,对癫痫发作所致的脑损伤具有神经保护作用,为癫痫的神经保护治疗提供新的治疗靶点.     

甘草酸对癫痫大鼠海马神经元损伤的保护作用及其机制

目的探讨甘草酸对癫痫大鼠海马神经元损伤的保护作用及相关机制。方法采用氯化锂-匹鲁卡品点燃制作大鼠癫痫模型,造模成功后大鼠随机分为癫痫组及甘草酸组,另外将不做任何处理的大鼠作为正常对照组,每组12只。利用Nissl法和TUNEL法检测大鼠海马神经元损伤及凋亡情况;JC-1法检测大鼠海马神经元线粒体膜电位;比色法检测天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶3(caspase 3)和caspase 9的活性;Western blot法检测大鼠海马组织中cleaved-caspase 3、9,B淋巴细胞瘤-2(Bcl-2),Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax),细胞色素C(CytC),凋亡蛋白酶激活因子(Apaf-1)蛋白表达。结果与正常对照组相比,癫痫组神经元细胞数减少(P0.01),TUNEL阳性细胞数增加(P0.01),线粒体膜电位降低(P0.01),caspase 3、9活性提高(P0.01),Bcl-2及线粒体中CytC表达量下调(P0.01),Bax及细胞质中CytC、Apaf-1表达量上调(P0.01)。与癫痫组比较,甘草酸组神经元细胞数增加(P0.01),TUNEL阳性细胞数减少(P0.01),线粒体膜电位提高(P0.01),caspase 3、9活性降低(P0.01),Bcl-2及线粒体中CytC表达量上调(P0.01),Bax及细胞质中CytC、Apaf-1表达量下调(P0.01)。结论通过阻断线粒体途径,甘草酸能够抑制癫痫大鼠的海马神经元损伤。     

发育期大鼠惊厥后血清丙二醛、促红细胞生成素及髓鞘碱性蛋白的变化及意义

目的 探讨发育期大鼠惊厥发作后血清丙二醛(MDA)、促红细胞生成素(EPO)及髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)的变化及意义.方法 发育期大鼠64只随机分为正常对照组(n=15)和高热组(n=49).高热组又随机分为3个亚组:高热未惊厥组(惊厥次数＜1,n=15)、一般惊厥组(1≤惊厥次数≤5,n=17)、反复惊厥组(惊厥次数＞5次,n=17).采用热水浴法反复诱导发育期大鼠惊厥,记录每组惊厥潜伏期、惊厥开始发作时肛温、惊厥持续时间及惊厥发作级别;采用ELISA分别测定各组大鼠丙二醛、促红细胞生成素、髓鞘碱性蛋白的表达水平.结果 一般惊厥组发育期大鼠惊厥后24 h血清MDA水平高于正常对照组及高热未惊厥组(P＜0.05);一般惊厥组发育期大鼠惊厥后12 h、24 h、48 h、72 h血清EPO水平高于正常对照组及高热未惊厥组(P＜0.05);反复惊厥组发育期大鼠惊厥后12 h、24 h、48 h、72 h血清MDA、EPO水平均高于一般惊厥组(P＜0.05);髓鞘碱性蛋白表达水平变化各组之间比较无明显变化(P＞0.05).结论 血清丙二醛、促红细胞生成素是发育期惊厥脑损伤的敏感指标,反复惊厥更容易造成脑损伤,可通过其观察生化指标的动态变化来了解发育期脑损伤情况.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.