高迁移率族蛋白B1在子宫内膜腺癌中的表达及意义

目的 探讨高迁移率族蛋白B1(high mobility group box 1,HMGB1)在子宫内膜腺癌组织及细胞系中的表达及其临床意义。方法 应用免疫组织化学染色法检测45例不典型增生子宫内膜、120例子宫内膜腺癌和20例正常子宫内膜组织中HMGB1的表达,用免疫印迹法(Western blot)分析HMGB1的表达水平;另外选取高、中、低分化子宫内膜腺癌细胞系ECC-1、HEC-1 a、KLE细胞,应用免疫细胞化学染色和Western blot检测其HMGB1的表达差异。结果 HMGB1在子宫内膜癌和不典型增生组织中的阳性表达率分别为80.00%(96/120)、66.67%(30/45),明显高于正常内膜5.00%(1/20),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);HMGB1表达阳性率与肿瘤浸润程度、转移和手术病理分期联系密切(P＜0.05),而与肿瘤的分化程度无明显联系(P＞0.05)。ECC-1、HEC-1-a、KLE细胞中均发现HMGB1表达,表达水平无明显差异。结论 HMGB1在子宫内膜腺癌及癌前病变中表达水平明显升高,可能在子宫内膜癌发生和发展过程中具有重要作用。     

高迁移率族蛋白A1在子宫内膜癌中的表达及意义

目的 探讨高迁移率族蛋白A1(high mobility group protein A1,HMGA1)在子宫内膜癌细胞系AN3CA、ECC-1、Ishikawa以及子宫内膜癌组织、正常子宫内膜组织中的表达及意义.方法 采用半定量RT-PCR和Western Blot检测子宫内膜癌细胞系AN3CA、Ecc-1、Ishikawa以及21例子宫内膜癌组织(研究组)、18例正常子宫内膜组织(对照组)中HMGA1-mRNA与HMGA1蛋白的表达水平.结果 HM-GA1-mRNA与HMGA1蛋白在子宫内膜癌细胞系AN3CA、ECC-1、Ishikawa以及两组子宫内膜组织标本中均有不同程度的表达,研究组中HMGA1-mKNA与HMGA1蛋白的平均表达水平显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),并与手术一病理分期有关(P＜0.05),与子宫内膜癌组织的分化程度无关(P＞0.05).结论 HMGA1的过度表达可能参与了子宫内膜癌的发生和发展,在子宫内膜癌细胞的增殖与侵袭中可能发挥重要作用.     

PTEN、P53、ER、PR与子宫内膜癌的关系

目的 探讨PTEN、p53、ER、PR与子宫内膜癌的关系.方法 采用免疫组化SP法,检测20例正常子宫内膜、20例子宫内膜增生过长、20例子宫内膜不典型增生、50例子宫内膜癌及50例子宫内膜癌旁组织中PTEN及p53的表达水平.结果 PTEN在子宫内膜增生过长组、子宫内膜不典型增生组、子宫内膜癌旁组及子宫内膜癌组中表达缺失率分别为5.0%、35.0%、34.0%、58.0%,均显著高于正常子宫内膜组的0.0%(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),且子宫内膜癌组表达缺失率明显高于子宫内膜癌旁组(P＜0.05);子宫内膜增生过长组、子宫内膜不典型增生组、子宫内膜癌旁组及子宫内膜癌组的p53的阳性表达率分别为5.0%、1O.0%、16.0%、40.0%,均明显高于正常子宫内膜组的0.0%(P均＜0.01);G1和G2、G3的PTEN表达缺失率分别为36.8%和66.7%、85.7%,三者之间差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);ER/PR阴性组、ER/PR阳性组的PTEN表达缺失率分别为25.0%、68.4%,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);G1和G2、G3的p53阳性表达率分别为31.6%和45.8%、71.4%,三者之间差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.01);Ⅰ期和Ⅱ、Ⅲ期的p53阳性表达率分别为27.6%和66.7%、85.7%,三者之间差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01,P＜0.05);PTEN在子宫内膜癌组织中的表达与病理分级、激素受体状态均呈正相关(r分别为0.593、0.327,P均＜0.05);p53在子宫内膜癌组织中的表达与病理分级、临床分期均呈正相关(r分别为0.361、0.602,P均＜0.05).结论 PTEN、p53二者同为抑癌基因,皆参与子宫内膜癌的发生、发展,雌孕激素可能调控PTEN的表达.     

bcl-2小分子干扰RNA对人子宫内膜癌RL-952细胞阿霉素敏感性的影响

目的 研究靶向bcl-2小分子干扰RNA（siRNA）干扰序列对人子宫内膜癌RL-952细胞阿霉素（DOX）敏感性的影响及相关作用机制。方法 2014年5-8月,将siRNA干扰序列转染人子宫内膜癌RL-952细胞,设3个实验组：空白对照组、bcl-2 siRNA干扰组（转染bcl-2 siRNA干扰序列）及阴性对照组（转染siRNA空载序列）,检测bcl-2 siRNA干扰组的转染效率和3组bcl-2表达水平。将细胞随机分成5组,分别为空白对照组、阴性对照组（转染siRNA空载序列）、干扰组（转染bcl-2 siRNA干扰序列）、DOX组（加入5 μg/ml DOX）、联合组（转染siRNA干扰序列并加入5 μg/ml DOX）,检测细胞活力、细胞凋亡率、半胱氨酸蛋白酶（Caspase）-3、Caspase-9活性及细胞色素C水平。结果 siRNA干扰序列转染人子宫内膜癌RL-952细胞的转染效率为（94.6±12.5）%。3组bcl-2表达水平比较,差异有统计学意义（F=8.75,P＜0.05）。bcl-2 siRNA干扰组bcl-2表达水平低于空白对照组和阴性对照组（q=3.99、2.87,P＜0.01）。5组细胞活力比较,差异有统计学意义（F=42.52,P＜0.05）。干扰组、DOX组、联合组细胞活力低于空白对照组（q=7.66、8.64、6.89,P＜0.05）;联合组细胞活力低于DOX组（q=6.76,P＜0.01）。5组细胞凋亡率比较,差异有统计学意义（F=112.34,P＜0.05）。干扰组、DOX组、联合组细胞凋亡率高于空白对照组（q=5.78、4.99、6.21,P＜0.05）;联合组细胞凋亡率高于DOX组（q=4.89,P＜0.01）。5组Caspase-3、Caspase-9活性及细胞色素C水平比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。干扰组、DOX组、联合组Caspase-3、Caspase-9活性及细胞色素C水平高于空白对照组（P＜0.05）;DOX组、联合组Caspase-3活性高于阴性对照组,干扰组、DOX组、联合组Caspase-9活性高于阴性对照组（P＜0.05）;联合组Caspase-3活性高于干扰组,DOX组、联合组Caspase-9活性高于干扰组（P＜0.05）;联合组Caspase-3、Caspase-9活性及细胞色素C水平高于DOX组（P＜0.05）。结论 靶向bcl-2 siRNA干扰序列可以增强人子宫内膜癌RL-952细胞的DOX敏感性,bcl-2可作为人子宫内膜癌基因治疗的候选靶点。     

Investigation on the effects of suppressing KLE cell with danshensu in vitro

目的 研究丹参素对子宫内膜癌KLE细胞生长的体外抑制作用.方法 用等比稀释的7个浓度的丹参素及终浓度为60 ug/ml的顺铂作用于体外培养的KLE细胞,作用时间分别为12 h、24 h、48 h,分别应用荧光显微镜、酶联免疫检测仪、流式细胞仪分析丹参素对KLE细胞增殖、凋亡及细胞周期的影响.结果 经丹参素作用后,子宫内膜癌KLE细胞生长和增殖明显被抑制,光镜下观察肿瘤细胞发生凋亡的细胞形态学改变;中性红检测丹参素组OD值明显低于阴性对照组,抑制率明显高于阴性对照组;24 h丹参素组细胞凋亡率明显高于其他对照组,细胞明显被阻止于G0-G1期,而S期、G2期细胞明显减少;以上差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).该差异具有时间及药物浓度依赖性.结论 丹参素对体外培养的子宫内膜癌KLE细胞的生长有明显抑制作用,可通过促进其凋亡、影响细胞周期分布发挥其抗肿瘤作用.     

血清NGAL和CA125联合检测在子宫内膜癌组织中的临床应用

目的:研究血清中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质载运蛋白(NGAL)和肿瘤标志物CA125联合检测在子宫内膜癌组织中的临床应用价值.方法:将在本院接受手术切除的50例子宫内膜癌患者纳入研究的观察组,同期在本院接受手术切除治疗的50例子宫良性疾病患者纳入研究的对照组,收集子宫内膜组织,检测血清NGAL、CA125含量以及子宫内膜组织中凋亡调节分子、粘附分子的表达量.结果:(1)血清学指标:观察组血清中CA125、NGAL的mRNA和蛋白含量均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);(2)凋亡调节分子:观察组宫颈组织中Survivin的mRNA和蛋白含量高于对照组,而p16和Caspase-3的mRNA和蛋白含量低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);(3)黏附分子:观察组宫内膜组织中EpCAM、p-选择素的mRNA和蛋白含量高于对照组,上皮型钙粘素(E-cad)的mRNA和蛋白含量低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:子宫内膜癌患者血清中NGAL和CA125含量异常升高,且与子宫内膜癌组织中的凋亡调节分子、黏附分子具有较好相关性,可以准确反映恶性肿瘤细胞的增殖和黏附过程.     

曲古抑菌素A和紫杉醇对子宫内膜癌细胞凋亡和微管稳定性的影响

目的 探讨曲古抑菌素A(TSA)和紫杉醇(PTX)体外对人子宫内膜癌细胞凋亡和微管稳定性的影响及其机制.方法 将浆液性乳头状子宫内膜癌Ark2细胞、低分化子宫内膜样腺癌KLE和AN3细胞各分为TSA、PTX单独作用组(TSA组、PTX组)和联合作用组(TSA+PTX组),并设空白对照组,以锥虫蓝拒染法观察药物对细胞增殖的影响,膜联蛋白V、Hoechst染色法检测细胞凋亡率,流式细胞仪测定线粒体膜电位(MMP),蛋白质印迹法检测半胱天冬酶9(caspase-9)、多聚ADP核糖聚合酶(PARP)和乙酰化微管蛋白的表达.结果 TSA、PTX对Ark2、KLE和AN3细胞均有抑制作用,二药联用后抑制作用更强.药物作用后4 d,TSA、PTX、TSA+PTX和对照组Ark2细胞凋亡率膜联蛋白V染色法检测分别为4.25%±0.25%、12.12%±0.62%、16.56%±0.74%和46.78%±2.68%,Hoechst染色法检测分别为3.39%±0.12%、6.00%±0.25%、10.05%±0.53%和22.30%±1.25%,TSA+PIX组明显高于其他各组(均P＜0.05).药物作用后24 h,Ark2和KLE细胞的TSA+PTX组caspase-9、PARP的裂解明显增加;Ark7.和AN3细胞的TSA+PTX组MMP消失率(16.80%±0.92%、11.28%±0.78%)明显高于TSA组(4.96%±0.47%、6.46%±0.62%)和PTX组(5.34%±0.45%、5.61%±0.56%)(均P＜0.05);Ark2和KLE细胞的TSA+FIX组乙酰化微管蛋白表达明显增加.结论 TSA和PTX可通过促进子宫内膜癌细胞中乙酰化微管蛋白表达和增强微管稳定性而产生协同抗肿瘤作用.     

干扰P62表达的siRNA转染内膜癌RL952细胞及对其生物学特性的影响

目的应用siRNA沉默人子宫内膜癌RL952细胞P62基因的表达,探讨P62基因对人内膜癌细胞生物学特性的影响。方法采用沉默P62最佳的siRNA序列,将其通过脂质体Lipofectamine 2000转染入子宫内膜癌RL952细胞(干扰组),同时设立空白对照组(不添加任何试剂)及阴性对照组(Lipo2000+无干扰效果的siR-NA)。转染后36 h荧光显微镜下观察转染情况,然后用MTT法检测细胞生长情况,采用克隆形成方法检测细胞克隆形成率。结果 siRNA成功转染入内膜癌RL952细胞中,且转染效率高。干扰组较空白对照组及阴性对照组细胞生长速度变慢(P<0.05),克隆形成率减少(P<0.05)。结论干扰P62基因表达后可以降低内膜癌RL952细胞的生长速度及自我增殖能力。P62与内膜癌RL952细胞的生物学特性存在相关性。     

Influence of the Diao-mo-zhi-beng Prescription on Expression of MMP-1 and TIMP-1 in Endometria Hyperplasia Rats

目的:探讨凋膜止崩方靶向干预前后MMP-1和TIMP-1在子宫内膜增生症模型大鼠子宫内膜组织中的表达情况.方法:建立大鼠子宫内膜增生症模型,设立空白组(A)、模型对照组(B)、实验大剂量组(C)、实验小剂量组(D),并进行相应的处理.采用Western-blotting方法检测4组大鼠子宫内膜组织中MMP-1和TIMP-1蛋白的表达.结果:模型对照组与空白组比较,子宫内膜组织中TIMP-1蛋白表达水平明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);实验大、小剂量组与模型对照组比较子宫内膜组织中TIMP-1蛋白表达水平均明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).模型对照组与空白组比较,子宫内膜组织中MMP-1蛋白表达水平明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);实验大、小剂量组与模型对照组比较子宫内膜组织中MMP-1蛋白表达水平均明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).模型对照组与空白组比较,子宫内膜组织中TIMP-1/MMP-1的比值明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);实验大、小剂量组与模型对照组比较子宫内膜组织中TIMP-1/MMP-1的比值均明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论:凋膜止崩方治疗子宫内膜增生症的机制可能是通过上调大鼠子宫内膜组织中MMP-1蛋白的表达,下调TIMP-1蛋白的表达,从而加速了子宫内膜组织中ECM的水解,导致子宫内膜崩解、脱落,达到祛除大鼠增生过长子宫内膜作用.     

丹参素对子宫内膜癌KLE细胞体外抑制作用的实验研究

目的研究丹参素对子宫内膜癌KLE细胞生长的体外抑制作用。方法用等比稀释的7个浓度的丹参素及终浓度为60 ug/ml的顺铂作用于体外培养的KLE细胞,作用时间分别为12 h、24 h、48 h,分别应用荧光显微镜、酶联免疫检测仪、流式细胞仪分析丹参素对KLE细胞增殖、凋亡及细胞周期的影响。结果经丹参素作用后,子宫内膜癌KLE细胞生长和增殖明显被抑制,光镜下观察肿瘤细胞发生凋亡的细胞形态学改变;中性红检测丹参素组OD值明显低于阴性对照组,抑制率明显高于阴性对照组;24 h丹参素组细胞凋亡率明显高于其他对照组,细胞明显被阻止于G0-G1期,而S期、G2期细胞明显减少;以上差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。该差异具有时间及药物浓度依赖性。结论丹参素对体外培养的子宫内膜癌KLE细胞的生长有明显抑制作用,可通过促进其凋亡、影响细胞周期分布发挥其抗肿瘤作用。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.