胸腔镜技术在胸椎、上腰椎前路手术的应用

目的探讨胸椎、上腰椎前路手术应用胸腔镜技术的可行性. 方法 5例胸、腰椎结核(T6～L2)行胸腔镜下结核病灶清除、植骨或非植骨术;3例椎体爆裂性骨折合并截瘫(T10～T12)及1例陈旧性椎体爆裂骨折合并马尾综合征(L1)行胸腔镜下脊髓减压、植骨、钢板螺丝钉内固定术;1例T3～4椎间盘突出伴脊髓压迫症行胸腔镜下减压融合术. 结果全部病例切口Ⅰ期愈合,CT或MRI显示病灶清除彻底,脊髓充分减压,除1例骨折复位、固定后仍有轻度成角畸形外,均复位满意,内固定可靠,位置良好. 结论胸椎、上腰椎疾患,不论是否并发脊髓、马尾神经压迫,都适宜在胸腔镜辅助下进行病灶清除术,必要时还可进行脊髓减压、脊柱前路植骨、内固定手术.     

胸腔镜辅助下前路一期病灶清除及植骨内固定术治疗胸椎结核

目的总结胸腔镜辅助下前路一期行病灶清除、植骨内固定治疗胸椎结核的临床疗效。方法 2000年10月-2007年1月,采用胸腔镜辅助下前路一期病灶清除、植骨内固定治疗胸椎结核患者16例。其中男9例,女7例;年龄23～72岁,平均41岁。病变累及T3～12;单节段14例,双节段2例。术前Frankel分级:B级5例,C级9例,D级2例。术中9例行钉棒系统内固定,7例行Z-plate系统内固定;其中自体髂骨植骨11例,钛网植骨5例。结果手术均顺利完成。患者均获随访,随访时间24～36个月,平均27个月。患者均无复发,治愈率100%。X线片示植骨于术后5～12个月均达骨性愈合,平均9个月。术后1个月融合节段后凸角度较术前明显改善(P0.01)。末次随访时使用钉棒系统和Z-plate内固定患者的后凸角度和矫正度丢失比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.01)。末次随访时神经功能Frankel分级:D级2例,E级14例。结论胸腔镜辅助下前路一期病灶清除、植骨内固定治疗胸椎结核,在彻底清除病灶的同时行植骨内固定,具有创伤小、恢复快的优点。     

前路钉棒系统在多发下胸椎结核手术中的应用

[目的]探讨前路钉棒系统内固定治疗多发下胸椎结核的疗效.[方法]自2003年1月～2008年4月经胸膜外行病灶清除、椎管减压,肋骨植骨和钉棒系统内固定治疗45例多发下胸椎结核;男31例,女14例;年龄30～67岁,平均41.3岁.2～3个椎体破坏31例,≥4个椎体14例;12例合并脊髓损伤.Frankel分级:C级5例,D级7例;Cobbt,角15°～36°,平均24.5°.术前抗结核治疗4～6周,术中彻底清除病灶、矫正后凸畸形,行肋骨植骨前路钉棒系统内固定;术后继续抗结核治疗1.5～2年.[结果]45例患者随访18～36个月,平均28个月.完全缓解28例,治愈率62.22%;部分改善13例,好转率28.89%,合计恢复率为91.22%.术后12月Frankel分级:B级1例,D级3例,E级8例;术后Cobb角0～12°,平均5.9°,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后后凸角度平均矫正18.6°,最终一次随访后凸角度平均矫正16.7°,后凸角度平均丢失1.9°;所有植骨骨性融合.[结论]前路钉棒系统内固定治疗多发下胸椎结核,既能彻底清除病灶防止复发,又能矫正畸形、重建脊柱稳定性,防止晚发神经损害.     

借助胸腔镜技术的胸段、上腰段脊柱前路手术

目的探讨胸腔镜辅助胸椎、上腰椎前路手术的适应证 ,单肺或双肺通气的选择以及术中注意事项。方法　应用胸腔镜、骨科常规手术器械或自制的骨科器械 ,在胸腔镜辅助下行病灶清除、脊髓减压、植骨、钢板螺丝钉内固定术。结果　全部病例手术都顺利完成 ,切口均一期愈合 ,随访 3～ 10个月 ,影像学检查显示病灶清除彻底 ,脊髓减压充分 ,除 1例骨折复位、固定后仍有轻度侧方成角畸形外 ,其他病例复位满意、内固定可靠 ,位置良好。结论胸椎、上腰椎疾患 ,不论是否并发脊髓、马尾神经压迫 ,都能在胸腔镜辅助下完成病灶清除术 ,必要时还可进行脊髓减压、脊柱前路植骨、内固定手术。原则上可选择常规气管插管、双肺通气下完成手术。     

胸椎多椎体结核的手术治疗

目的探讨评价胸椎多椎体结核经胸腔前路病灶清除、椎管减压,一期植骨单钉棒内固定术的治疗效果。方法自2002年6月至2010年3月收治多椎体胸椎结核14例,男8例,女6例;年龄23～59岁,平均45岁。病变范围T4～10椎体,病变累及3个椎体5例,4个椎体6例,5个及以上椎体3例。术前Frankel评分2例B级,4例C级,8例D级。MRI均显示椎体破坏、椎旁脓肿,其中椎管内脓肿或致压物导致脊髓明显受压7例,压迫均来自脊髓前方,X线片测量后凸Cobb角为40°～22°,平均25°。均采用经胸腔前路病灶清除、椎管减压、一期椎体间植骨单钉棒内固定术。结果随访1～9年,平均5年6个月。脊髓功能恢复按Frankel分级,D级2例,E级12例。植骨全部骨性愈合,后突畸形矫正率为84%,后凸角平均矫正21°,无结核复发及继发脊柱后凸畸形。结论经胸腔前路病灶清除、椎管减压、一期椎体间植骨、单钉棒内固定是治疗胸椎多椎体结核的有效方法之一。     

胸腔镜技术在胸椎结核前路手术的应用

目的 :探讨胸腔镜技术在胸椎结核前路手术的应用效果。方法 :对 1 998年 1 0月～ 2 0 0 2年 3月我科应用胸腔镜技术治疗的 34例胸椎结核患者进行回顾性分析。 1 4例采用标准“锁孔”胸腔镜技术操作 ,2 0例采用电视胸腔镜辅助的小切口技术。除脓肿抽吸、病灶清除外 ,病灶清除后加植骨者 5例 ,加椎体植骨及前路内固定者 1 2例 ,加钛网植骨及前路内固定者 4例 ,加钛网植骨及后路椎弓根内固定矫形 4者例。结果 :平均手术时间 1 80min(90～2 4 0min) ,平均出血量 450ml(30 0～ 1 2 0 0ml)。术后并发胸膜炎包裹性胸腔积液 1例 ,肺不张 1例 ,短暂性下肢瘫痪 1例。随访 3～ 2 2个月 ,脊髓受累患者神经压迫症状和体征消失 ,神经功能完全恢复 ,无内固定松动、断裂。除 1例外 ,未见结核病灶复发。结论 :电视胸腔镜技术为脊柱结核提供了一种安全、有效的外科治疗方式 ,改良扩大切口的胸腔镜技术为复杂胸椎疾病的开辟了一种新的微创外科治疗途径     

前后路内固定手术治疗胸腰段脊柱结核的对比研究

目的探讨胸腰段脊柱结核理想的手术治疗方案。方法回顾总结2000年1月~2005年6月期间行病灶清除植骨融合内固定术的胸腰段脊柱结核患者51例。所有病例分为:A组(24例)一期前路病灶清除植骨融合钉-板(棒)矫形内固定术治疗组,B组(27例)一期后路钉-棒矫形内固定前路病灶清除植骨融合术治疗组;每个组又分为累及单个椎体组(A1,B1)及累及多个椎体组(A2,B2)。分别对比研究A1、B1及A2、B2手术时间、术中出血量、矫形率、神经功能恢复情况、植骨融合时间、并发症等。结果A1组手术时间、术中出血量明显低于B1;B2组矫形率、稳定性及并发症发生率优于A2组。结论胸腰段脊柱结核累及单个椎体时一期前路病灶清除植骨融合钉-板(棒)矫形内固定术是较佳的选择;累及多个椎体尤其脊柱后凸角度偏大时一期后路钉-棒矫形内固定前路病灶清除植骨融合术更为理想。     

胸腔镜辅助下前路病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸椎结核

[目的]研究胸腔镜辅助下小切口技术前路病灶清除加植骨内固定治疗胸椎结核的临床疗效.[方法]分析2004年6月～2009年6月手术治疗的胸椎结核病人48例,男23例,女25例.按手术方式分为A组(开放手术组)和B组(胸腔镜辅助手术组),记录两组患者术中、术后出m量及手术时间.随访两组患者术后胸背疼痛、脊柱功能及胸椎后凸角矫正改善情况,并进行比较.[结果]A、B两组术中、术后出血鞋及手术时间组间分别比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).48例患者经随访12～48个月(平均20个月),两组术后VAS、ODI及后凸角较术前明显改善(P＜0.05);两组术后VAS、ODI及后凸角改善率组间分别比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但是术后1周VAS改善B组较A组明显(P＜0.05).A组并发症8例(38.1%)与B组5例(18.5%)比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).[结论]胸腔镜辅助下小切口前路病灶清除植骨内固定能有效地清除胸椎结核病灶,稳定脊柱,熟悉胸椎前方解剖结构,掌握胸腔镜操作技术及手术者之间默契配合是手术成功的关键.     

前路一期病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸椎及胸腰段脊柱结核并不全瘫

目的 探讨前路一期病灶清除联合植骨融合内固定治疗胸椎及胸腰段脊柱结核合并不全瘫痪的治疗效果.方法 对16例胸椎及胸腰段脊柱结核并脊髓损伤致不完全瘫痪的患者经胸或胸腹前路行一期病灶清除、椎间肋骨(钛网)植骨、椎体行内固定术.术后正规四联化疗方案治疗.结果 患者切口均一期愈合.16例均获随访,时间12 ～60个月.植骨部分融合时间为3～8个月,到末次随访时植骨全部融合.后凸畸形明显改善.无钛网移位及内固定松动发生.结论 经胸及胸腹前路一期病灶清除联合肋骨(钛网)植骨及内固定治疗胸椎及胸腰段脊柱结核合并不全瘫痪疗效满意.     

病灶清除内固定植骨治疗胸椎结核

目的：探讨手术治疗胸椎结核的更好方法。方法：自１９９０ 年以来, 对２ １ 例胸椎结核导致脊柱不稳的患者,应用病灶清除, 哈氏棒内固定,椎间及椎板植骨的手术方法。本组平均３ ３２ 岁。胸７椎体６ 例;胸８ 椎体８ 例,胸１０ 椎体７ 例,椎体压缩＜ １／２ 椎体高度１３ 例,＞ １／２ 椎体高度８ 例,并不全瘫１４ 例,手术中先行病灶清除,然后哈氏棒内固定,撑开后再次清除病灶,取肋骨和髂骨行椎间及椎板上植骨。术后化疗１２ ～１５ 月,结果：随访１８ 例,全部治愈,植骨愈合,不全瘫完全恢复１０ 例,大部分恢复４ 例。结论：病灶清除,哈氏棒内固定,同时植骨,及时重建脊椎稳定,植骨块固定稳固,易于愈合。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.