农村0～5岁留守儿童的膳食营养调查

目的:了解农村0～5岁留守儿童膳食营养状况,为制定科学的膳食指导方法及保健措施提供依据。方法:采用24h膳食回顾法及食物频率法连续调查留守儿童3天膳食情况,计算能量、蛋白质等营养素摄入量;测量身高、体重及血红蛋白含量,采用Z评分法进行生长发育评价并统计贫血患病率。结果:留守儿童能量、蛋白质、钙、钾、铁、锌、VitA、VitB1、VitC平均摄入量达不到RNIs的80%;生长迟缓率7.44%、低体重率4.21%、贫血患病率为15.21%。结论:留守儿童能量、蛋白质、钙等营养素摄入不足,影响正常生长发育,应对农村留守儿童进行膳食指导。     

资阳市农村留守儿童宏量营养素和钙摄入现况

了解农村留守儿童营养素摄人情况以及相关影响因素,为开展营养干预、改善农村儿童营养状况提供依据.方法 分层整群抽取四川省资阳市2所农村小学二~五年级学生共计472名,使用调查问卷收集家庭构成,并采用7d连续膳食个人食物登记法收集调查对象的饮食状况.结果 非留守、双亲留守、单亲留守儿童的总能量摄入量与推荐值之比分别为0.57,0.56,0.52,总能量、脂肪、钙的摄入量差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);回归分析显示,留守类别、吃零食情况是影响农村儿童总能量摄入的重要因素.结论 农村留守儿童膳食营养素中的总能量、蛋白质、脂肪、钙的摄人量均不足.应着重针对留守儿童及其吃零食行为等方面进行膳食营养干预.     

内蒙古民族大学蒙古族学生膳食营养状况调查

目的了解蒙古族大学生的膳食结构和营养状况,为合理营养提供科学依据。方法采用称重记账法和膳食记录法进行5d膳食调查,依据《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)》中18岁以上中等体力劳动的推荐摄入量(RNI)或适宜摄入量(AI)进行比较评价。结果蒙古族男女学生蛋白质、铜、硒、维生素PP摄入充足,男生铁、锌、维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2均达到和超过推荐摄入量(RNI)或适宜摄入量(AI)。蒙古族男女学生膳食中存在的共性问题是膳食纤维、维生素C及钙不足,脂肪类食物来源比例不合理。蒙古族女生膳食蛋白质质量尚可,但数量不足,膳食中能量、铁、锌、维生素B2摄入不足,维生素A和维生素B1摄入严重不足;蒙古族男生早餐能量摄入不足。结论蒙古族男女大学生膳食结构均不合理,应对学生加强营养知识的教育。     

四川农村贫困地区儿童膳食营养状况评价

目的了解四川农村儿童膳食营养状况,为农村儿童营养干预提供依据。方法随机抽取四川省某县3个乡514名3～10岁农村儿童为研究对象,采用24h膳食回顾法和食物频率法进行膳食调查,并以中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量（DRIs）为标准,评价膳食能量和各营养素摄入状况。结果调查对象膳食以粮谷类、蔬菜水果类为主;能量达到80%RNI者占18.5%,碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质的供能比分别为67.2%,20.4%和12.4%;蛋白质达到80%RNI者占11.7%,钙和铁摄入量达到80%AI值者分别为0.9%和36.2%。锌和视黄醇摄入量达到EAR值的儿童分别为12.4%和17.9%,铁和视黄醇均主要来源于植物性食物。结论四川农村儿童膳食结构不合理,能量和各种营养素摄入普遍不足。     

太原市1140名学龄前儿童膳食营养状况调查

目的了解太原市学龄前儿童的营养状况,为合理营养配餐提供科学依据。方法采用3 d称重法和编制膳食记录表,调查太原市1 140名3～5岁学龄前儿童的膳食摄入状况,用膳食分析软件分析调查数据。结果各年龄段儿童平均每人每日摄入的能量、蛋白质以及大部分营养素摄入量基本达到RNIs,但3～4岁年龄段维生素C摄入量不足,4岁年龄段维生素A和锌摄入量不足,此外各年龄段钙摄入量明显低于RNIs的80%。能量来源中,动物类所占比例较高;蛋白质来源中豆类食物所占百分比较低。铁来源中动物性食物所占比例较低。结论太原市学龄前儿童的能量和大部分营养素的摄入较理想,但部分微量营养素摄入不足或食物来源不合理。     

河南某幼儿园儿童膳食及营养状况调查

目的了解学龄前儿童的膳食结构及营养状况，为调整膳食结构提供科学依据。方法通过膳食调查、体格检查及血红蛋白测定，评价河南省直机关第二幼儿园407名幼儿的营养素摄人情况及一般营养状况。结果学龄前儿童平均每人每日能量、蛋白质、维生素A、核黄素、维生素B1、维生素E、铁、铜、磷、硒摄入量合理，但钙、锌摄入偏低，碳水化合物摄入偏低，脂肪摄入量偏高；幼儿营养不良检出率为0．73％，肥胖检出率为2．7％，无贫血儿童。结论儿童膳食结构不尽合理，动物性食物摄入过高，粮谷类、绿叶蔬菜及乳类食品摄入过低。     

农村5岁以下留守儿童膳食营养现况

目的探讨农村5岁以下留守儿童与父母抚养的儿童膳食营养状况是否存在差异。方法采用24小时膳食回顾法及食物频率法连续调查两组儿童3天膳食情况,计算能量、蛋白质等营养素摄入量;测量身高、体质量及血红蛋白含量,采用Z评分法进行生长发育评价并统计贫血患病率。结果留守儿童能量、蛋白质、脂肪、胆固醇、维生素A、尼克酸、维生素E、镁、锌、硒平均摄入量显著少于对照组儿童,低体质量率、生长迟缓率明显高于对照组儿童;两组儿童贫血患病率差异无统计学意义。结论留守儿童膳食营养状况与对照组儿童存在差异,应对农村留守儿童进行膳食指导,改善其营养状况。     

上海市长宁区177名住养老机构老年人膳食营养现况

[目的]了解住养老机构老年人营养摄入现况,为养老机构老年人的合理膳食提供依据. [方法]采用分层抽样的方法,将3天食物称重法和记帐法二法相结合对上海市长宁区4所养老院177名60岁以上自理老人进行膳食调查. [结果]研究对象各类食物平均摄入量偏低,大多数营养素摄入量不足,各种营养素以中国营养学会平均需要量(EAR)按"切点法"进行评价,养老院老人能量、蛋白质、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C、叶酸、碘、锌和硒摄入不足的比例分别为43%、11%、94%、89%、68%、100%、100%、79%、55%;各营养素摄入量基本没有超过可耐受最高摄入量(Uls),但80%的个体由脂肪提供能量超过适宜摄入量(AI)上限值.蛋白质和脂肪的食物来源尚可,但钙和铁的食物来源较差;饱和脂肪酸摄入过多,而单不饱和脂肪酸摄入不足;碳水化合物和蛋白质供能比稍不足,而脂肪供能比过多;早餐能量分配比偏低. [结论]本次调查的养老院老年人膳食营养素不足,尤要补充维生素类、硒、锌、碘等,同时应减少饱和脂肪酸和胆固醇撮入,增加早餐摄入量.     

山西医科大学2011年学生膳食营养状况

目的 了解山西医科大学学生膳食营养状况及其存在的问题,为开展大学生营养宣传教育提供科学依据.方法 整群抽取山西医科大学学生429名,采用24h膳食回顾法连续记录3d膳食,计算每人每日食物摄入情况,与中国居民膳食宝塔的食物摄入推荐量进行比较;计算能量及各种营养素的摄入量,与中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量进行比较.结果 在学生所有食物摄入中,谷类摄入量偏高,鱼虾类、禽畜肉类、奶类及奶制品、蔬菜水果摄入量偏低;维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2及维生素C摄入不足;钙摄入不足;铁摄入充足,但多来自于植物性食物.学生早餐摄入的能量较低,女生零食摄入较多.结论 山西医科大学学生的膳食营养状况不理想.应指导大学生进行合理膳食.     

某部接触液体推进剂人员膳食调查与评价

目的对接触液体推进剂人员进行膳食营养状况调研,针对存在的问题,提出解决办法。方法膳食调查采用称质量法,连续调查3d。采用膳食营养软件计算能量和各种营养素摄入量,以国家军用标准《军人营养素供给量》和《军人食物定量》评价膳食质量。结果接触液体推进剂人员脂肪摄入偏高、碳水化合物摄入偏低。维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B1、尼克酸摄入量存在不同程度不足和缺乏。矿物质钙、锌摄入量不足。结论接触液体推进剂人员膳食结构存在不合理现象,某些营养素超标而另一些营养素缺乏。应减少脂肪摄入,增加蔬菜、水果、牛奶、海产品、豆类及制品的摄入,合理调整膳食结构。     

海南省城乡居民膳食营养状况分析

对１９９２年海南省城乡人群的膳食结构和营养状况调查结果进行了分析。结果表明，热能摄入量偏低，食物搭配不合理，三大主要营养素摄入量，城市高于农村，各类营养素的摄入量随着经济收入的增加而上升。城市钙、锌、视黄醇，硫胺素、核黄素摄入不足，农村钙、硫胺素、核黄素摄入仅占供给量（ＲＤＡ）５０％。来源于动物性食物的热能，城市为２１．１％，农村为１１．６％。学龄前儿童热量、钙、锌摄入不足，维生素缺乏。     

Nutrient intake and growth in preschool children. II. Intake of minerals and vitamins

Between May 1988 and April 1990, the nutrient intake of 153 pre-school children from Edinburgh aged 2–5 years was assessed using the 7-d weighed inventory method. Fifty-four children were studied twice at an interval of 12 months. Results for the intake of minerals and vitamins are presented, by age and gender, and related to Dietary Reference Values (DoH, 1991).
The mineral and vitamin intake of pre-school children varied considerably. A minority of children were found to have very low intakes of iron, zinc, vitamin A and vitamin C relative to dietary reference values, and all children had low dietary intakes of vitamin D. Intake of these nutrients was not related to rate of growth. However, strong positive relationships were found for intake of nutrients during the initial and repeat surveys of children studied twice, suggesting that poor nutrient intakes persist.     

成都市托幼园所膳食营养状况分析

【目的】了解2006年成都市托幼园所膳食营养状况,指导其膳食调配。【方法】采用称重法对成都市不同等级托幼园所中11 166名儿童进行膳食调查,采用χ2检验对膳食结果、体格发育资料及实验室资料进行统计学分析。【结果】蛋白质、脂肪、维生素、铁及锌摄入量符合膳食要求,热量摄入量未达供给量标准的90%以上,钙摄入量不足。能量来源分布蛋白质摄入偏多,碳水化合物摄入不足,脂肪摄入基本符合要求。热量及营养素供给达膳食要求的儿童体格生长明显优于营养供给不足者。【结论】近年来对托幼园所的卫生保健指导是有成效的,今后仍需进一步加强并重点对二类托幼园所的膳食进行指导。     

Evidence for diminished B12 absorption after gastric bypass: oral supplementation does not prevent low plasma B12 levels in bypass patients.

Vitamin and mineral assays were performed on blood in 20 gastric bypass patients preoperatively and 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Values were compared with serial food records in nine patients. Postoperatively, all patients were prescribed a supplement containing the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for vitamins and minerals. Weight, calorie and protein intake, and total serum protein decreased over the study interval (p less than 0.01). Dietary intakes of vitamins B1, B2, B6, folate, iron and zinc fell (p less than 0.01), but total intake (i.e., diet + supplement) did not decrease with the exception of iron. Blood indicators of these nutrients were normal preoperatively and did not decline. However, plasma vitamin B12 levels decreased from 385 pg/ml preoperatively to 234 pg/ml at 1 year (p = 0.0064), despite an increase in total vitamin B12 intake from 2.6 to 11.7 micrograms/day (p = 0.1173). Five patients (27.8%) had abnormally low plasma vitamin B12 levels at 1 year postoperatively; four were taking at least the RDA for vitamin B12 as supplements. Although oral supplementation containing the RDA for micronutrients can prevent abnormal blood indicators of most vitamins and minerals, it is insufficient to maintain normal plasma B12 levels in about 30% of gastric bypass patients.     

Evidence for diminished B12 absorption after gastric bypass: oral supplementation does not prevent low plasma B12 levels in bypass patients.

Vitamin and mineral assays were performed on blood in 20 gastric bypass patients preoperatively and 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Values were compared with serial food records in nine patients. Postoperatively, all patients were prescribed a supplement containing the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for vitamins and minerals. Weight, calorie and protein intake, and total serum protein decreased over the study interval (p less than 0.01). Dietary intakes of vitamins B1, B2, B6, folate, iron and zinc fell (p less than 0.01), but total intake (i.e., diet + supplement) did not decrease with the exception of iron. Blood indicators of these nutrients were normal preoperatively and did not decline. However, plasma vitamin B12 levels decreased from 385 pg/ml preoperatively to 234 pg/ml at 1 year (p = 0.0064), despite an increase in total vitamin B12 intake from 2.6 to 11.7 micrograms/day (p = 0.1173). Five patients (27.8%) had abnormally low plasma vitamin B12 levels at 1 year postoperatively; four were taking at least the RDA for vitamin B12 as supplements. Although oral supplementation containing the RDA for micronutrients can prevent abnormal blood indicators of most vitamins and minerals, it is insufficient to maintain normal plasma B12 levels in about 30% of gastric bypass patients.     

Nutritional status of a population sample in Macon County, Alabama.

A nutrition survey was conducted in Macon County, Alabama, with a population sample of 102 individuals, 76% of whom were black. Three 24-hr dietary recalls were obtained for each participant and 24 nutrients and energy were calculated for each combined 3-day intake. Serological and hematological analyses of blood were performed. Dietary calculations indicated that intakes of calcium, vitamin B12, calories, and iron were lowest within the population sample. Blood analyses did not confirm the calculated inadequacies of dietary calcium, vitamin B12, or iron. Body weight data did not support the calculated inadequate energy intakes. Serum analysis indicated a folic acid deficiency. Mean intakes of energy and macronutrients were higher in nonblacks than in blacks; for most vitamins and minerals, the same was true. The lower calcium intakes among blacks than among nonblacks in the growing years exceeded the differential in energy intakes. Higher serum vitamin B12 levels in blacks than in nonblacks were observed but not explained.     

447例喀什农村维吾尔族住校中学生膳食营养状况调查

目的:了解喀什地区农村住校中学生的膳食结构和存在的问题,为改善当地学生膳食营养提供依据。方法:采用24 h膳食回顾法对喀什地区两所中学的447例住校中学生的膳食情况进行调查,并根据《中国居民膳食指南及平衡膳食宝塔》和《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)》作出评价。结果:被调查学生膳食构成中谷类、畜禽肉和油脂摄入过多,而其他食物摄入较少;三餐能量和三大营养素分配也不合理,午餐能量偏低、晚餐能量偏高,碳水化合物摄入严重偏高、而脂肪摄入严重偏低;维生素A和钙摄入严重不足,维生素C、钾、铁、锌、硒摄入量也较低,而维生素B2、烟酰胺、铜的摄入则偏高,钠的摄入严重过量。结论:学生膳食构成不合理、营养素摄入不均衡,应采取相应措施改善这一现状,倡导学生平衡膳食。     

温州2～6岁儿童日膳食营养状况调查

目的调查温州2～6岁儿童日膳食营养状况,分析温州2～6岁儿童日膳食存在的问题,以指导儿童日膳食。方法随机抽取511名2～6岁健康体检儿童进行膳食调查,与中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)进行比较,并分析各营养素的摄入达标状况。结果 2～3岁儿童日膳食营养素摄入基本达中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量标准,3岁以后儿童存在能量及钙、钾、钠、锌及维生素A等的摄入不足。不同性别间营养素摄入差异无统计学意义。城市儿童能量、脂肪、钠摄入低于农村儿童。2～6岁儿童三大产能营养素摄入比例失调,蛋白质、脂肪摄入比例普遍偏高,碳水化合物摄入比例普遍偏低。结论温州4～6岁儿童存在多种膳食营养素摄入不足,2～6岁儿童普遍存在能量摄入分配不合理现象,需加强儿童的日膳食管理。     

Dietary inadequacy is associated with anemia and suboptimal growth among preschool-aged children in Yunnan Province, China

This study documented the relationships among dietary intake, growth failure, and anemia in a convenience sample of 172 children aged 1 to 5 years in rural Yunnan Province, China. We hypothesized that most children would have suboptimal intakes of key nutrients associated with child growth and anemia and that undernutrition would be more common in children with poor growth and in those who were anemic. Nutrient intakes from three 24-hour recalls were compared with the Dietary Reference Intakes. Height/length and weight were compared with World Health Organization Child Growth Standards to determine if children were malnourished (z score < −2 SD median). Blood was tested for anemia (hemoglobin <110 g/L). Stunting, underweight, wasting, and anemia were present among 44.4%, 15.7%, 1.7%, and 35.4% of children, respectively. The percentage of children not meeting the estimated average requirement for zinc, vitamin A, iron, and protein or the adequate intake for calcium was 87.2%, 80.8%, 66.3%, 7.6%, and 100.0%, respectively. Altogether, 19.2% and 78.5% of children were below the acceptable macronutrient distribution range for percentage of energy from protein and fat, respectively. More stunted than not stunted children were below the estimated average requirement for vitamin A, as were more anemic than nonanemic children. Growth faltering combined with findings of anemia and suboptimal intake of a variety of nutrients suggests a high prevalence of chronic dietary inadequacy among preschool-aged children in Yunnan Province. Consuming more protein-, fat-, zinc-, iron-, and vitamin A-rich foods may improve growth and reduce anemia.