牦牛和犏牛

家牦牛繁衍在由喜马拉亚和西臧高原开始,通过帕米尔、天山和阿尔泰延伸到西伯利亚的萨彦山的中亚地区的高山草原上。这个地域包括中国西藏,尼泊尔和克什米尔北部,阿富汗东北部,苏联的塔吉克斯坦、吉尔吉斯、东哈萨克斯坦、戈尔诺——阿尔泰、高加索、图瓦和布里亚特,蒙古人民共和国,中国新疆和内蒙的西部。这些区域还饲养繁殖着牦牛的杂种和普通黄牛。     

老年冠心病漏诊和误诊临床探索和研究

目的：探索老年冠心病漏诊和误诊的原因,为降低临床冠心病漏诊以及误诊率。方法选取收治的老年冠心病患者200例临床诊治资料进行研究分析。结果分析的200例患者被误诊为咽炎1例、颈椎病1例、消化道疾病1例、心神经官能症1例。误诊为冠心病的有胆囊炎3例、带状孢疹2例、主动脉夹层动脉瘤1例。结论因为老年冠心病的临床表现不明显,同时老年人自身患有其他疾病,加大了误诊几率。所以要对老年人冠心病的发病症状进行认真、仔细鉴别,通过全面分析以及相关检查,避免误诊。     

妊娠和分娩

家畜妊娠的确立和维持需要发育的孕体和母体系统之间的相互作用,是维持黄体(CL)、孕体的发育和胎盘形成、子宫内膜分泌活动的调节、养分和气体在胎盘中的运送、子宫血流的调节、孕体免疫“优先”的完成、刺激母体乳腺的发育,以及其他各种对母体和孕体系统产生的生理学和内分泌学的作用,是必需的。孕体和母体系统之间的相互作用与分娩的发动也有联系。所有这些问题,将在比较的基础上进行讨论。注意从家畜(也包括实验室动物)的研究工作中获得现代的知识。     

腹部和盆腔脓肿的CT和超声检查

腹部和盆腔脓肿的早期诊断极其重要。作者认为,怀疑脓肿应摄腹部立卧位平片,局限性肠腔外积气、积液是诊断脓肿的特殊X线征,但阳性率仅50％。胃肠造影、静脉尿路造影和血管造影因缺少敏感性和特异性,目前已很少采用。核素扫描的缺     

脑原发性恶性淋巴瘤和CT和MRI诊断

目的 为提高对脑原发性恶性淋巴瘤的认识和ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ诊断水平、材料和方法 收集经病理证实的脑原发性恶性淋巴瘤１０例,其中ＣＴ检查７例、ＭＲＩ检查６例,结果 １０例病人中检出１３个病灶,ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ所见肿瘤形态不规则,其中１０个病灶有明显水肿。ＭＲＩ对原发性恶性淋巴瘤的检出率比ＣＴ更有效,ＭＲＩ示大部分病灶Ｔ１ＷＩ呈低信号,Ｔ２ＷＩ呈高信号。结论 分析了ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ的原因后,认为ＭＲＩ应作为脑原发性     

蛋白质和多肽激素125碘化的基本原理和实践

由于放射免疫分析、放射性受体分析、受体的放射测定、细胞膜结构及受体研究、单克隆抗体用于肿瘤的诊断和研究等技术相继在国内临床开展,蛋白质及多肽激素的125碘化技术(或131碘化)在国内许多临床及基础医学实验室已普遍应用,其中仍以氯胺T法为常用,但该法显然有一定局限性。     

糖尿病和运动

糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)是一组病因不同的内分泌——代谢病,以高血糖为共同主要标志,常伴心血管、肾、视网膜及神经病变或感染等。其患病率与年龄和超体重显著相关。由于尚未充分了解DM的病因和发病机理,目前还缺乏病因治疗。临床治疗时多强调饮食控制和药物的应用,体疗常不予提及,病人也少知道体疗对DM的治疗有帮助,本文     

卵巢和输卵管肿块的CT和MRI诊断

目的:分析卵巢、输卵管肿块的CT和MRI表现。方法:搜集经手术病理证实的卵巢、输卵管良、恶性肿瘤和炎性包块等共65例,全部病例做了CT检查,其中19例做了MRI检查。结果:①原发性卵巢恶性肿瘤(n=18)多为囊性或囊实性(16/18),可伴有临近器官侵犯、淋巴结肿大(9/18)及腹膜线状强化(3/18)等表现;②转移性卵巢肿瘤(n=11)特征性表现有肠系膜、大网膜增厚及腹膜线状强化(4/11);③腺纤维瘤(n=2)CT值及MRI信号与子宫相似;④卵泡膜细胞瘤(n=3)表现为巨大(直径>10cm)囊性或囊实性;⑤畸胎瘤(n=14)特征性表现为同时见多种组织成分(6/14);⑥卵巢脓肿(n=3)及结核(n=3)呈囊性或实性包块,与卵巢癌相似;⑦输卵管妊娠(n=2)为不均匀强化的圆形或条形软组织肿块。结论:①卵巢良、恶性肿瘤的CT、MRI表现有一定的特征性,腹膜的线状强化是腹腔转移的征象之一;②畸胎瘤是最具特征性的肿瘤;③脓肿或增殖型结核与卵巢肿瘤相似;④输卵管妊娠CT、MRI的定性诊断有一定的局限性。     

推荐发展和保持健康成人心肺和肌肉素质的运动量和方式

越来越多的人参加到耐力训练以及其它形式的体育活动中去,因此,显然需要为运动处方制定一个指南。基于现行有关成人耐力训练的运动处方和制定新的指南的需求,美国运动医学会推荐下列发展和保持成人心肺素质、身     

投稿要求和注意事项

1．来稿要求具有创新性、先进性、科学性和实用性。要求资料真实、论点明确、数据可靠、论据充分、层次清楚,语言精炼、通顺。论。著、综述类文章的字数一般不超过4000字,其他类文章不超过2000字,个案报道等不超过1000字。以上均不含图表和参考文献。     

Sweat electrolyte loss during exercise in the heat: effects of gender and maturation.

Humans may lose large amounts of water and electrolytes from sweat during prolonged exercise in a hot climate. Gender and maturational differences for the total sweat electrolyte losses have not been reported. The purpose of this study was to compare sweat electrolyte losses of prepubescent (PP), pubescent (P) and young adult (YA) males and females, under the same environmental conditions and relative exercise intensities. Twenty-five females (8 PP, 9 P, 8 YA) and 26 males (10 PP, 8 P, 8 YA) cycled for two 20-min bouts at 50% of their peak VO2 in a climatic chamber (42 degrees C, 18% relative humidity). Sweat was collected from a plastic bag attached to the lower back. Total body sweat loss was calculated from the differences in nude body weight corrected for fluid intake, urine, and respiratory water loss. Sweat [Na+] and [Cl-] tended to increase with maturation while sweat [K+] was lower in YA compared with that of PP. Children had a lower sweating rate than YA, even when corrected for body surface area. As a result, total Na+ and Cl- losses per kg body weight from sweat (mEq.kg-1.h-1) were higher in YA compared with those of PP and P; however, no maturational difference was found in K+ losses. Within the same maturational group, there were no gender differences in any of the electrolyte losses. These results may be useful in recommending "optimal" fluid-electrolyte drinks for children exercising in the heat.     

Fluid-electrolyte losses in uniforms during prolonged exercise at 30 degrees C.

The effects of several uniform configurations on fluid and electrolyte losses in a hot environment (30 degrees C db, 18 degrees C wb) were studied in 15 healthy males, during 6 h of intermittent treadmill exercise (1.56 m.s-1, 0% grade, 50 min.h-1, 28 km total distance). The uniforms were: the temperate battle dress uniform (BDU), two variants (C and F) of full military oriented protective posture (MOPP IV), and MOPP IV with no mask or hood (M). Sweat rate, urine volume, electrolyte losses (Na+, Cl-, K+, Mg++, Ca++) in sweat and urine, rectal temperature, mean skin temperature, heart rate, and temperature/humidity inside uniforms were measured. Observations indicated that both MOPP IV configurations (C and F) resulted in significantly greater (p. less than 0.05) fluid losses and physiological strain than BDU and M. However, there were no between-uniform differences in the total loss of any electrolyte. Total body fluid losses (kg.6h-1) and electrolyte losses in sweat (mEq.6h-1) were consistently greater than in urine. It was concluded that 6 h of exercise in uniforms at 30 degrees C can result in losses of Na+ and Ca++ which exceed the normal daily intake of these electrolytes. Supplementation of fluid, Na+, and Ca++ appears to be warranted when scenarios require 6 h or more of uniformed exposure to heat.     

运动员在热环境训练时的营养与代谢

运动员在热环境训练时大量排汗能引起体内微量元素的丢失以及HCT和Hb水平增加,血糖下降,尿液浓缩等生理反应。文章指出适当补充含糖5%的多种低渗电解质饮料,可使上述现象得到缓解。     

Voluntary dehydration and electrolyte losses during prolonged exercise in the heat

The effects of water temperature (6 degrees, 22 degrees, 46 degrees C) and chlorination on voluntary dehydration (D), sweat electrolyte losses (SEL), and total body electrolyte losses (BEL) were studied in 12 healthy males during 6 h of intermittent treadmill exercise (1.34 m X s-1, 5% grade) in a climatic chamber (40.6 degrees C DB, 25.5 degrees C WB). Body weight (BW), rectal temperature (Tre), mean weighted skin temperature (Tsk), heart rate (HR), plasma osmolality (PO), sweat rate (SR), sweat sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), potassium (K+), and magnesium (MG++), urine volume, Na+, and K+ were measured. No differences were found between chlorinated and non-chlorinated treatments except SEL of Mg++. Subjects (Ss) who drank 46 degrees C (-2.1% BW) consumed approximately 50% less water (p less than 0.001), and had D which was 1.050 kg larger (p less than 0.001) than subjects who consumed 6 degrees C (-0.5 %BW). There were no significant between-group PO differences, but Tre and Tsk differed between 46 degrees and 6 degrees C (p less than 0.01), and the HR of 22 degrees and 46 degrees C were both different from 6 degrees C (p less than 0.05). SR of all groups were essentially equal, although differences in total sweat Na+ (p less than 0.02) and Cl- (p less than 0.04) losses were observed between 46 degrees and 6 degrees C. SEL of sweat K+ and Mg++ were not affected by the experimental design. Based on 24 h projections of BEL, it was concluded that K+ depletion is more likely than Na+ depletion because food is often supplemented with sodium chloride.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Trace elements and electrolytes in human resting mixed saliva after exercise

OBJECTIVES: Exercise is known to cause changes in the concentration of salivary components such as amylase, Na, and Cl. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of physical exercise on the levels of trace elements and electrolytes in whole (mixed) saliva. METHODS: Forty subjects performed a maximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer. Samples of saliva were obtained before and immediately after the exercise test. Sample concentrations of Fe, Mg, Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, Sr, Ag, Sb, Cs, and Hg were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and concentrations of Ca and Na by atomic absorption spectrometry. RESULTS: After exercise, Mg and Na levels showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) while Mn levels fell (p < 0.05). Zn/Cu molar ratios were unaffected by exercise. CONCLUSIONS: Intense physical exercise induced changes in the concentrations of only three (Na, Mg, and Mn) of the 16 elements analysed in the saliva samples. Further research is needed to assess the clinical implications of these findings.     

Elemental characterization of coal,fly ash,and bottom ash using an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence technique

A total of 18 elements viz. Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Sr, V, Zn, Mn, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Co, As and Cd were analyzed in coal, fly ash and bottom ash samples collected across India using an EDXRF technique. Various indices such as element enrichment ratio, enrichment factor (with respect to crustal average) and mineral composition were calculated. Around 95% of mass was reconstructed using the concentration of elements in this study for fly and bottom ash.     

Exercise, performance and temperature control: temperature regulation during exercise and implications for sports performance and training

Thermoregulation is an important consideration not only for athletic performance but also for the safety of the athlete. This article presents a broad overview of the mechanisms by which body heat is dissipated in an individual exercising in a hot environment. Particularly emphasised are more recent views of body heat loss mechanisms and the influences of non-thermal inputs, such as effects due to changing blood volume or blood flow distribution. During exercise in a hot environment, metabolic heat produced by the exercising muscles is transported by the circulating blood to the surface of the body where it is released to the environment, either by radiation and convection or by evaporation of sweat. The primary drives for both the increased skin blood flow and increased body sweating are the thermal inputs which are sensed by receptors in the deep body core, with a lesser drive from skin receptors. These thermal signals are integrated in the hypothalamus and proper heat loss responses are effected. When exercise is prolonged, however, and body rehydration is not adequate, the total blood volume may be compromised. In addition, as the core temperature increases during exercise, larger proportions of the blood volume are distributed to the cutaneous vessels, thus effectively reducing cardiac return and central blood volume. During severe exercise, a reduction in cardiac filling may result in a fall in central venous pressure and stimulate baroreceptor vasoconstrictor reflexes. As discussed below, the outputs from these baroreceptors compete with and modify the thermal drives for both the control of the skin blood flow and control of the sweat glands. The effect of high ambient temperatures on exercise performance is most evident in prolonged submaximal exercise. Normally, maximal exercise performance is not altered by high temperatures unless the individual has an elevated deep body temperature before the start of the exercise task. However, submaximal exercise performance is often impaired by high ambient temperatures, but may be improved by programmes of physical training and heat acclimatisation. Both training and heat acclimatisation significantly modify the control systems which regulate skin blood flow and sweating. Only acclimatisation programmes, however, are effective in preventing heat stress during prolonged exercise in hot environments.     

Elemental content of feldspar from Eastern Desert,Egypt, determined by INAA and XRF

Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and HPGe detector γ-spectroscopy were used to determine a total of 16 elements qualitatively and quantitatively for the first time from feldspar rock samples collected from Gabel El Dubb, Eastern desert, Egypt. The elements determined are (Na, Mg, K, Sc, Ga, Cr, Fe, Co, Zn, Nb, Ba, Ce, Eu, Hf, Th and U). The samples were properly prepared together with their standard reference material and simultaneously irradiated by thermal neutrons at the TRIGA Mainz research reactor at a neutron flux of 7×10¹¹ n/cm² s. XRF was also used. Comparison of the results obtained by both techniques showed good agreement for such elements as K, Na, Fe, Mg, Ba and Cr.     

Control of sweating rate while exercising in the heat.

All of the heat produced during exercise in a hot environment is either stored in the body or dissipated to the environment by evaporation of sweat. In order to minimize the storage of heat, thereby resisting circulatory strain, the body must be able to effectively increase sweating rate in these conditions. This paper characterizes the physiological control of sweating as a proportional control system, with increases in internal temperature having the greatest effect upon increasing the sweating rate. Factors which modify the threshold and gain of the sweating response, such as occur with dehydration or physical training, affect the storage of heat and therefore the steady state internal temperature during exercise in the heat.     

Trace elements in wild and orchard honeys

The present study aims the identification and quantification of trace elements in two types of honey samples: Orchard honey and Wild honey from mainland Portugal. Chemical elements content was assessed by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). Concentrations were determinated for Ag, As, Br, Ca, Cl, Cs, Cu, Fe, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, U, V and Zn. The nutritional values of both honey types were evaluated since this product contains some elements that are essential dietary nutrients for humans. Physical properties of the honey samples, such as electrical conductivy and pH, were assessed as well.