影响显微外科输精管吻合术后复孕的多因素研究

目的：探究影响显微外科输精管吻合术后复孕的因素。方法：对５６例输精管结扎术后要求复育者进行了显微输精管吻合术，术后两年随访５０例，复通率达１００％，复孕率达６０％。以抗精子抗体、精子穿卵试验、输精管结节精子肉芽肿、精液质量等２１个指标对孕组和未孕组进行了对照观察。结果：经过Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归等方法进行统计学处理，筛选出术后ＳＩＴ、精子存活率、精子密度、ＩＢＴ结合ＩｇＡ或ＩｇＧ、ＭＡＲ、ＴＡＴ和精子活动率等８个影响吻合术后受孕的主要因素，其中前２个最为主要。结论：影响显微外科输精管吻合术后复孕的主要因素有８个，其中以术后的ＳＩＴ和精子存活率最为重要。     

影响显微外科输精管吻合术后复孕的多因素研究

通过采用作者改良的显微外科输精管吻合法和总结查找近睾端输精管液中精子的方法。对５６例输精管结扎术后要求复育者进行了输精管吻合术，术后２年随访５０例，复通率达１００％，复孕率达６０％，以抗精子抗体，精子穿卵试验，辅精管结节精子肉芽肿，精液质量等２１个指标对孕组和未孕组进行了对照观察，经过Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归等方法进行统计学处理，筛选出术后ＳＩＴ，精子存活率，精子密度、ＩＢＴ给合ＩｇＡ和ＩｇＧ、ＭＡＲ     

显微外科技术针头支架法输精管吻合术42例分析

目的探讨输精管吻合术的新方法及复育效果。方法通过显微外科技术针头I临时支架固定法，行输精管吻合术42例。结果42例输精管吻合术，术后随访，检查精液有精子36例，术后再通率85．7％；配偶受孕25例，复孕率59．5％。结论应用显微外科技术针头临时支架法行输精管吻合术，可有助于提高输精管再通率复育率。     

影响输精管吻合后生育力恢复相关因素的初探

目的 探讨影响输精管吻合术后生育力恢复的相关因素。方法 41例对象，在输精管吻合术时，收集30例近睾端输精管液体(附睾精子)，在输精管吻合术后3～18个月进行精液和妊娠的随访。分别做了多种参数的分析。统计有关参数之间的关系，并用Logistic回归对术后生育恢复与上述参数的关系进行分析。结果 按术后是否使妻子怀孕分为生育组(20例)和未育组(21例)。两组除输精管结扎术后的年限在未育组显著高于生育组外，附睾精子分析的结果均无差异。输精管吻合术后精液分析的结果显示：除精子活动率、精子存活率、正常形态精子等在未育组显著低于生育组外，其它均无显著差别。Logistic回归分析结果表明：输精管吻合术后生育力恢复与精子活动率和正常形态精子两个变量有关。结论 输精管吻合术后精液中精子活动率、精子存活率、正常形态精子未能恢复至正常水平．是影响输精管吻合术后未能生育的因素．     

应用显微外科技术治疗梗阻性无精症42例疗效分析

目的 探讨应用显微外科技术治疗梗阻性无精子症的临床治疗效果.方法 自2000年12月至2011年12月,应用显微外科技术对梗阻性无精子症患者施行输精管吻合和输精管附睾吻合术42例并进行回顾性分析.结果 42例中,36例术后精液可见精子,术后复通率85.7％;配偶已怀孕27例,致孕率64.3％.结论 应用显微外科技术行输精管吻合和输精管附睾吻合术治疗梗阻性无精子症临床效果良好.     

输精管显微两层吻合术

输精管吻合术是计划生育工作的一项辅助性措施,其手术方法较多。显微外科技术的应用,进一步提高了输精管再通术的效果,输精管显微两层吻合术术后复通率达100％,复孕率达72％,明显优于其它手术方法。本文根据作者的体会并复习文献,就输精管显微两层吻合术的手术方法与效果讨论如下。     

显微外科输精管再吻合15例分析

对经常规输精管吻合1次未复通的9例,2次仍未复通的6例以显微外科技术施行了再次输精管吻合术。后获精液复查的14例均再现精子,复通率达100％。这15例在本次吻合术前检查血清精子凝集抗体有80％为阳性,术中取输精管结节病检有16.7％发现精子肉芽肿。吻合术采用4定点全层缝合后先将两侧壁打结,然后间针浆肌层缝合前后壁再打结,这样缝合方便准确,对合严整。术中检查近睾端输精管精子采用消毒玻片直接沾涂溢液、附睾及输精管曲段按摩,生理盐水低压灌注等方法使精子检出率达80％。     

输精管转位附睾吻合术治疗特殊梗阻性无精子症

目的 探讨应用显微外科技术施行输精管转位附睾端侧吻合术在特殊梗阻性无精子症治疗中的作用.方法 对梗阻性无精于症患者施行阴囊探查术,术中行精路通液试验确诊为特殊梗阻性无精子症14例,即一侧附睾梗阻或发育异常未检出精子而输精管通畅,对侧附睾检出活精子但输精管梗阻或发育异常.应用显微外科技术行输精管转位附睾吻合术,健侧输精管与对侧附睾检出活精子处吻合,术后随访其疗效. 结果 14例获随访7～31个月,9例于术后3～9个月从精液中检出活精子,复通率64%,5例配偶受孕成功,致孕率36%. 结论 显微外科输精管转位附睾吻合术治疗这种特殊梗阻性无精子症效果良好,值得临床推广.     

输精管绝育术复通前后血清抗精子抗体的变化与妊娠的关系

目的:比较3种术式输精管绝育术(直视钳穿输精管结扎术、输精管注射粘堵、可复性输精管注射栓堵)复通前后血清抗精子抗体情况的变化和差异,评价复孕与血清抗精子抗体及精液质量的关系。方法:对88例采用3种不同术式进行输精管绝育术术后2年复通的受试对象,分别在复通后3、6、12、24个月对精子出现、血清抗精子抗体和女方妊娠情况进行随访观察。结果:①3种术式绝育术间复通前后血清抗精子抗体的阳性率差异无显著性(P>0.05)。②复通术前后血清抗精子抗体阳性率变化差异无显著性(P>0.05)。③在接受复通手术的对象中,精子出现组和精子未出现组血清抗体阳性率间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。④血清抗精子抗体的阳性率、强度(活动精子挂珠率)和种类对妊娠无直接影响(P>0.05)。⑤复通对象中,已孕组和未孕组血清抗体阳性率间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。⑥精子密度≥20×106/m l组妊娠率明显高于精子密度<20×106/m l组(P<0.01)。结论:输精管绝育术术式对抗精子抗体无影响;复通术没有消除血清抗精子抗体或降低其阳性率;血清抗精子抗体对妊娠无直接影响;复通后的精液质量与复通后的复孕有直接关系。     

"套叠式"输精管附睾吻合术治疗梗阻性无精子症

目的探讨“套叠式”输精管附睾吻合术治疗梗阻性无精子症的疗效。方法在放大镜辅助下，对45例OA行纵向两针“套叠式”输精管附睾吻合术（LIVES），3个月后每月分析精液1次，随访配偶受孕率。结果术中发现梗阻部位在附睾管或近睾段输精管，双侧吻合36例，单侧吻合9例，40例随访超过6个月，35例超过12个月；29例（72．5％）术后3．1—6．6个月从精液中检出精子，其中7例（20％）配偶受孕成功。结论高倍镜下纵向两针“套叠式”输精管附睾吻合术，能够严密而准确地对合管腔，有利于提高输精管道复通率和配偶受孕率。     

Microsurgical vasovasostomy after failed vasovasostomy

PURPOSE: We analyzed our experience with repeat microsurgical vasovasostomy after failed vasovasostomy and elucidate the possible predictors of surgical outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 62 repeat vasectomy reversal cases with followup data available. Regardless of the intraoperative observation of sperm in the vasal fluid bilateral microsurgical 2-layer vasovasostomy was performed when surgically possible. Of these 62 patients 60 (97%) underwent bilateral (58) or unilateral (2) vasovasostomy and 2 (3%) underwent unilateral vasovasostomy with contralateral epididymovasostomy. RESULTS: Patency and pregnancy followup data were available on 62 and 42 patients, respectively. The overall patency and pregnancy rates achieved were 92% and 57%, respectively, and the natural birth rate was 52%. Increased age of the wife proved a negative prognostic factor for pregnancy (p = 0.018). The intraoperative detection of sperm and other factors, including obstructive interval, reconstruction type, anastomotic site, patient age and postoperative semen parameters, did not influence the surgical outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of the detection of sperm in the intravasal fluid during the operation repeat microsurgical vasovasostomy resulted in a better outcome than in other studies, in which adopted epididymovasostomy was done when sperm was absent from the vas fluid. Our study suggests that compromised anastomosis after previous surgery is the most common cause of failed vasovasostomy. We recommend that microsurgical vasovasostomy should be performed preferentially in failed vasovasostomy cases.     

Vasectomy reversal.

Although the pace is slower, the need for reversal of the vasectomy procedure increases as vasectomy increases in popularity. Reasons for requesting vas reanastomosis and restored fertility are various. Recently, there have been significant advances in the surgical techniques for vasectomy reversal to restore fertility after previous voluntary sterilization by bilateral vasectomy, leading to improved results. Anatomical and physiological considerations, results, and the surgical technique of vasovasostomy are reviewed. Reviewing the literature on reported experiences with vasectomy-reversal operations it can be found that after vasectomy various authors have reported that sperm cells have returned to the ejaculate in 30-98% of the series. Spontaneous recanalization of the vas does occur in 1-2% of the cases after vasectomy. In the surgical technique of vasovasostomy, a non-splinted technique with surgical ocular loupes of 4 power magnification and 8, 6-zero prolene sutures was used, and the entire procedure is described in detail. The reasons for the marked discrepancy between the presence of sperm after vasovasostomy and the pregnancy rates continues unknown. The improved results with vas reanastomosis recently reported by urologists using various techniques may be related to the elimination of the use of exteriorized intra-vasal splints that usually were removed several days or weeks postoperatively. Currently, long-term comparative results are unavailable.     

Modified one-layer microsurgical vasovasostomy in vasectomized patients

Bilateral vasovasostomies were performed in 7 previously vasectomized patients. The method employed was a modification of a one-layer anastomotic technique. There was no correlation between the presence or absence of sperm in the vas fluid, presence or absence of sperm granuloma, and site of vasectomy. No correlation was revealed between the presence or absence of sperm in the vas fluid and the duration of obstructive period. After vasovasostomy, sperm was observed in the ejaculate in 86% of the patients. Only one patient's partner became pregnant. However, the partner of one patient with short postoperative period and good seminal finding after vasovasostomy was expected to become pregnant. This modified method of one-layer microsurgical vasovasostomy can be performed more easily and quickly, but requires further clinical experience and evaluation of usefulness.     

Analysis of spermatozoa from the proximal vas deferens of vasectomized men

This study assessed the condition of spermatozoa from the proximal vas deferens of men after vasectomy. The fluids of both proximal vas deferens were collected from 67 vasectomized men by cannulating the vas deferens at the time of vasectomy reversal. Selected sperm parameters were analysed after incubation of the spermatozoa for 30 min at 37°C. Spera concentration in the proximal vas from vasectomized men (16 312 ± 21 496 million per ml, geometric mean: 7948 ± 398 million per ml) was significantly higher than that of fertile men and was maintained at a constant level independent of the duration of vas obstruction. The means of sperm motility (36.2 ± 26.2%), spermatozoa with normal morphology (50.7 ± 21.7%), sperm viability (53.0 ± 25.3%) and hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOS-test, 53.9 ± 21.7%) were statistically lower than the respective values for normal fertile men. There was no significant correlation between the duration of vas obstruction and the above semen parameters. In 46.4% of vas fluids all spermatozoa were immotile and this condition was more common after 3 years of vasectomy. Immotile spermatozoa in the proximal vas fluids at the time of vasectomy reversal may be an important factor for predicting semen quality and fertilizing ability after vasovasostomy. There were no significant differences in the results of sperm-cervical mucus penetration test (CMPT) between spermatozoa fiom vasectomized and fertile men. Antisperm antibodies on the surface of spermatozoa from the vas of vasectomized men were determined by the immunobead test (IBT; 78.6% for IgG, 32.1% for IgA) and sperm cervical mucus contact test (SCMC, 36.4%). The presence of antisperm antibodies on the spermatozoa from the vas of vasectomized men may explain, in part, the lower pregnancy rate after vasovasostomy. These parameters of spermatozoa from the proximal vas of vasectomized men may closely reflect those in the cauda epididymis after vasectomy.     

Fibrin glue vasal anastomosis compared to conventional sutured vasovasostomy in the rat

Vasectomy reversal has become a frequently performed surgical procedure with best results obtained with the use of the operating microscope and microsurgical technique. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the use of fibrin glue ("Tisseel", Immuno U.S., Inc.) for vasovasostomy and to compare this technique to conventional sutured vasovasostomy. Utilizing 60 male Sprague Dawley rats, a conventional two layered sutured anastomosis of vasovasostomy (30 rats) was compared to a fibrin glue technique of vasal anastomosis (30 rats). The fibrin glue technique was performed with two transmural sutures, was unstented, and utilized the biological glue to seal the anastomosis. The contralateral vas of each animal underwent vasectomy and reapproximation of unligated ends so that the rate of spontaneous recanalization could be accessed. Rats were sacrificed at 24 hours, one week, four weeks, and three months postvasovasostomy. The vasal specimens were evaluated for gross patency, presence and size of sperm granuloma, mean flow rates at varying infusion pressures, tensile strength measurements and histologic studies. Combining the one and three month groups, a similar patency rate was obtained by either technique; 83% (n = 18) for the sutured group, and 90% (n = 21) for the fibrin glue group. The rate of spontaneous recanalization of the contralateral vasa in the one and three month animals was 8% (n = 38). The mean flow rates obtained at high and low infusion pressures were not statistically different for the two techniques. The tensile strength of the glue anastomosis averaged 78% of the tensile strength achieved by the conventional sutured technique. The incidence of sperm granuloma after vasovasostomy was 28% for the fibrin glue group and 61% for the sutured group. Additionally, 67% of granulomas were small (less than 3 mm.) in the glue group, compared to only 36% in the sutured group. Histology revealed similar morphological changes in the area of anastomosis with either technique. Operative time for sutured vasovasostomy averaged 24 minutes, compared to an average of 11 minutes for the glue assisted vasovasostomy. The use of fibrin glue allowed the performance of a sperm tight patent anastomosis that had the advantages of reduced incidence of sperm granuloma formation, reduced operative time, and less microsurgical skill required to perform the anastomosis.     

Relationship of gross appearance of vas fluid during vasovasostomy to sperm quality, obstructive interval and sperm granuloma

To study its intraoperative significance the gross appearance of the vas fluid found during vasovasostomy was compared to the quality of sperm in the fluid, obstructive interval and presence or absence of a histologically proved sperm granuloma. Data were obtained from 648 vasa in 340 patients. As the gross appearance increased in opacity, there was a small decrease in the proportion of morphologically normal, motile sperm (23 to 7 per cent) and a corresponding small increase in the proportion of sperm without tails (2 to 12 per cent). These minor trends had statistical but no intraoperative surgical significance. There was no variation in the proportion of vas fluid azoospermia with gross appearance. There was no significant difference in the gross appearance of the vas fluid with increasing obstructive interval. Finally, the presence or absence of a sperm granuloma had no effect on the gross appearance of the vas fluid, and the appearance had no predictive value relative to sperm granuloma. We conclude that the gross appearance of the vas fluid should not be used as a basis for operative decision-making during vasovasostomy.     

Further clinical experience with CO2 laser in microsurgical vasovasostomy

Herein are reported the results obtained in 14 patients with the performance of vasovasostomy by carbon dioxide (CO2) laser. Fusion coagulation of the vas wall was successfully accomplished as demonstrated by postoperative sperm counts of over 20 million/mL in 86 per cent of the patients, and a pregnancy rate of 43 per cent in the group of patients operated on within less than ten years of original vasectomy. In contrast, those patients undergoing vasovasostomy ten years after original vasectomy had sperm counts of over 20 million/mL in 43 per cent of the cases, with a zero pregnancy rate. A significant reduction in total operative time was achieved as compared to the conventional microsurgical suture technique, corroborating the ability of the CO2 laser to simplify this technique while producing a sperm-tight anastomosis. One of the drawbacks of this operation is that it is not suited for the performance of a vasoepididymostomy which could be required in those cases in which sperm is absent from the vas fluid at the time of vasovasostomy.     

Toward a sutureless vasovasostomy: use of biomaterials and surgical sealants in a rodent vasovasostomy model

PURPOSE: With 500,000 to 800,000 vasectomies performed annually and a reversal rate of 3% to 8% vasectomy reversal has become a commonly performed procedure. Two-layer microsurgical vasovasostomy remains the gold standard for surgical reconstruction of the vas. However, this procedure is technically demanding and time-consuming. We determined the ability of biomaterials and surgical sealants to decrease the number of sutures used, enhance anastomosis watertightness and decrease operative time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult male Wistar rats underwent vasectomy 2 weeks prior to vasovasostomy. Standard 2-layer microsurgical repair was performed in control animals. Experimental groups underwent 3-suture mucosal approximation and then completion of the anastomosis with a biomaterial membrane and/or synthetic sealant. The rats were sacrificed 9 weeks after vasovasostomy. Anastomotic patency was assessed functionally by the presence of motile sperm in the vas distal to the testes and anastomosis, and mechanically by methylene blue vasogram. The presence and size of sperm granulomas were also recorded. RESULTS: Microsurgical vasovasostomy required significantly less time when biomaterial (42.7 minutes) or sealant (40 minutes) was used compared to the standard sutured group (102.5 minutes, each p < 0.001). There was no difference in patency between the standard sutured and biomaterial groups (90% vs 92%). Patency was significantly lower in the sealant groups, that is 70% in the suture, biomaterial and sealant group, and 75% in the suture and sealant group. The biomaterial group had only 1 sperm granuloma in 12 procedures, which was significantly better than the 7 in the control group (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Using a biomaterial wrap during vasovasostomy resulted in significantly decreased operative time and fewer sperm granulomas than in the control group. Sealants were not effective. Biomaterial wrap may support vasovasostomy and by decreasing leakage improve the outcome.     

Laparoscopy-assisted pelvi-scrotal vasovasostomy

Iatrogenic obstruction of the vas deferens within the inguinal canal can be managed by direct on-site vasovasostomy. However, in cases with large defect of the vas, the anastomosis may be under tension. Dissecting through the site of a previous hernia repair is tedious, and may lead to recurrence of the hernia. The present work reports an, first of a kind, alternative technique that avoids the latter drawbacks. Fifteen cases were operated upon. Under laparoscopic vision, the pelvic vas was dissected and the lateral-most end was clipped, cut and extruded from the abdomen through a port in the external inguinal ring. End-to-end vasovasostomy and microsurgical anastomosis for the vasal vessels were performed, bridging the retrieved stump of the pelvic vas with the scrotal vas. There were positive results in the form of sperm count ranging from 1.5 to 15 million ml(-1), an average of 7.25 (SD 5.44) in nine of 15 cases (60%), within the first 6 months following surgery. "Pelvi-scrotal vasovasostomy" can be offered as a cost-effective and successful alternative or supplement to intracytoplasmic sperm injection, for cases with iatrogenic large defects of the vas deferens within the inguinal canal.