海南岛大劣按蚊杀虫剂防制试验研究

大劣按蚊(Anopheles dirus 1936)是东南亚丛林地区的重要传疟媒介。1954年在海南岛兴隆首次发现大劣按蚊的子孢子自然感染。1954～1957年在海南岛解剖该蚊1,437只,自然感染为2.2～6.2％。证实该蚊是海南岛丛林地区的重要传疟媒介。50年代以来,在海南岛使用杀虫剂防制大劣按蚊进行了许多试验观察,现将主要结果摘要报告如下。     

大劣按蚊对食蟹猴疟原虫配子体最佳敏感期观察

以食蟹猴疟原虫大劣按蚊为动物模型,观察大劣按蚊对疟原虫不同密度及雄雌配子体不同比例情况下的敏感性。结果显示:猴体内疟原虫配子体密度在不治疗情况下不断增高,但雄雌配子体的比例在不断变化,当雄雌配子体比例为1:2.2的情况下,大劣按蚊可获得较高的感染率,蚊胃卵囊感染率为95.5%,腺感染率为91.7%。     

应用微卫星DNA标志研究我国大劣按蚊群体的遗传差异

目的应用微卫星DNA分子标志阐明我国大劣按蚊（广义）群体的遗传差异水平。方法研究样本包括经分子鉴别的大劣按蚊（海南省实验室品系和海南省毛阳野生群体）和大劣按蚊D种（云南省江城和云南省勐腊野生群体）,扩增10个多态的微卫星DNA位点,用Arlequin软件分析和计算相关指标。结果对89个大劣按蚊样本进行微卫星位点的扩增,等位基因数范围为1～32个,平均值为3.60～25.20,并非所有微卫星位点在所有群体中均呈现多态性。群体的平均期望杂合度和观察杂合度的范围分别为0.49～0.72和0.36～0.58,两者在海南省群体中均为最低。成对群体间的FST值为负值或很小,提示群体间未出现遗传分化。分级AMOVA计算结果显示,大劣按蚊群体内的变异占总变异的103.29%,种内变异为负值（-3.97%）,种间变异仅占总变异的0.67%。结论大劣按蚊与大劣按蚊D种内和种间遗传差异均非常小,微卫星DNA的变异主要在个体间。     

大劣按蚊腺阳性子孢子感染调查

大劣按蚊腺阳性子孢子感染调查云南省疟疾防治研究所（思茅６６５０００）周红宁卢勇荣朱国君盛次星李春富董利民勐腊县麻木树乡位于云南西南端，东经１０１°３４，北纬２１°３０，海拔５６０ｍ，年平均气温２１．５４℃，平均降雨量３４５ｍｍ，属于热带雨林气侯。...     

染色体技术在医学昆虫研究中的应用

从French改进了昆虫染色体，特别是多线染色体的制备方法之后，这项技术即已广泛应用于昆虫系统分类的研究，到1976年世界上仅按蚊属就已有66个蚊种，绘制了标准的多线染色体图。我国对昆虫染色体的研究，是从80年代后才蓬勃开展起来。首先是叶炳辉、徐秀芬等先后绘制了我国中华接蚊的多线染色体图，叶炳辉等还制备了很实用的各臂游离端的实图[1]。随后杨爱生、吴鹤龄、缨建吾等又分别绘制了大劣按蚊、摇蚊、嗜人按蚊的多线染色体图。李本文等发现了中华按蚊唾腺性染色体短臂[2]；孙延昌、许漱壁等先后发现和描述了中华按蚊唾腺染色体3R上…     

溴氰菊酯浸泡蚊帐防制大劣按蚊,控制疟疾传播的现场观察

１９９２年在海南山区和平镇贝湾管区设点，观察溴氰菊酯浸泡蚊帐防制大劣按蚊及控制疟疾传播的效果，结果显示，观察点居民疟疾年带虫发病率在抗疟药物压力下降低，居民带虫率浸帐后较浸帐前高，但对大劣按蚊密度和季节高峰的出现未见影响，疟疾的传播未能阻断，似乎与人群夜间就寝前在村内活动密切相关，大劣按蚊对溴氰菊酯产生抗性的问题亦值得注意。     

球形芽孢杆菌C_(3-41)杀蚊幼制剂对两种按蚊幼虫的毒杀活性

本文报道了BacillussphaericusC_(3－41)杀蚊幼制剂对大劣按蚊和中华按蚊幼虫的毒杀活性。该制剂对Ⅲ～Ⅳ龄大劣按蚊和中华按蚊幼虫的LC_(50)分别为1.212和1.846mg／L。在27±2℃以下，用1.25、2.5、5.0和10.0mg／L浓度，对Ⅲ～Ⅳ龄大劣按蚊幼虫的LT_(50)分别为33.80、16.54、13.76和12.57h。在室内外模拟试验中，15和30mg／L剂量均能在14天内杀死大劣按蚊100％；用15、30、60和120mg／L浓度的野外模拟试验中，药后20天大劣按蚊幼虫分别下降70％、73.3％、90％和95.6％。     

含药煤油灯驱避大劣按蚊的室内效果观察

通过实验室内空白对照组、单纯煤油灯组和含药煤油灯组大劣按蚊叮咬频率的比较，证实含有0．05％右旋丙烯菊酯的煤油灯对大劣按蚊具有明显的驱避作用，同时具有一定的击倒和杀死作用。此外，对3组试验中大劣按蚊叮咬的时间分布进行了分析。     

青蒿琥酯治疗食蟹猴疟复燃后感染大劣按蚊的实验观察

目的 观察青蒿琥酯治疗食蟹猴疟原虫复燃后感染大劣按蚊的情况。方法 用血传方法感染实验猴成功后，原虫密度适宜时(1％左右)，供大劣按蚊吸血，吸血结束后结实验猴一次性肌注60mg青蒿琥酯(17．14mg/kg)。给药后第30天复燃，连续4天每天供一批大劣按蚊吸血，于蚊吸血后第9天解剖蚊胃，观察卵囊发育，计算蚊胃阳性率(阳性蚊数／解剖蚊数)、卵囊密度(每只阳性蚊胃所含卵囊数)；第13天解剖涎腺，计算涎腺阳性率(阳性蚊数／解剖蚊数)和子孢子感染度。结果 复燃后第1—3天感染的3批大劣按蚊，有卵囊形成，但不能发育为子孢子进腺，第4天感染的按蚊，卵囊能正常发育为子孢子进腺。结论 原虫受到药物攻击后，受损残留原虫需经过十几个周期甚至更长时间才能逐渐恢复活力(包括增殖能力、感染性等)，其感染性的恢复有时也可能会滞后于增殖能力的恢复。     

沧源悬班老乡按蚊相,夜间活动和季节消长规律调查

调查发现１７种按蚊共１２１５２只，以多斑按蚊，中华按蚊和迷糊按蚊最多，分别占３７．９６％、２８．４４％和２０．１３％、微小按蚊、吉甫按蚊和大劣按蚊各占１．４１％、０．３５％和０．０１％。半通宵方法观察，微小按蚊在人房和牛房的捕获数均比室外人诱到的多，且夜间持续时间长，提示在类似地区进行杀虫剂对微小按蚊的控制效果研究时，以观察室内密度为佳，中华按蚊、多斑按蚊和微小按蚊仅在８－９月有１个高峰，其它时期     

Cytogenetic evidence for a fifth species within the taxon Anopheles dirus in Thailand

Crossbreeding and chromosomal evidence are presented for the existence of a fifth sibling species within the taxon of Anopheles dirus in Thailand. The new species is morphologically identifiable as Anopheles balabacensis "Fraser's Hill form." Structural differences in mitotic chromosomes and extensive asynapsis in hybrid polytene chromosomes indicate that significant genetic divergence exists between this species and its closest relatives, An. dirus species A, B, C and D and An. balabacensis.     

Comparative susceptibility of Southeast Asian Anopheles mosquitoes to the simian malaria parasite Plasmodium cynomolgi.

Seven Anopheles species/isolates were compared with Anopheles dirus (control) for susceptibility to Plasmodium cynomolgi B strain. The mean numbers of oocysts in paired replicates of An. dirus and An. takasagoensis were not significantly different. The remaining test species had significantly fewer mean numbers of oocysts than Anopheles dirus (P less than 0.01). Anopheles dirus had the highest percentage of mosquitoes infected with P. cynomolgi sporozoites (82%). Of the test groups, Anopheles dirus B and An. takasagoensis had the highest percentage of mosquitoes with sporozoites, 77 and 78%, respectively. Fewer than 50% of Anopheles maculatus E and An. maculatus B (NN isolate) had sporozoites in the salivary glands. Anopheles maculatus B (HK isolate) and Anopheles philippinensis were the least susceptible, with fewer than 30% having sporozoites in the salivary glands.     

云南大劣按蚊生态习性,地理分布和传疟作用研究

目的：观察云南大劣按蚊的生态习性、地理分布及其传疟作用。方法：现场调查、人诱等。结果：幼虫的主要滋生地为小型积水。成蚊以野栖性为主，野外诱捕率占８０％以上。人、牛诱捕量的比例为２１．５∶３，表明偏嗜人血。其季节消长与当地疟疾发病曲线相吻合。该蚊唾腺疟疾感染率为０．２９％。结论：该蚊是云南北纬２３．８°以南，海拔１０００ｍ以下热带森林与次森林地区重要的传疟媒介。     

Anopheles dirus species E: chromosomal and crossing evidence for another member of the dirus complex

Cytogenetic and crossing data provide strong evidence for the existence of another species, dirus E in southwestern India, within the Dirus Complex of Anopheles. These findings are in accord with unpublished morphological observations. Our data suggest a significant genetic divergence between species E and its close relatives, An. dirus A, B and C in Thailand. These data also suggest that dirus E is an incipient sibling species of its geographically nearest relative, dirus D, and that it seemingly co-evolved through the process of allopatric speciation.     

Excito-repellency of deltamethrin on the malaria vectors, Anopheles minimus, Anopheles dirus, Anopheles swadiwongporni, and Anopheles maculatus, in Thailand

This study compared the behavioral avoidance responses of 4 mosquito malaria vectors, Anopheles minimus, Anopheles dirus, Anopheles maculatus form B, and Anopheles swadiwongporni, to deltamethrin, the primary insecticide used for indoor residual spraying for malaria vector control in Thailand. Six test populations. representing 4 laboratory colonies and 2 wild-caught populations, were observed during and after exposure to deltamethrin at the operational dose (0.02 g active ingredient/m2) in excito-repellency escape chambers. The laboratory colonies included a deltamethrin-susceptible colony and a deltamethrin-resistant colony of An. minimus species A, 1 colony of An. dirus species B, and 1 colony of An. maculatus form B. The 2 wild-caught populations included An. swadiwongporni and members of the An. dirus complex. Times to escape by female mosquitoes during 30 min of exposure to deltamethrin-treated papers were observed in all populations and compared to nontreated paired controls in contact and noncontact test configurations. Strong behavioral avoidance was observed in the deltamethrin-resistant colony of An. minimus, followed by An. swadiwongporni and An. maculatus. The slowest escape response was observed in the colony of An. dirus species B. All 6 populations of Anopheles showed marked contact irritancy to deltamethrin compared to paired controls and noncontact repellency trials, in both controlled laboratory colonies and field-caught populations. The degree of repellency was less profound than irritancy but, in most cases, produced a significant escape response compared to paired controls. Avoidance behavior appears to be an innate behavior of mosquitoes, as indicated by the general avoidance response detected in all 4 species, regardless of deltamethrin susceptibility status, age, or nutritional and physiological status. Excito-repellency assays of the type described in this study should become an integral part of the overall assessment of an insecticide's ability to control disease transmission in any given area.     

致倦库蚊及大劣按蚊对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的抗药性测定

目的掌握海南省致倦库蚊和大劣按蚊对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的抗药性发生及发展趋势。方法采用幼虫浸渍法，测定其对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的抗性倍数。结果五指山市、澄迈县和海口市的致倦库蚊对溴氰菊酯抗性倍数分别为7．50、6．67、8．00倍，对氟氯氰菊酯的抗性倍数分别为5．31、6．00、6．23倍；琼中县大劣按蚊对溴氰菊酯和氟氯氰菊酯的抗性倍数分别为1．12和1．31倍。结论海南省致倦库蚊对这2种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂均产生了低抗药性；而大劣按蚊尚未产生。     

A diagnostic polymerase chain reaction assay for species A and D of the Anopheles Dirus (Diptera: Culicidae) species complex based on ribosomal DNA second internal transcribed spacer sequence

A polymerase chain reaction assay based on differences in the internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA was developed for distinguishing 2 members of the Anopheles dirus sibling species complex. This assay distinguished An. dirus species A from species D by producing diagnostic bands, 374 base pairs (bp) in length for species A and 663 bp in length for species D. Both laboratory colonies and field collections from Hainan and Yunnan provinces of China were identified with 100% accuracy.     

Monandry (monogamy) in natural populations of anopheline mosquitoes

Polymorphic Y chromosomes within two species of anopheline mosquitoes provide markers for testing if females are inseminated by one or more males in nature. Wild-caught females of Anopheles dirus (sp. A) and An. maculatus s.s. produced 291 and 55 families, respectively, which showed a single type of Y chromosome. One family of the former species showed two types of Y chromosomes. These field data support the idea, established from laboratory studies, that female mosquitoes are largely monandrous (monogamous). Such information is important in interpretation of population biological data and, practically, in attempts to control insect pests by use of genetically designed males.     

不同剂量青蒿琥酯影响食蟹猴疟原虫配子体和孢子增殖的实验研究

目的：了解不同剂量青蒿琥酯对食触猴疟原虫孢子增殖的影响。方法：首剂药量加倍，随后24，48，72和96小时给实验猴各肌注一次，疗程5天，总剂量分别为15．0mg/kg、7．2mg/kg、3．6mg/kg、1．8mg/kg；在给药前及给药后6、12、24、30、36、48、54、60、72、84和108小时各用一批大劣按蚊叮咬实验猴，叮咬后第9天解剖蚊胃，第13天解剖涎腺。结果：在1．8－15mg/kg剂量范围内均能阻断食蟹猴疟原虫孢子增殖。结论：较低剂量青蒿琥酯亦能阻断孢子增殖，且随药物浓度增加，阻断速度会相应增快。