硬脑膜静脉窦血栓诊治分析

目的观察经静脉窦机械碎栓、尿激酶局部血管内溶栓治疗颅内静脉窦血栓形成的疗效。方法回顾性分析比较全身肝素化常规治疗方法治疗10例患者,与血管内治疗方法即经静脉窦机械碎栓、尿激酶局部血管内溶栓的方法治疗14例硬脑膜静脉窦血栓患者的治疗效果。结果血管内治疗组平均住院16天,其中11例痊愈（颅内压转正常、无神经功能障碍）,3例好转（颅内压仍高,但较前有降低）;全身肝素化常规治疗组平均住院28天,5例临床症状改善,3例无变化,1例加重后转本院行血管内溶栓,死亡2例。结论经静脉窦机械碎栓、尿激酶局部血管内溶栓治疗颅内静脉窦血栓形成临床疗效确切、安全可靠。     

导管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓的临床研究

目的观察经导管直接尿激酶泵入溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的疗效。方法 23例下肢深静脉血栓形成患者,在置入腔静脉滤器后,经小隐静脉(或大隐静脉)置入溶栓导管局部直接溶栓,共4～5 d。结果髂股静脉完全再通率21.7%(5/23),临床治愈率78.2%(18/23),总有效率100%;未发生肺栓塞及出血并发症。结论经导管局部直接溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成,再通率高且安全。     

髂股静脉狭窄伴血栓形成介入治疗53例临床分析

目的探讨髂股静脉狭窄伴下肢深静脉血栓形成 (deepvenousthrombosis,DVT)介入治疗的临床疗效。方法将 5 3例髂股静脉狭窄伴DVT随机分为 5组。A组 :11例 ,置入下腔静脉滤器后采用血栓消融器 (AmplatzThrombectomyDevice,ATD)浸软溶栓或流变溶栓导管 (OASIS)溶栓加静脉药物溶栓 ;B组 :9例 ,置入下腔静脉滤器后用导引导管抽吸血栓加静脉药物溶栓 ;C组 :13例 ,单纯经股动脉药物溶栓 ;D组 :8例 ,单纯经静脉药物溶栓 ;E组 :12例 ,单纯经足背静脉药物溶栓。其中 17例髂股静脉狭窄采用球囊扩张或置入支架治疗。结果 5 3例中治愈 2 6例 (49 0 % ) ,显效 2 1例 (39 6 % ) ,改善 3例 (5 7% ) ,无效 3例 (5 7% )。 17例髂股静脉狭窄术后造影示复通率80 %以上。溶栓过程中出现并发症 3例 (5 7% ) ,经处理后均恢复正常。结论髂股静脉狭窄伴DVT采用机械除栓及导管药物溶栓结合腔内血管成形治疗疗效直接肯定 ,安全性高 ,下腔静脉滤器可有效地预防致死性肺动脉栓塞。     

下肢深静脉血栓形成合并Cockett 综合症的腔内 介入治疗

目的：探讨合并Cockett综合征的下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）腔内介入治疗的疗效及安全性。 方法：回顾性分析2010年6月―2013年6月收治的86例合并Cockett综合征的下肢DVT患者资料。采用经患足外踝小隐静脉切开或穿刺置溶栓导管接触深静脉血栓,微泵持续推注尿激酶溶栓,7~10 d后,对狭窄或闭塞的髂静脉段进行球囊扩张或联合支架植入术,术后继续予抗凝、活血、穿着弹力袜等,出院后均口服华法林或利伐沙班继续抗凝治疗。 结果：86例患者中,22例因急性肺栓塞和髂股静脉大量漂浮血栓,溶栓前行下腔静脉滤器安置术,其中永久滤器5例;单纯球囊扩张35例,联合支架置入51例。术后总有效率100%,所有患者术后均无严重并发症,4例溶栓时出现轻度出血并发症,调整用药后消失。82例获随访6~36个月,管腔通畅率91.46%（75/82）,7例支架内血栓形成或下肢静脉血栓复发,经再次置管溶栓后血栓消融。 结论：深静脉置管溶栓联合腔内成形术治疗合并Cockett综合征的下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）是一种安全、有效、微创的疗法。     

下肢动脉硬化闭塞症术后再闭塞的治疗

目的评价导管溶栓联合球囊扩张或支架血管成形术在下肢动脉硬化闭塞症(ASO)术后再闭塞的治疗效果。方法 2012年1月至2013年10月对35例治疗后再闭塞的ASO患者先采用溶栓导管动脉内接触性溶栓,再选择性联合血管形成术治疗。11例患者近膝关节处股浅动脉或腘动脉病变,应用VIABAHN覆膜支架治疗。观察溶栓效果和动脉再通情况。结果本组溶栓总有效率达92.3%,治疗后皮肤温度回升,静息痛消失,无垃圾脚发生,但有1例轻度脑栓塞。踝肱指数由术前的0.18±0.07升高至0.82±0.05,手术前后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。11例患者使用VIABAHN覆膜支架,术后3个月复查均通畅,术后6个月1例再闭塞,予支架内球囊扩张后血流通畅。结论动脉内溶栓导管接触性溶栓,能够溶解大部分血栓,暴露真实病变,减少支架数目、缩短支架长度,结合新型覆膜支架VIABAHN动脉成形术,降低血管再狭窄风险,提高保肢率。     

18例下腔静脉滤器血栓的腔内治疗疗效分析

目的探讨下腔静脉滤器血栓(IVCFT)腔内治疗的有效性和安全性。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2018年5月我科采用导管接触溶栓(CDT)、大管径导管吸栓或球囊扩张支架植入等腔内治疗IVCFT病例,比较滤器血栓清除率、下腔静脉通畅率以及出血、肺动脉栓塞等并发症。结果共18例有效病例,临时滤器13例,永久滤器5例;不完全滤器闭塞15例,滤器完全闭塞3例;滤器内血栓形成16例,血栓累及滤器上方2例。所有患者均规则抗凝,5例原滤器上方置入临时滤器并术后取出;15例较新鲜血栓患者原滤器血栓基本清除,其中单纯导管接触溶栓(CDT)2例,导管吸栓7例,CDT联合导管吸栓6例;3例慢性完全闭塞,其中球囊扩张联合平行支架成形2例,开通失败1例;17例下腔静脉恢复通畅,残余狭窄30%,13例临时滤器中顺利取出12例。18例患者获得随访,平均(14±5)个月,治疗期间无出严重出血、症状性肺栓塞发生;术后12个月下腔静脉通畅率为88.9%(16/18)。结论 IVCFT在充分抗凝同时,可根据滤器血栓闭塞、新鲜程度选择置管溶栓、导管吸栓或球囊扩张支架植入成形等腔内治疗,疗效较好、安全性高。     

导管溶栓及置入下腔静脉滤器预防肺栓塞的临床应用

目的评价导管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的效果及置入下腔静脉滤器预防下肢深静脉血栓脱落引起肺栓塞的价值。方法48例下肢深静脉血栓患者分别经股静脉（40例）、右颈静脉（8例）置入下腔静脉滤器，滤器位于双。肾静脉水平以下的下腔静脉内，下腔静脉滤器植入后将溶栓导管插入血栓之髂股静脉进行溶栓。药物：尿激酶80-100万u，肝素1mg／kg。结果下腔静脉滤器置入全部成功，术中导管溶栓32例完全再通及部分再通，余16例术后溶栓成功。结论经导管术中溶栓成功率高，效果好，置入下腔静脉滤器防止肺栓塞是安全有效的方法。     

Rotarex机械血栓清除术治疗股腘动脉血栓所致急性下肢缺血

目的观察Rotarex经皮机械血栓清除术(PMT)治疗股腘动脉血栓形成所致急性下肢缺血(ALI)的有效性及安全性。方法回顾性分析22例股腘动脉血栓致ALI患者,均采用Rotarex装置行PMT,观察治疗效果及并发症。结果 22例均顺利完成PMT;其中4例辅以经导管接触性溶栓治疗,17例联合球囊扩张术,12例行支架植入术。术后股腘动脉均再通,技术成功率100%,踝肱指数较术前显著增加(P0.05)。22例中,21例临床有效,术后Rutherford分级均改善;1例临床无效,3周后接受坏死足趾切除术。PMT术中发生远端动脉栓塞1例,血管夹层1例。1例术后6个月股浅动脉支架内再闭塞,1例术后9个月下肢动脉血栓复发。结论采用Rotarex装置行PMT治疗股腘动脉血栓所致ALI疗效好,安全性高。     

经腘静脉置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的初步探讨经腘静脉置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)的临床应用价值。方法67例下肢深静脉血栓形成患者,在B超引导下行经腘静脉置入溶栓导管,以输液泵经溶栓导管持续泵入溶栓药物10~14d,同时行抗凝治疗。结果所有病人均置管成功,其中3例未能通过髂静脉;治疗后临床表现均有不同程度的好转,出院前均行影像学检查,治愈11例,其中8例病程≤10d,显效42例,有效16例,有效率100%;其中5例接受髂静脉球囊扩张术,3例行髂静脉支架置入术,1例行耻骨上静脉转流术。结论经腘静脉置管溶栓术治疗下肢深静脉血栓可以延长尿激酶溶栓时间窗,减少尿激酶用量,减少出血并发症,并为后续治疗提供机会。     

经导管取栓及溶栓治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓

目的探讨经导管取栓及溶栓技术治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓的临床价值及疗效。方法收集急性下肢深静脉血栓患者117例,其中中央型血栓71例,混合型血栓46例。在下腔静脉滤器保护下,对患者行经大腔导管取栓及溶栓导管溶栓治疗,对合并Cockett综合征者行支架成形治疗。结果手术成功率100%,患肢肿胀、疼痛于术后当日即明显减轻,无肺栓塞发生。110例患者均成功随访12个月,总有效率97.27%(103/110)。结论经导管取栓及溶栓治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓安全、有效。     

Endovascular recanalization with balloon angioplasty and stenting of an occluded occipital sinus for treatment of intracranial venous hypertension: technical case report

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Dural sinus thrombosis can lead to intracranial venous hypertension and can be complicated by intracranial hemorrhage. We present a case report of a patient who underwent endovascular recanalization and stenting of a thrombosed occipital sinus. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 13-year-old patient with a history of chronic sinus thrombosis refractory to anticoagulant therapy presented with acute onset of aphasia and hemiparesis. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed hydrocephalus and cerebral edema. Angiography delineated multiple dural arteriovenous fistulae and persistent occlusion of the posterior sagittal, occipital, and bilateral transverse dural sinuses with retrograde cortical venous drainage. INTERVENTION: After embolization of the dural arteriovenous fistulae, a transvenous approach was used to recanalize and perform balloon angioplasty of the right internal jugular vein and the occipital and left transverse sinuses, resulting in subsequent clinical improvement. The patient's condition deteriorated 3 days later with reocclusion of both balloon-dilated sinuses. Repeat angioplasty and then deployment of an endovascular stent in the occipital sinus were performed, and reestablishment of venous outflow was achieved, resulting in a decrease of intracranial venous pressure from 41 to 14 mm Hg and neurological improvement. At the 3-month follow-up examination, the stented occipital sinus remained patent and served as the only conduit for extracranial venous outflow; the patient remained neurologically intact at the 12-month follow-up examination. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of mechanical recanalization, balloon angioplasty, and stent deployment in the occipital sinus to provide sustained venous outflow for the treatment of venous hypertension with retrograde cortical venous drainage in a patient with dural pansinus thrombosis refractory to anticoagulant therapy.     

Pseudotumor cerebri syndrome: venous sinus obstruction and its treatment with stent placement

OBJECT: Pseudotumor cerebri, or benign intracranial hypertension, is a condition of raised intracranial pressure in the absence of a mass lesion or cerebral edema. It is characterized by headache and visual deterioration that may culminate in blindness. Pseudotumor cerebri is caused by venous sinus obstruction in an unknown percentage of cases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of cerebral venous sinus disease in pseudotumor cerebri and the potential of endoluminal venous sinus stent placement as a new treatment. METHODS: Nine consecutive patients in whom diagnoses of pseudotumor cerebri had been made underwent examination with direct retrograde cerebral venography (DRCV) and manometry to characterize the morphological features and venous pressures in their cerebral venous sinuses. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure was measured simultaneously in two patients. If patients had an amenable lesion they were treated using an endoluminal venous sinus stent. Five patients demonstrated morphological obstruction of the venous transverse sinuses (TSs). All lesions were associated with a distinct pressure gradient and raised proximal venous sinus pressures. Four patients underwent stent insertion in the venous sinuses and reported that their headaches improved immediately after the procedure and remained so at 6 months. Vision was improved in three patients, whereas it remained poor in one despite normalized CSF pressures. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with pseudotumor cerebri should be evaluated with DRCV and manometry because venous TS obstruction is probably more common than is currently appreciated. In patients with a lesion of the venous sinuses, treatment with an endoluminal venous sinus stent is a viable alternative for amenable lesions.     

Coronary angiojet catheterization for the management of dural venous sinus thrombosis. Technical note

In most cases of deep venous sinus thrombosis, systemic anticoagulation represents the initial treatment of choice for preventing propagation of a clot in the dural sinuses. In patients with deep or extensive venous sinus thrombosis, a combination of treatment modalities may be required including systemic anticoagulation, selective venous thrombolysis, and mechanical thrombectomy. In the current study the authors report on a patient who presented with the acute onset of headache, vomiting, a depressed level of consciousness, and a left hemiparesis and in whom a right middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory ischemic stroke with hemorrhagic conversion was initially diagnosed. Results of diagnostic cerebral angiography demonstrated a patent right MCA and a deep venous sinus thrombosis involving most of the dural sinuses. Despite adequate systemic heparinization, the patient's neurological condition deteriorated and direct administration of alteplase into the transverse sinus in conjunction with mechanical clot disruption using a coronary AngioJet was required. Venous flow was successfully reestablished in the deep and superficial venous sinuses by using a 0.014-in exchange wire routed from the right common femoral vein through the sinuses and out the left common femoral vein. Excellent angiographic results were obtained, and the patient had recovered completely by the 7-month follow up.     

Primary axillary-subclavian venous thrombosis: is aggressive surgical intervention justified?

Multimodal (thrombolysis, surgical decompression, venous reconstruction, oral anticoagulation) treatment of primary axillary-subclavian venous thrombosis was reviewed to assess the impact of venous patency on functional outcome. Since 1996, 7 patients (6 men, 1 woman) of ages 16-53 years (mean 33 years) presented with symptomatic acute axillosubclavian venous thrombosis as a result of a recent athletic or strenuous arm activity. Five patients had undergone previous (>2 weeks) catheter-directed thrombolysis and venous angioplasty. Diagnostic contrast venography followed by repeat catheter-directed thrombolysis demonstrated abnormal (residual stenosis [n=6] or occlusion [n=1]) axillosubclavian venous segments in all patients. Surgical intervention was performed at a mean interval of 7 days (range 1-19 days) after thrombolysis and consisted of thoracic outlet decompression with scalenectomy and 1st rib resection via a paraclavicular (n=4) or supraclavicular (n=3) approach. Medial claviculectomy or cervical rib resection was performed in 2 patients. Concomitant venous surgery was performed in all patients to restore normal venous patency by circumferential venolysis (n=7) and balloon catheter thrombectomy (n=3), or vein-patch angioplasty (n=2), or endovenectomy (n=5), or internal jugular transposition (n=2). Postoperative venous duplex testing beyond 1 month identified recurrent thrombosis in 4 patients despite therapeutic oral anticoagulation. Subsequent venous recanalization was documented in 3 patients. Poor functional outcome was associated with an occluded venous repair and extensive venous thrombosis on initial presentation. A patent or recanalized venous repair present in 6 of 7 patients was associated with good functional outcome and may justify multimodal intervention in patients with primary axillosubclavian effort thrombosis presenting with recurrent thrombosis and significant residual disease after thrombolysis.     

经颅彩色编码超声及经颅超声造影观察颅内静脉窦血栓

目的探讨经颅彩色编码超声(TCCS)及经颅超声造影(CE-TCCS)诊断颅内静脉窦血栓(CVST)及大脑大静脉、基底静脉的血流动力学变化的价值。方法选取经DSA和/或MR静脉血管成像(MRV)确诊为颅内横窦和/或直窦血栓的22例患者为CVST组,行TCCS及CE-TCCS;以同期因其他疾病就诊的68例患者为对照组,行TCCS;对比观察2组大脑大静脉、基底静脉及静脉窦的显示率和血流动力学变化。结果 CVST组中,TCCS诊断直窦血栓13例,左侧横窦血栓20例,右侧横窦血栓17例,与DSA和/或MRV结果比较差异有统计学意义(P均0.05);经CE-TCCS判定直窦血栓5例,左侧横窦血栓14例,右侧横窦血栓9例,与DSA和/或MRV结果比较差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。CVST组较对照组大脑大静脉、双侧基底静脉显示率及峰值血流速度均增高(P均0.05)。结论 CE-TCCS诊断CVST与DSA和/或MRV相似。TCCS可显示静脉窦血栓形成后的大脑大静脉、基底静脉;静脉流速升高可提示CVST形成可能。     

介入导管技术在动静脉内瘘失功治疗中的应用

目的:探讨动静脉内瘘(AVF)失功后介入手术的治疗方法,评估其治疗效果及应用价值。方法:回顾性分析自2006年4月—2015年1月行介入手术治疗的20例自体AVF失功患者的临床资料。结果:20例患者中,16例经静脉端造影,4例经股动脉-主动脉-腋动脉路径造影;单纯吻合口狭窄4例,行球囊扩张后狭窄明显改善;吻合口狭窄伴血栓形成有5例,切开取栓后再行球囊扩张治疗;静脉端血栓形成3例,切开取栓后返血良好;静脉端狭窄合并血栓形成7例,行切开取栓后再行球囊扩张治疗;头静脉长段闭塞1例,改用人工血管行AVF术。术后全部患者经该血管通路恢复透析治疗,透析时流量均200 m L/min。共17例患者获得随访,平均随访时间13.2个月,12个月通畅率为47.1%。结论:介入导管技术在治疗AVF失功方面是安全、有效的。     

经皮血管内支架成形术在颅内血管疾病的初步应用

目的：探讨支架置入技术在治疗颅内血管疾病中的应用价值。方法：回顾性分析了13例成功置入支架的手术经验,探讨颅内支架置入的适应证、技术可行性及并发症的预防。13例颅内血管病变包括有症状的颅内血管狭窄患者7例,其中大脑中动脉狭窄3例,颈内动脉床突上段狭窄1例,椎动脉颅内段狭窄3例;颅内宽颈动脉瘤5例,包括1例基底动脉起始段宽颈动脉瘤,2例海绵窦段巨大宽颈动脉瘤以及2例颈动脉-海绵窦瘘栓塞后海绵窦段宽颈假性动脉瘤;静脉窦狭窄1例。结果：7例有症状的颅骨血管狭窄患者在支架置入后狭窄血管明显扩张,从原来平均狭窄83％下降到5％,其中1例出现了与技术有关的并发症。5例宽颈动脉瘤患者（包括2例假性动脉瘤）通过支架辅助成功地达到了囊内栓塞。横窦狭窄患者在其一侧置入支架后,颅内压力明显下降,临床症状减轻,8个月后随访症状完全消失。结论：支架置入血管内成形技术,可以成功地应用于颅内血管疾病的治疗,但对于适应证的选择和长期的疗效有待于进一步的观察确定。     

Prevention of carotid angioplasty-induced bradycardia and hypotension with temporary venous pacemakers

OBJECTIVE: Carotid angioplasty with stent placement is becoming an established treatment modality for patients with high-risk carotid stenosis. Unlike carotid endarterectomy, angioplasty causes direct mechanical dilation of the stenotic carotid artery and bulb. Stimulation of the sinus baroreceptors induces a reflexive response that consists of increased parasympathetic discharge and inhibition of sympathetic tone, which results in bradycardia and subsequent cardiogenic hypotension. METHODS: At a single institution, the experience with 43 patients treated from November 1994 to January 2000 with 47 angioplasty and stent procedures for occlusive carotid artery disease was retrospectively reviewed. Prophylactic temporary venous pacemakers were used to prevent hypotension from possible angioplasty-induced bradycardia. Pacemakers were set to capture a heart rate decrease below 60 beats per minute. Variables analyzed included demographics, etiology of disease, side of the lesion, the presence of symptoms, history of coronary artery disease, percent stenosis, type of stent used, number of dilations, pressure of dilation, and angioplasty balloon diameter. RESULTS: Ten patients were excluded because pacemakers were not used during their angioplasty procedures, and these included three emergencies and a lesion that was unrelated anatomically to the carotid sinus (petrous carotid). The remaining 37 procedures were performed in 33 patients with a mean age of 67 years, and consisted of 17 men, 16 women, 20 right and 17 left-sided lesions. The pacemakers maintained a cardiac rhythm in 23 (62%) of the 37 procedures and in no case did the pacemaker fail to respond when activated. Recurrent (56%; 10 of 18), radiation-induced (78%; 7 of 9), and medically refractory carotid stenosis (67%; 6 of 9) required intraprocedural pacing. Two patients with recurrent stenosis became hypotensive despite the aid of the pacing device but were not symptomatic. Seventy-nine percent (15 of 19) of symptomatic lesions and 57% (8 of 14) of nonsymptomatic lesions required pacing, which was statistically significant (P = 0.049). No patient experienced an operative morbidity or mortality as a consequence of the temporary pacing devices. CONCLUSION: Angioplasty-induced bradycardia is a common condition, and it is more prevalent in radiation-induced stenosis and with symptomatic lesions. Temporary venous demand pacing is a safe procedure and may prevent life-threatening, baroreceptor-induced hypotension.     

血管腔内治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的 探讨下肢深静脉血栓的介入联合手术的血管腔内治疗方法.方法 76例下肢深静脉血栓形成的患者,在数字减影血管造影术(digtal subtraction angiography,DSA)监视下行下腔静脉滤器置入,采用手术取栓,辅以临时性股动静脉瘘,取栓后即刻造影观察有无血栓残留及髂静脉病变情况.残留血栓在DSA监视下用双腔取栓管取栓或大的鞘管吸栓.对髂静脉狭窄大于60%的患者予以血管成形术,其中62例置入髂静脉支架.结果 支架置入技术成功率100%,1例死于腰升静脉破裂出血.71例患者得到随访,其中髂静脉支架患者60例,随访3～30个月,平均随访21个月.65例下肢肿胀明显缓解,发现血栓复发6例(8.45%,6/71)其中支架内血栓形成4例(6.66%,4/60),支架移位6例(10.0%,6/60),支架断裂1例(1.66%,1/60).结论 在DSA监视下,取栓联合髂静脉支架置入可提高取栓后静脉通畅率,是治疗下肢深静脉血栓的重要方法.     

Dural sinus thrombosis and pseudotumor cerebri: unexpected complications of suboccipital craniotomy and translabyrinthine craniectomy.

OBJECT: The goal of this study was to document the hazards associated with pseudotumor cerebri resulting from transverse sinus thrombosis after tumor resection. Dural sinus thrombosis is a rare and potentially serious complication of suboccipital craniotomy and translabyrinthine craniectomy. Pseudotumor cerebri may occur when venous hypertension develops secondary to outflow obstruction. Previous research indicates that occlusion of a single transverse sinus is well tolerated when the contralateral sinus remains patent. METHODS: The authors report the results in five of a total of 107 patients who underwent suboccipital craniotomy or translabyrinthine craniectomy for resection of a tumor. Postoperatively, these patients developed headache, visual obscuration, and florid papilledema as a result of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). In each patient, the transverse sinus on the treated side was thrombosed; patency of the contralateral sinus was confirmed on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Four patients required lumboperitoneal or ventriculoperitoneal shunts and one required medical treatment for increased ICP. All five patients regained their baseline neurological function after treatment. Techniques used to avoid thrombosis during surgery are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: First, the status of the transverse and sigmoid sinuses should be documented using MR venography before patients undergo posterior fossa surgery. Second, thrombosis of a transverse or sigmoid sinus may not be tolerated even if the sinus is nondominant; vision-threatening pseudotumor cerebri may result. Third, MR venography is a reliable, noninvasive means of evaluating the venous sinuses. Fourth, if the diagnosis is made shortly after thrombosis, then direct endovascular thrombolysis with urokinase may be a therapeutic option. If the presentation is delayed, then ophthalmological complications of pseudotumor cerebri can be avoided by administration of a combination of acetazolamide, dexamethasone, lumbar puncture, and possibly lumboperitoneal shunt placement.